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Michigan Joint Task Force on Jail and Pretrial IncarcerationMeeting #3September 20, 2019Grand Rapids, MI
General inquiries and information: [email protected]
Far more people enter county jails than state and federal prisons in the U.S. every year.
746,0001.49 million
10.6 million
607,000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
County Jails Prisons County Jails Prisons
Population Admissions
Mill
ion
s
Population and Annual Admissions in County Jails vs. State and Federal Prisons in the United States, 2017. Note that jail population is average daily population while prison population is an end-of-year count. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails and National Prisoner Statistics Program.
Michigan’s jail population tripled over 45 years; it was driven equally by pretrial and sentenced populations.
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14
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20
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Jail
Pop
ula
tio
n (
Tho
usa
nd
s) Convicted
Unconvicted
46.9%
48.6%
Convicted and Unconvicted Jail Population in Michigan, 1970 to 2016. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails and Annual Survey of Jails.
U.S. jail populations remain high despite recent drop in arrests.
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2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Arrests Jail Admissions
Mill
ion
s
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100
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600
700
800
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Jail Population
Tho
usa
nd
s
United States Arrests, Jail Admissions, and Jail Population, 2008 to 2016. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails and Annual Survey of Jails; U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division; Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Uniform Crime Reporting Program.
The number of women in Michigan jails grew at triple the rate of the men.
Women
503%
Men
167%
0%
100%
200%
300%
400%
500%
600%
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Perc
ent
Gro
wth
Sin
ce 1
97
5
Percent Growth Since 1975 of Michigan Jail Population by Gender, 1975 to 2016. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails and Annual Survey of Jails.
Michigan Share of Jail Population by Urbanicity, 1978 and 2013. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails.
Rural14.7%
1978
Rural23.6%
Small/Mid31.8%
Suburban19.6%
Urban34.0%
2013
Suburban24.3%
Urban19.4%
Small/Mid32.7%
Share of jail population
Rural Michigan now holds a larger share of people in jail than urban counties.
Schedule of Meetings
1. Introductions and National Trends: July 24, Detroit2. Research and Constitutional Landscape: August 23, Traverse City3. Data and Policy, Part I: September 20, Grand Rapids4. Data and Policy, Part II: October 18, Detroit
1st Round of Subgroups: November 1, Lansing 2nd Round of Subgroups: November 18, Lansing
5. Subgroups Report Out to Full Task Force: November 19, Lansing 3rd Round of Subgroups: December 5, Lansing 4th Round of Subgroups: December 16, Lansing
6. Presentation of Final Recommendations: January 9, Lansing7. Post-Recommendation Meetings: TBD
• Overview of Data Sources
• Findings from Arrest Data
• Findings from Court Data
• Findings from Jail Data
• Takeaways
Agenda
Agenda• Arrest data
– Statewide data from 2008 to 2018 provided by the Michigan State Police
• Court data– Statewide data from 2008 to 2018 provided by the State Court
Administrative Office
• Jail data– Data from 2016 to 2018 provided by a diverse sample of 20 counties
Overview of Data Sources
Findings from Arrest Data
• Arrest data is provided by the Michigan State Police.– Data spans the period from 2008 to 2018.
• The statewide data is compiled from the nearly 600 agencies with arresting authority across the state.
• Arrest data includes three types of arrest events: on view arrests, warrant arrests, and citations.– All misdemeanors and felonies in Michigan are arrestable.
– Citations may be issued in lieu of arrest only for misdemeanors or local ordinance violations punishable by 93 days in jail or less.
Context on Michigan Arrest Data
Arrest events statewide have fallen about 20 percent in the past decade.
Change in total statewide arrest events, 2008-2018. Arrest events include on view arrests, warrant arrests, and citations. Source: Statewide arrest data, 2008 to 2018, Michigan State Police.
Despite falling arrests statewide, 21 counties increased their arrest rates.
Change in arrest rate (arrest events per 100,000 county residents) by county, 2008-2018. Source: Statewide arrest data, 2008 to 2018, Michigan State Police.
Change in arrest rate
Proportionally more women experienced arrests events in 2018 than 2008.
Distribution of arrest events by gender, 2008 and 2018. Source: Statewide arrest data, 2008 to 2018, Michigan State Police.
25% 28%
75% 72%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2008 2018
Arr
est
Even
ts Female
Male
+38%
The decrease in arrest events was driven by people age 25 and younger.
Change in number of arrest events by age group, 2008-2018. Source: Statewide arrest data, 2008 to 2018, Michigan State Police.
+10%-46%
-17%
Arrest trends for different age groups were similar across races.
Change in number of arrest events by race and age group, 2008-2018. Source: Statewide arrest data, 2008 to 2018, Michigan State Police.
-55%
-30%
+41%
+35%
Arrest rates decreased for all major gender/race groups except Black women.
