Upload
others
View
12
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Solid State & Structural Chemistry Unit
Indian Institute of Science, BengaluruE-mail: [email protected]
Aninda J. Bhattacharyya
Microbial Electrochemical Technologies
Clean and Renewable Energy Technologies via Chemical Route, JNCASR, Bengaluru: November 28, 2017
Humanity needs water…..
2
http://www.unwater.org/worldwaterday/learn/en/#sthash.phUCS0RQ.dpuf
@ the core of sustainable development
Managing water…
Water Energy
Environment/
Climate
3
➢Prevalent strategies, methods:
How effective are they?
4
Cleaning water…Sewage systems
https://bwssb.gov.in/
Introduction to Microbiology: A Case History Approach
John L. Ingraham, Catherine A. Ingraham, 2004
5
Treatment of organic rich wastewater consumes a lot
power (energy) cost-intensive, inefficient
❖ few tens of GW are spent in treating water
(sizeable fraction of total power produced in a large country)
can we derive anything useful from waste
(water) ? What can be the solutions
Instead of treating organic rich wastewater with energy
intensive methods…….
Bruce E. Logan, Penn State Univ.
1. Harness energy from waste water
(reduce/eliminate energy waste arising from waste water treatment)
2. Waste biomass energy Produce useful chemicals
Benefits from Waste Water ?
Wastewater (domestic, industrial, animal) contain: tens of GW(power derived from agricultural practices can be up to several hundreds of GW)
Exploration route(s): Electrochemistry/ Electrochemical methods ?
6
Useless Useful
7
Electricity
Waste Water
...Electrochemical reaction....
(biology/biological systems)
Generated power
Energy waste 25 W
can power a small device ?
Human food intake / day
8
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26882/figure/A290/?report=objectonly
Digestion of Food
Eat food
Respiratory
Enzymes
O2
Ox (-e-)
involves a series of redox steps
Red (+e-)
9
10
Chemiosmosis (in bacteria)
Metabolism in Microorganisms
ADP ATP
Introduction to Microbiology: A Case History Approach
John L. Ingraham, Catherine A. Ingraham, 2004
11
Electrochemical processes, energy, devices…………
(chemical) Redox Reaction
(Electricity)
Energy
Generation
Storage
12
Electrochemistry……Electrochemical Devices
Luigi Galvani (1780)
Allessandro Volta
Early Battery (1800)
Pb-Acid Battery: Gaston Plante (1859)
H2/O2 Gas Battery William Grove (1838) (highlighted by Wilhelm Ostwald, 1896)
Coining of “Fuel Cell” : Charles Langer, Ludwig Mond (1889) (FC with air and coal gas)
H2-O2 FC: Francis Bacon (1932) ( 5 KW system, 1959)
Capacitors (GE, 1950s (GE)…. Supercapacitors: Conway (1999)
Li-ion battery: Sony (1991)
Laws of electrolysis: Faraday (1834)
Conductors
Ionic (i)/
Electronic (e)Mixed (Di, e)
Materials design
Structure Property ( Device function)
Electrochemical Energy Harvest and Storage
(Electrochemical) Energy Generation & Storage Technologies:
Fuel Cells, EDLCs, Rechargeable Batteries
Primary Battery /
Fuel cell
Rechargeable
BatteryPseudo / EDL
Capacitor
Winter, Brodd, Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4245
-1 theo
OCV s OCV
n.FWh.kg =E ×C E
M
-1 theo
T sWh.kg =E ×C
Energy Charge transport in Electrodes, Electrolytes, Interfaces
(chemical composition, structure, physical state, cell configuration)
Nanocrystal (Quantum dot) sensitized solar cells
S2-
Sn2
-
Cd
S
S. Mazumdar Thesis, 2015
Ragone plot: E-Chem Devices
Ragone, D., "Review of Battery Systems for Electrically
Powered Vehicles," SAE Technical Paper 680453, 1968,
doi:10.4271/680453.
1 s
<1 s
1 h 10 h
Solar Energy
100 Wkg-1
( 100h)
Hydrogen >30000 Whkg-1
Combustion
Engine, Gas
TurbineFlywheels/ Pneumatics
1 s – 5 min
Human metabolism 10 Whkg-1 (1 Wkg-1);10h
Hydrocarbon fuel > 10000 Whkg-1
16
17
Electrochemistry……Electrochemical Devices
Luigi Galvani (1780)
Allessandro Volta
Early Battery (1800)
Pb-Acid Battery: Gaston Plante (1859)
H2/O2 Gas Battery William Grove (1838) (highlighted by Wilhelm Ostwald, 1896)
Coining of “Fuel Cell” : Charles Langer, Ludwig Mond (1889) (FC with air and coal gas)
H2-O2 FC: Francis Bacon (1932) ( 5 KW system, 1959)
Capacitors (GE, 1950s (GE)…. Supercapacitors: Conway (1999)
Li-ion battery: Sony (1991)
Laws of electrolysis: Faraday (1834)
>1900: Microorganisms…liberation
of electrical energy
Microorganisms … Electrical Energy
18
1960s: NASA for space missions
1983: H.P. Bennetto et al (mediator based electron transfer)(Biochem. Soc. Trans 11 (1983), 451-453; Biotechnol. Bioengg. 25 (1983), 559-568)
19
Bioelectrochemical Systems (BES): 21st Century
ISI Web of Science, Jan/2017
Santoro, Arbizzani, Erable, Ieropoulos J. Power Sour.
