$. !ungi lack chlorophyll
%. & fungal cell "all contains cabohydrate called
chitin and plat cell "all have cellulose
'. ost fungi are not truly multicellular like plants
. !ungi are heterotrophic, "hile plants are autotropic
FUNGI
ainly for these reasons, fungi are placed in their o"n kingdom ! u
n g i , "i thin the d o m a i n Eukarya of the "tree of
life“.
MYCOLOGY Study of fungi
growth (vegetative) phase
FUNGI - MOLDS
gro" as long, tangled filaments of cells that give rise to visible
colonies
are unicellular organisms "hosecolonies o n agar visually
resemble bacterial colonies.
!Y"!E
-ith the notable eception of yeasts, fungi consist of masses
of intert"ined filaments called h#$h%e (sing., hypha).
!Y"!E
-ith the notable eception of yeasts, fungi consist of
masses of intert"ined filaments called h#$h%e (sing., hypha).
Thick mass of hyphae is called a &#celiu& (pi.,
mycelia).
This mass is usually large enough to be seen "ith the unaided
eye, and generally it has a rough, cottony teture.
FUNGI
eing eukaryotic organisms, fungi have one or more nuclei as "ell as
a range of organelle including mitochondria , an endomembrane
system, ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton.
The cell "all is composed of large amounts of chitin.
FUNGI
FUNGI
n many species of fungi, hyphal cross "alls, called
septa (sing., septum), divide the cytoplasm into separate
cells
FUNGI
n other fungal species, such as the common bread mold
Rhizopus, the filaments are nonseptate.
ecause fungi absorb preformed organic matter, they are described as
heterotrophic organisms.
FUNGI
FUNGL GRO'T!
FUNGL GRO'T!
Oxygen The ma3ority of fungi are
%'4, a temperature close to normal room temperature.
6otable eceptions are the pathogenic fungi, " h i c h g r o"
optimally at '74, " h i c h is b o d y temperature.
FUNGL GRO'T!
p% a n y f u n g i t h r i v e u n d e r m i
l d l y acidic conditions at a p bet"een 5 a n d 8.
FUNGL GRO'T!
old contamination also is common in acidic foods such as sour
cream, citrus fruits, yogurt, a n d most vegetables.
FUNGL GRO'T!
FUNGL GRO'T!
FUNGL GRO'T!
FUNGL RE"RODUCTION
S$o)ul%tion is the process of spore formation. t usually occurs i n
structures called fruiting bodies, "hich represent the part
of a fungus in "hich spores are formed a n d from "hich they are
released.
SE1UL RE"RODUCTION
&seual reproductive structures develop at the ends of
speciali1ed hyphae. & s a result of mitotic divisions,
thousands of spores are produced, all genetically identical.
a n y aseual spores develop "ithin sacs or vessels called
s$o)%ngi%
SE1UL RE"RODUCTION
*ther fungi p r o d u c e spores on supportive structures called
conidiospore
These unprotected, dust+like
spores are k n o " n as conidia (sing., conidium/ conidio $
"dust"%. ( u n g a l spores are e)tremely light and are b l o " n
about in huge numbers by " i n d currents.
n yet other fungi, spores may simply by fragmentation
of the hyphae yielding %)thos$o)e ( a r t h r o $ : 3 o
i n t ;)
a n y yeasts reproduce
aseually by budding. n
The parent cell can continue to produce additional
blastospores.
SE1UL RE"RODUCTION
* n c e free of fruiting body, spores landing in an appropriate
environment have the capability of germinating to reproduce
ne" unicellular yeast cells or a ne" hypha
ontinued gro"th "ill eventually f o rm a mycelium.
n this process, opposite mating types come together and
fuse
=ventually the nuclei fuse and a diploid cell is formed.
SE1UL RE"RODUCTION
t is advantageous because it provides an opportunity for the
evolution of ne" genetic forms better adapted to the environment
than the parent forms.
FIVE "!YL
& fungus can be cataloged into one of five phyla,
depending o n its mode of seual reproduction.
These phyla are the hytridiomycota, >lomeromycota, ?ygomycota,
&scomycota, and the asidiomycota.
Ch#t)i+io&#cot%
The oldest kno"n fungi are related to certain members of the
hytridiomycota, commonly called ch#t)i+s.
Secondly, being a2uatic, chytrids have flagellated reproductive
cells.
6 o other fungi have motile flagellate cells, suggesting the other
fungi lost this trait at some point in their evolutionary
history.
Glo&e)o&#cot%
form "hat some consider the most etensive symbiosis on =arth.
Glo&e)o&#cot%
form "hat some consider the most etensive symbiosis on =arth.
FUNGL GRO'T!
The 2#go&#cot%
The p h y l um ?ygomycota consists of a group of fungi
(.#go&#cetes) inhabiting terrestrial environments.
The 2#go&#cot%
embers of the phylum make up about one percent of the described
species of fungi.
The sco&#cot%
embers of phylum &scomycota (asco $ "sac"% or sac fungi,
commonly are called the %sco&#cetes.
The phyla contains many common and useful fungi, including
Saccharomyces cere&isiae #aker-s yeast%, *orchella
esculentum #the edile morel%, and Penicillium
The sco&#cot%
The p h y l um also has several members associated "ith illness and
disease.
spergillus flay us, produces aflato)in, a fungal contaminant
of nuts and stored grain that is both toin and the most potent k
kno"n natural carcinogen/
The sco&#cot%
ommonly kno"n as (%si+io&#cetes, are club fungi.
The sco&#cot%
FUNGL DISESES OF T!E S3IN
De)&%to$h#tosis (d e r m a t o $ " s k i n " + phyto $ :plant:,
referring to the days "hen fungi "ere grouped "ith plants) is a
general name for a fungal disease of the hair, skin, or nails. The
diseases are commonly kno"n as tine% infections #tinea $ " w o r m
" % ecause i n ancient times, "orms "ere thought to be the
cause. Tinea infections include#
athlete<s foot (tinea pedis)/
head ring"orm (tinea capitis)/
body ring"orm (tinea corporis)/
groin ring"orm or :3ock itch: (tinea cruris)/ a n d
nail ring"orm (tinea unguium).
De)&%to$h#tosis
The causes of dermatophytosis are a group of fungi called
+e)&%to$h#tes. Epidermophyton currently is considered a
mitosporic fungus, "hile species of Trichophyton #se)ual stage
rthroderma% and *icrosporum #se)ual stage 0annizzia% are
ascomycetes
FUNGL DISESES OF T!E S3IN
Dermatophytosis is c o m m o n l y accompanied by blister+ like
lesions appearing along the nail plate, in the "ebs of the toes or
fingers, or on the scalp or skin.
C%n+i+i%sis
/andida alicans often is present in the skin, mouth, vagina, and
intestinal tract of healthy humans, "here it lives "ithout causing
disease.
The organism is a small mitosporic yeast that forms filaments
called $seu+oh#$h%e "hen cultivated in laboratory media.
FUNGL DISESES
*ne form of candidiasisoccurs in the vagina and is often referred
to as 4ul4o4%ginitis, or a :yeast infection.;
S$o)ot)ichosis
eople "ho "ork "ith "ood, "ood products, or the soil may contract
sporotrichosis.
andling sphagnum (peat) moss used to pack tree seedlings or skin
punctures "ith rose thorns (rose thorn disease) can lead to the
disease as the result of infection by conidia from Sporothri)
schenkii
FUNGL DISESES
The most dangerous fungal diseases in humans.
t affects the lungs and is estimated to account for over %5 percent
of all deaths from fungal disease.
aused by yeast kno"n as /ryptococcus neoformans
FUNGL DISESES
C)#$tococcosis
istoplasmosis is a lung disease most prevalent in the *hio and the
ississippi 'i&er &alleys where it is often is called
summer flu.
The causative agent is 1istoplasma capsulatum.
C)#$tococcosis
istoplasmosis is a lung disease most prevalent in the *hio and the
ississippi 'i&er &alleys where it is often is called
summer flu. The causative agent is 1istoplasma
capsulatum.
C)#$tococcosis
FUNGL DISESES
&cute blastomycosis is associated "ith dusty soil and
bird droppings, particularly in moist soils near barns and sheds.
nhalation leads to lung lesions "ith persistent cough and chest
pains.
neumocystis pneumonia () currently is the most common cause of
nonbacterial pneumonia in &mericans "ith suppressed immune
systems.
The causative organism, Pneumocystis
iro&eci