Percent change in arrest rate (arrest events per 100,000 Michigan residents) by race and gender, 2008-2018. Source: Statewide arrest data, 2008 to 2018, Michigan State Police.
+
The decrease in arrest events was driven by alcohol-related offenses.
Top 5 offenses with largest decreases and increases in arrest events, 2008-2018. *Note: OUI category includes Driving with BAC > 0.08 and “Super Drunk Driving” (BAC > 0.17), the latter of which was added as an offense between 2008 and 2018. Source: Statewide arrest data, 2008 to 2018, Michigan State Police.
Top 5 Offenses with FewerArrest Events, 2008-2018
Decrease
Operating Under the Influence* -13,588
Alcohol Violations – Minors -7,395
Liquor Violations (Other) -5,398
Miscellaneous Arrest -4,375
Retail Fraud Theft 3rd Degree -3,862
Top 5 Offenses with More Arrest Events, 2008-2018
Increase
Methamphetamine – Possess +1,669
Probation Violation +1,398
Narcotic Equipment +1,396
Heroin – Possess +858
Contempt of Court +714
Arrest events were dominated by misdemeanors and court order violations.
Top 10 offenses for which arrest events occurred, 2018. *Note: OUI category includes Driving with BAC > 0.08 and “Super Drunk Driving” (BAC > 0.17), the latter of which was added as an offense between 2008 and 2018. Source: Statewide arrest data, 2008 to 2018, Michigan State Police.
Top 10 Offenses for which Arrest Events Occurred, 2018 Count
Failure to Appear 29,295
Assault & Battery/Simple Assault 28,264
Operating Under the Influence of Alcohol* 21,410
Marijuana – Possess 14,419
Retail Fraud Theft 3rd Degree 9,096
Probation Violation 8,472
Contempt of Court 6,803
Obstructing Justice 5,443
Disorderly Conduct 4,036
Retail Fraud Theft 2nd Degree 3,706
The most common arrest events all declined over the past decade.
Change in number of arrest events by most common charges, 2008-2018. OUI category includes Driving with BAC > 0.08 and “Super Drunk Driving” (BAC > 0.17), the latter of which was added as an offense between 2008 and 2018. Source: Statewide arrest data, 2008 to 2018, Michigan State Police.
Citations made up 10 percent of all arrest events in 2018.
Arrest events by type, 2018. Source: Statewide arrest data, 2008 to 2018, Michigan State Police.
Citations10%
On View Arrests44%
Warrant Arrests46%
Citations declined more quickly than on view or warrant arrests.
Change in prevalence of arrest events by type, 2008-2018. Source: Statewide arrest data, 2008 to 2018, Michigan State Police.
The top most cited common offenses were cited less than half the time.
Top common offenses leading to citation, 2018. Offenses listed include the most frequently cited offenses among the twenty most common arrest event offenses in 2018. Source: Statewide arrest data, 2008 to 2018, Michigan State Police.
Top Common Offenses Leading to Citation, 2018 Percent Cited
Miscellaneous Arrest 50%
Transport Open Container 37%
Disorderly Conduct 25%
Narcotic Equipment 24%
Marijuana - Possess 23%
Retail Fraud Theft 3rd Degree 22%
Findings from Court Data
• Court data is provided by the State Court Administrative Office (SCAO). – Data spans the period from 2008 to 2018.
– Demographic information is from the Judicial Data Warehouse.
• The statewide data is compiled from the 162 district and circuit courts in Michigan.*– All cases start with an arraignment in district court, which handles
misdemeanor cases to completion.
– Felony cases are bound over to circuit court.
Michigan Court Data
*Four municipalities in Michigan have retained a municipal court rather than creating a district court.
Nearly 9 in 10 cases filed in district court in 2018 were misdemeanors.
Change in number of felony and misdemeanor cases filed in district court, 2008-2018. Source: Statewide court data, Michigan State Court Administrative Office.
86%
14%
The majority of cases were resolved via guilty plea, especially in circuit court.
Dispositions by type in district and circuit court, 2018. Note: Totals exclude cases that were bound over, were on inactive status, were remanded/transferred, or changed case type. Source: Statewide court data, 2008 to 2018, Michigan State Court Administrative Office.
56%
87%
44%
10%
1% 3%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
District Court Circuit Court
Verdicts
Dismissals
Guilty Pleas
One third of defendants in criminal cases in 2018 were female.
Criminal cases filed in district court by gender, 2018. Note: Gender was unknown in three percent of cases; these cases are excluded. Source: Statewide court data, Judicial Data Warehouse, Michigan State Court Administrative Office.
Female32%
Male68%
The median age of defendants was just over 30 and similar across genders.
Criminal cases filed in district court by age and gender, 2018. Source: Statewide court data, Judicial Data Warehouse, Michigan State Court Administrative Office.
