Micotoxicosisen el campo: Interacciones entre hongos ... · 15%U + AF 4,5a 8,9b 670a * Humedad ** Antimicótico (Krabbe, 2000) ArlaFoods -INTA Porque aumenta el interés en la micotoxinas

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Micotoxicosis en el campo: Interacciones entre hongos, plantas,

animales, y el medio ambiente

Duarte Diaz Ph.D.Department of Animal and Comparative

Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Arizona

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Porque aumenta el interés en la micotoxinas

• Mejores métodos analíticos

2

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Métodos analíticos

Cuantitativos Semi-

cuantitativos

Monitoreo

rápido

Análisis de Micotoxinas

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Mill

Muestra Análisis

Método de Análisis

Lote

Resultado

Preparación de

la muestra

Whitaker et al. 2005

Protocolos Específicos para el Análisis de Micotoxinas

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Variance Ratio %

Sample = 0.91 kg 268.1 75.5

Sub S2, 50g 56.3 15.9

Immunoassay, 1 aliquot 30.4 8.6

Total 354.8 100

The variability measured by the variance associated with a 0.91 kg sample, 50 g

subsample, measuring aflatoxin in 1 aliquot by immunoassay in a lot of shelled

corn at 20 ppb aflatoxin.

Sampling, sample preparation and analysis errors account for about 75.5,

15.9 and 8.6% of the total error, respectively.



Protocolos para micotoxinas

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Recomendaciones para el campo

Increasing sample size

by a factor of five from

0.91 to 4.54 kg will cut

the sampling variance

in by a factor of five

from 266.3 to 53.3

(80%). The total

variance is reduced

from 350.7 to 137.5

(60%).


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Proteina

12 13 12 14

13 13 14 12

15 11 12 12

13 14 11 9

13 12 12 13

Mean Protein Concentration 13%

(USDA)

Distribucion de las toxinas

Aflatoxina

0 0 0 0

0 0 200 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

Mean Aflatoxin Concentration 10ppb

(USDA)

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DON – 0.0 ppm

ZONE – 0.0 ppm

DON – 2.1 ppm

ZONE – 4.4 ppm

DON – 263.2 ppm

ZONE – 82.8 ppm

DON – 1.8 ppm

ZONE – 0.3 ppm

DON – 7.0 ppm

ZONE – 0.0 ppm

8

Parcialidad/Prejuicio

Visual

Courtesy of Trilogy Labs

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• Mayor conocimiento sobre su ocurrencia y sus efectos

9

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Importancia Biológica

• Response to stress

• Competitive advantage (ecological)

• Mechanisms for propagation

Bai et. al Mycopathologia 2001

10

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Impacto Económico

• Menor Rendimiento Grano :• Depende de infección en momento desarrollo

grano y de la severidad alcanzada

• Calidad Física:• Menor Tamaño Grano• Germinación reducida

• Calidad Industrial:• Destrucción gránulos de almidón y pared celular• Afecta proteínas endosperma• Menor capacidad molienda

VALORES NUTRICIONALES DESPUES DE 60 DIAS DE ALMACENAMIENTO

Tratamientos Grasa

(%/MS)

Proteína

(%/MS)

Peso especifico

(Kg/M3)

12%U* 4,6a 8,7b 689a

12%U + AF** 4,6a 8,6b 691a

15%U 4,0b 8,9b 622b

15%U + AF 4,5a 8,9b 670a

* Humedad

** Antimicótico

(Krabbe, 2000)

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• Aumento de incidencia de contaminación

Factores ambientales

13

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Una historia de 5 años

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2009

“La tormenta perfecta”

• Primavera mojada. Retraso la siembra.

• Temperatura baja durante la maduración

• Cosecha mas húmeda de lo norma. Mas de 14% humedad

• Niveles altos de DON en maíz de Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. En muchas de las áreas también

se encontró presencia de zearalenona

15

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DON Results in 2009-2010 Ohio/Indiana Corn and DDGS

+60% Samples 1-7

ppm

+80% Samples 8-

25 ppm

Courtesy of Trilogy Labs

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2011 Harvest Mycotoxin Map Report

18

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Corn harvest report 10/01/12

20

CONFIRMED LEVELS OF AFLATOXI N IN NEW CROP CORN: Southern CA levels > 200 ppb; SC levels > 20 ppb; TX up to 1,000 ppb

OK up to 200 ppb; KY > 20 ppb; AL up to 20 ppb; KS up to 80 ppb; MO up to 230 ppb ; IL up to 150 ppb; NE > 100 ppb, NC > 100 pp b;

TN >30ppb; IA up to 100 ppb; IN over 150 ppb

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2015-2016 and Beyond

“The truth is we don’t know what will happen. Will the two patterns reinforce each

other? Will they cancel each other? Are they going to act in sequence? Are they

going to be regional? We really don’t know,” said David Carlson, the director of the

World Climate Research Programme.

Atlantic jetstream current

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El niño –

characterized

by a positive

ONI greater

than or equal

to +0.5

La niña –

characterized

by a negative

ONI greater

than or equal

to -0.5

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Factores ambientales

Practicas agronómicas

23

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Impacto de las Practicas Agronómicas

24

Mansfield et. al. Plant Disease 2005 Landschoot et. al. Crop Protec.

2013

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• Aumento en niveles y intensidad de producción

25

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Cambios en Intensidad de Producción

1960 2000

Piglets born / litter 9.8 10.9

Litter / sow / year 1.74 2.24

Pigs reared / per sow / year

13.3 21.9

FCR (kg/kg) 3.96 2.61

Overall herd feed requirements

6.18 3.81

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Estrategias de control

Manejo Pre-cosecha

- Control de Insectos

- Residuos de cosechas

- Irrigación y nutrición de plantas

- Rotaciones de cultivos

- Híbridos resistentes

- Bio-control

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Bio-control / AF36

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AF36

• Aislado en Arizona (también ocurre naturalmente en TX)

• Lacks vegetative compatibility withaflatoxin-producing strains• Not likely to exchange genetic material with

toxiganic A. Flavus strains

Arla Foods - INTAhttp://azcotton.org/AF36/AF36%20COVER%20PAGE.htm

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http://azcotton.org/AF36/AF36%20COVER%20PAGE.htm

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- The fact that the 11.2-kg/ha rate produced a reduction in aflatoxin equivalent

to that of the 22.4-kg/ha rate in the current study suggests that lower, more

economical application rates should be tested to determine the lowest effective

rate.

- Timing of application of this type of bio-control inoculum is important to its

ultimate success.

- One key to the establishment of that population is that the conidia associated

with the barley carrier have a good opportunity to germinate and grow for the

production of new conidia.

AFLAGUARD

(Dorner J. Food Protect. 73(3) 2010 495-499)

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(Pestka and Casale 1989)

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New Area - Heat Stress - Mycotoxin

Multi

Toxins

ZEA

Toxin

DON, T-2

DON

Ergots

Ergots

FB1, DON

Aflatoxin

M1

Multi

Toxins

Multi

Toxins

Multi

Toxins

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https://mydigimag.rrd.com/publication?i=420965

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Micotoxicosis en el campo: Interacciones entre hongos, plantas,

animales, y el medio ambiente

Duarte Diaz Ph.D.Department of Animal and Comparative

Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Arizona

Documents

Micotoxicosisen el campo: Interacciones entre hongos ... · 15%U + AF 4,5a 8,9b 670a * Humedad ** Antimicótico (Krabbe, 2000) ArlaFoods -INTA Porque aumenta el interés en la micotoxinas