356 (2017), 225-244
Electrochemical Energy Generation: Fuel Cells
(Electrolyte, pH: acidic/alkaline, type of fuels, operating temperatures)
20
H2 + 1/2O2 H2O
Cell voltage: 1.23 V
Specific energy: 3660 Wh/kg
21
Electricity
Benefits from Waste Water ?
...Electrochemical reaction....
(biology/biological systems)
Chemical Microbial Fuel Cells
Microbial Fuel Cells
22
Microbial Fuel Cells
➢ produces 0.5 V, (multiplied with current power)
(Theo: 1.2 V)
-0.3 V 0.2 V
23
How does bacteria capture and process energy: How
does MFC work?
24
❖Max Potential: -1.2 V
Potential diff. between
NADH and O2
❖ Early e- exit @ Vred < VrO2
less ATP production; deficit
potential w.r.t. O2 can be
used for electricity
generation
How do MFCs Work ?
25
Logan, Regan Environ. Sci. Tech. 356 (2006), 5172-5180
H2 Production using MEC
Cathode: H2 production @ under
standard conditions and normal pH
0.41 V (theo.)
Anode (Acetate Oxidation) -0.28 V
Energy supplied from outside -0.13 V
Water splitting: -1.2 V
26
Bruce E. Logan, Penn State Univ.
(without microbes)
CH4
CO2
27
Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC)
Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC)
Microbial Electrochemical Technologies
28Rabaey, Rozendal Nature Rev.: Microbiology 8 (2010), 706-716
Bioelectrochemical system-based bio-productionH2O2 Bio-plastic
Butanol Bioproduction
processes
29Rabaey, Rozendal Nature Rev.: Microbiology 8 (2010), 706-716
Santoro, Arbizzani, Erable, Ieropoulos J. Power Sour. 356 (2017), 225-244
Desalination cell
Technical Challenges
System Architecture
Materials
Microbiology
30
Mechanisms: ac-methods, spectroscopy, microscopy,
microbiology techniques (clone sequencing, pyrosequencing,…
Electrode potential, Power, Power Density, W/m2 (W/m3),
Coulombic Efficiency,…electrochemical methods
Technical Challenges: System Architecture
➢ Rint is critical for obtaining high power density (W.m-2)
P= 2 mW/m2 P= 40 mW/m2
➢ P EOCV
Eanode: independent of systems
Ecathode (oxidant, catholyte)
➢ Rint depends on the state of oxidant, type
Rint : dissolved O2 O2 (air), ferricyanide, MnO2
Air Cathode
Ferricyanide Catholyte
➢ Substrates (glucose, acetate), flow patterns,….
31Logan, Regan Environ. Sci. Tech. 356 (2006), 5172-5180
Rabaey, Rozendal Nature Rev.: Microbiology 8 (2010), 706-716
Technical Challenges: Electroactive components
32
Interactions: EA-Biofilm and Anode surface
electrical conductivity
corrosion resistance
high mechanical strength
surface area (biofilm)
biocompatibility (environment friendly)
low cost
33Santoro, Arbizzani, Erable, Ieropoulos J. Power Sour. 356 (2017), 225-244
Technical Challenges: Anodes
34
Anodes….Surface chemistry and morphology
35
Technical Challenges: Cathode catalysts and Reaction
Mechanisms
➢ enzymes, microbes
➢ abiotic: (Pt-based, carbonaceous, Pt-group-free-materials-PGM)(4e
-) (2e
-) (4e
-/2e
-)
site specific interactions
Technical Challenges: Microbiology
Modes of Electron Transfer
from Bacteria to Electrodes
36
➢species diversity including gram
+ve and -ve (electroactive)
micro-organisms
37Logan, Regan, Trends in
Microbiology, 2006
Technical Challenges: Microbiology (Substrates)
38
Kiely, Regan, Logan Curr Opinion Biotech 2011, 22, 378-385
39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoBot
41
Summary
Scientific curiosity ?
▪ Microbes are accurate sensors of
their environment: versatile
devices
42
Summary
Scientific curiosity ?
➢ MFCs/MESs: Platform technology for other technologies
▪ Technology out of waste: remote
area power applications,
sanitation, materials synthesis
▪ Design strategies for MFC, MEC, MES
(Key issues: Materials, Microorganisms, Performance, Costs)
43
Summary
Scientific curiosity ?
➢ MFCs: Platform technology for other technologies
➢ Interdisciplinary research field
➢ Great Education Tool
Thank You…
44