25 or younger28%
25 or younger27%
26 to 3536%
26 to 3533%
36 to 5026% 36 to 50
26%
Older than 50, 10% Older than 50, 15%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Female Male
Findings from Jail Data
• Jail data is provided by 20 sheriffs across Michigan.– Data spans the period from 2016 to 2018.
• The sample of data is compiled from admission and length of stay information from 20 county jails.
• Included counties vary in terms of size, geography, and demographics of residents.– Total sample represents approximately 40 percent of Michigan’s total
jail population.
Context on Michigan Jail Data
Agenda
Jail data includes 20 counties from across the state.
Small/mid
GeneseeMuskegonWashtenawJackson
Suburban
MacombOakland
Urban
Kent
Rural
AlleganAlpenaAntrimBranchGratiotMason
MecostaMissaukee
IoscoIron
OceanaOntonagon
Tuscola
The jail sample includes more than 300,000 admissions over three years.
Jail sample admissions by year, 2016-2018; Urbanicity breakdown of sample, jail admissions 2016-2018.Source: Sample of jail data, 2015 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
Year Number of Admissions
in Sample
2016 111,915
2017 109,185
2018 106,946
Grand Total 328,046
UrbanicityPercent of Admissions
in Sample
Rural 18%
Small/Mid 33%
Suburban 30%
Urban 19%
Jail admission rates were highest in rural and lowest in suburban counties.
Admission rate (per 100,000 people) by urbanicity, 2016-2018. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
The most common age at jail admission was 26, but it varied widely.
Jail admissions by age, 2016-2018. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
Like arrests, jail admissions of young people declined while admissions of older people increased slightly.
Change in jail admissions by age group, 2016-2018. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
+
Black men were most overrepresented in jail admissions while White women were most underrepresented.
Jail admissions and resident populations in sample counties by race and gender, 2016-2018. “Other” categories include those for whom race was not reported or accounted for less than one percent of the total. Note: In county population data, gender was unavailable and was assumed to be evenly male and female. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
39%
41%
15%
41%
26%
6%
8%
6%
3%
3%
9%
3%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
JailAdmissionsin SampleCounties
ResidentPopulationin SampleCounties
White Men White Women Black Men Black Women Other Men Other Women
Nearly two thirds of jail admissions were for misdemeanor charges.
Jail admissions by crime type, 2016-2018. Note: Crime type was available for 75% of admissions. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
36%
61%
3%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Civil
Misdemeanor
Felony
Many jail admissions were for nonviolent offenses.
Percent of jail admissions by offense type, most serious charge per booking, 2016-2018. Most serious charge was determined by ranking multiple charges by crime type and offense category. Note: Offense information was available for all charges in 87% of admissions. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
Top 10 Offenses, Most Serious Charge at Jail Admission Percent of Admissions
Operating Under the Influence (OUI) 14%
Assault 11%
Driving Without Valid License 9%
Probation/Parole Violation 8%
Theft 8%
Possession or Use of Controlled Substance 8%
Obstruction of Justice 7%
Other Person Offense 6%
Domestic Violence 5%
Delivery or Manufacture of Controlled Substance 4%
About half of assault and theft charges at jail admission were misdemeanors.
Assault and theft offenses (most serious offense per admission only) by crime class, 2016-2018. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
27%
44%
28%
Assault
Felony
Misdemeanor
Not Available
28%
52%
21%
Theft
The most serious offense at jail admission varied by race and gender.
Percent of jail admissions by charge for race and gender groups, 2016-2018. Note: Offense information was available for all charges in 87% of admissions.Source: Sample of jail data, 2015 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
Most Serious Charge at Jail Admission TotalWhite Men
Black Men
White Women
Black Women
Operating Under the Influence 14% 18% 9% 18% 9%
Assault 11% 10% 11% 9% 13%
Driving Without Valid License 9% 6% 12% 6% 15%
Theft 8% 6% 7% 13% 17%
Possession or Use of Controlled Substance 8% 9% 8% 10% 5%
4%4%
8%
19% 5+
4
3
2
One third of individuals in jail sample had 2+ admissions over three years.
Individuals by number of jail admissions, 2016 -2018. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
Multipleadmissions
62%
People admitted once
65%
People admitted2+ times, 35%
Single admissions
38%
Number of admissionsfor people admitted 2+ times
More than half of people released from jail bonded out.
Release reasons for jail admissions, 2016-2018. Note: Release information per booking was available in 78% of admissions. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
Two thirds of people admitted to jail were released within one week; nearly one fifth stayed longer than one month.
Length of stay distribution for jail admissions, 2016-2018. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
1 day or less45%
2 to 7 days22%
8 to 30 days16%
31 to 180 days14%
More than 180 days
3%
Average length of stay was 22 days
Length of stay in jail was significantly shorter for people who bonded out.
Length of stay distribution for jail admissions by release type, 2016-2018. Note: Release information per booking was available in 78% of admissions. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
For people who bonded out of jail, one third spent at least two days in jail.
Length of stay distribution for jail admissions bonding out, 2016-2018. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
67%
15%
6%9%
3%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1 day or less 2 to 3 days 4 to 7 days 8 to 30 days 31 days or more
Length of stay for jail admissions varied by crime class.
Mean and median length of stay in days for jail admissions by crime class, 2016-2018. Note: Crime type was available for 75% of admissions. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
2
1
9
22
11
45
Overall
Misdemeanor
Felony
Mean Length of StayMedian Length of Stay
days
For top five offenses, 5 to 17 percent of people stayed longer than one month.
Length of stay distribution for jail admissions by top offenses, 2016-2018. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
66%
64%
83%
66%
77%
18%
20%
12%
16%
13%
16%
17%
5%
17%
10%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Possess/Use Controlled Substance
Theft
Driving Without Valid License
Assault
Operating While Intoxicated
Less than 1 week 1 week to 1 month More than 1 month
Unlike jail admissions, most of the jail population faced felony charges.
Crime class distribution for jail admissions, 2016-2018; Crime class distribution for jail population on 12/1/2018. Note: Crime type was available for 75% of admissions. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
36%
71%
61%
27%
3% 1%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Admissions Population
Felony
Misdemeanor
Civil
The most common charges in the jail population were slightly more serious than the most common charges at admission.
Distribution of top 10 offenses (most serious charge on record), jail population on 12/1/2018. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
Top 10 Offenses, Most Serious Charge for Individuals in Jail Percent of Population
Other Person Offense 14%
Assault 13%
Probation/Parole Violation 10%
Operating Under the Influence 8%
Theft 8%
Possession or Use of Controlled Substance 8%
Delivery or Manufacture of Controlled Substance 6%
Obstruction of Justice 6%
Domestic Violence 5%
Other Property Offense 4%
53
23
72
97
51
115
Overall
Misdemeanor
Felony
Mean Length of StayMedian Length of Stay
Length of stay for jail population varied by crime class.
Mean and median length of stay in days by crime class, jail population on 12/1/2018. Note: Crime type was available for 75% of admissions. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
days
Less than one fifth of admissions contributed over 80 percent of jail bed days.
Distributions of jail admissions and jail bed utilization by length of stay, 2016-2018. Source: Sample of jail data, 2016 to 2018, various Michigan jails.
Takeaways
Agenda• Despite falling arrests, particularly among young people, tens of thousands of
people are still arrested for low-level charges like failure to appear in court, marijuana possession, and shoplifting.
• People are also going to jail in large numbers for administrative rule-breaking like driving without a valid license and violating probation conditions.
• Officers issue fewer citations in lieu of arrest than they have in past years. Overall, arrests far outnumber citations, even for low-level crimes.
• Short jail stays disrupt hundreds of thousands of lives, but Michigan’s high jail populations are driven by relatively few people.
Takeaways
Thank you to the following agencies that provided data:
Acknowledgments
Kent County, Sheriff Michelle LaJoye-Young,Lt. Aaron CaseMacomb County, Sheriff Anthony Wickersham, Joe McBratnieMason County, Sheriff Kim ColeMecosta County, Sheriff Todd Purcell, Capt. Kevin WoodMissaukee County, Sheriff Wilbur YancerMuskegon County, Sheriff Michael Poulin, Ryan FosterOakland County, Sheriff Michael Bouchard,Exec. Lt. Melissa McClellan, Jason TuckerOceana County, Sheriff Craig MastOntonagon County, Sheriff Dale RantalaTuscola County, Sheriff Glen SkrentWashtenaw County, Sheriff Jerry Clayton, Sgt. Nicholas Burleson
State Court Administrative Office, Laura HutzelMichigan State Police, Bob Phelps, John Hitchcock, Wendy EasterbrookAllegan County, Sheriff Frank Baker, Lt. Jim MillerAlpena County, Sheriff Steven KieliszewskiAntrim County, Sheriff Daniel Bean, Sgt. Todd RawlingBranch County, Sheriff John Pollack,Capt. Fred BlankenshipGenesee County, Sheriff Robert Pickell,Capt. Jason GouldGratiot County, Sheriff Michael MorrisIosco County, Sheriff Allan MacGregorIron County, Sheriff Mark Valesano, Tom CourchaineJackson County, Sheriff Steven Rand, Capt. Bob Vogt
Presenter Contact Information:
Terry Schusterp: 202-540-6437 [email protected]
Michelle Russellp: 202-552-2270 [email protected]
Task Force Website:
www.courts.mi.gov/micjreform
General Inquiries:
