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Problem and Pathological Gambling Among Hispanics in California
Michael Campos, Ph.D.UCLA Gambling Studies ProgramPhone: 310.825.6427E-mail: [email protected]
2010 Census Data (Ennis et al., 2011)
2006 California Problem Gambling Prevalence Survey Data (Volberg et al., 2006)
Acculturation
AcknowledgementsRichard J. Rosenthal, M.D.Office of Problem Gambling (OPG)UCLA Gambling Studies Program (UGSP)Rachel Volberg, Ph.D.
Definition of Hispanic
2010 Census: “Hispanic or Latino” refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.
Diversity of the Hispanic PopulationCountry of originRacial backgroundReasons for immigrationLength of time in U.S.Acculturation
U.S. Demographic Trends 308.7 million people resided in the U.S. in 2010. 50.5 million (16%) were of Hispanic origin. Increase from 35.3 million (13%) in 2000 Represents the majority of growth in the total
population. Between 2000 and 2010 the Hispanic
population grew by 43% which was 4 times the national growth rate.
California DemographicsCA population = 37,253,956CA Hispanic population = 14,013,71937.6% of CA residents were HispanicMajority (81%) were Mexican origin or heritageCA ranks first in population for 4 of 7 Hispanic
groups
Key PointsHispanics are a large and growing segment
of the population.
The majority of Hispanics in the US are of Mexican origin or heritage, but trends show increasing diversity within the Hispanic population.
In California, Hispanics comprise over 1/3 of the total population, with the large majority being of Mexican origin or heritage.
Culture and Mental HealthA patient’s cultural background may influence
Description of symptoms Meaning imparted to illness Causation and prevalence for some disorders, but not others Coping styles Treatment seeking Stigma
A clinician’s cultural background may influence Communication Diagnosis Conceptions of Mental Illness Assumptions about what a clinician is (and is not) supposed to do
Source: Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity, SAMHSA, 2001
Gambling Among U.S. HispanicsFew nationally representative samplesOthers sampled from Texas, New Mexico, Florida,
MinnesotaAll cross-sectional surveys or interviewsGeneral areas of studies:
EpidemiologyHelp Line UsageCo-morbidities
Prevalence of Gambling Problems
Studies show elevated prevalence rates for problem or pathological gambling among Hispanics relative to Non-Hispanic Caucasians (Stinchfield, 1997; Welte et al., 2001; Westermeyer et al., 2005)
Help Seeking for Gambling Problems
Sought Previous Help for Gambling
Percent of Callers to Helpline
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
12.9%3.8%
30.2%
96.2%
Hispanic (N=209) Anglo (N=5,311)
Source: Caudrado, 1999
Key PointsFew studies have examined gambling among
Hispanics and for the most part they have focused on epidemiology.
Most studies show increased prevalence of gambling problems among Hispanics relative to Non-Hispanic Caucasians.
Help seeking for gambling problems among Hispanics is lower than that of Non-Hispanic Caucasians.
CA Prevalence Survey Data
Prevalence of Gambling Problems
Problem Gambling Pathological Gambling 0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.0%**
1.5%1.8%
1.5%
Hispanic All Others
** p < 0.01
Prevalence of Gambling Problems by Gender
Problem Gambling Pathological Gambling0.0%0.5%1.0%1.5%2.0%2.5%3.0%3.5%4.0%4.5%
4.2% a
2.3%2.5% b 2.3%
1.6%
0.8%1.1%
0.8%
Male Hispanic Male All Others Female Hispanic Female All Others
Note: Percentages with different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05 or less.
Preferred Games for Past Year Gamblers
Poke
r
Oth
er C
ard
Games
Tabl
e Gam
es
Slot
s/M
achi
ne G
ames
Lotter
y
Spor
ts B
ettin
g
Hor
se/D
og R
aces
Oth
er G
ames
0.0%5.0%
10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0%
Hispanic (N=822) All Others (N=3,231)
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01
**
** ***
Preferred Games for Past Year Male Gamblers
Poke
r
Oth
er C
ard
Games
Tabl
e Gam
es
Slot
s/M
achi
ne G
ames
Lotter
y
Spor
ts B
ettin
g
Hor
se/D
og R
aces
Oth
er G
ames
0.0%5.0%
10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0%
Hispanic (N=390) All Others (N=1,474)
**
**
*
**
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01
Preferred Games for Past Year Female Gamblers
Poke
r
Oth
er C
ard
Games
Tabl
e Gam
es
Slot
s/M
achi
ne G
ames
Lotter
y
Spor
ts B
ettin
g
Hor
se/D
og R
aces
Oth
er G
ames
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
Hispanic (N=432) All Others (N=1,757)
**
**
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01
Key PointsProblem, but not pathological gambling, is higher among
Hispanics relative to Non-Hispanics, particularly among males.
Past year gambling is lower among Hispanic females relative to Non-Hispanic females.
Counter to expectations, we did not see a preference for action oriented games among Hispanic males.
U.S. Acculturation and Gambling Among Hispanics
AcculturationThe construct arose from the anthropology
literature and was originally conceptualized as a group-level process.
Psychologists have conceptualized it as an individual-level process.
Involves changes in behavior, cognition, values and is influenced by context.
Often researched using proxy measures.
Prevalence of Gambling Problems by US Acculturation
Problem Gambling Pathological Gambling0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%3.3% a
1.5%
2.7% a,b
1.4%
1.8% b1.5%
Low-Acculturated Hispanic High-Acculturated Hispanic All Others
Note: Percentages with different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05 or less.
Prevalence of Gambling Problems Among Males
Problem Gambling Pathological Gambling0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0% 5.1% a
2.5%2.8%a,b
1.8%2.5%b 2.3%
Low-Acculturated Hispanic MalesHigh-Acculturated Hispanic MalesAll Other Males
Prevalence of Gambling Problems Among Females
Problem Gambling
Pathological Gambling-1.0%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
1.3%a,b
0.4%
2.5%b
1.1%1.1%a0.8%
Low-Acculturated Hispanic FemalesHigh-Acculturated Hispanic FemalesAll Other Females
Preferred Games for Past Year Gamblers
Poker
Other Card Games
Table Games
Slots or M
achine Games
Lottery
Sports Bettin
g
Horse or D
og Racing
Other Games
0.0%5.0%
10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0%30.0%
Low-Acculturated Hispanic (N=250)High-Acculturated Hispanic (N=509)All Others (N=3,231)
ab b
ab b
ab b
ab
c
aa b
Preferred Games for Past Year Male Gamblers
Poker
Other Card Games
Table Games
Slots or M
achine Games
Lottery
Sports Bettin
g
Horse or D
og Racing
Other Games
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
Low-Acculturated Hispanic (N=133)High-Acculturated Hispanic (N=232)All Others (N=1,474)
b
a
a
b b
b
aa,
b b bb
a
ab
b
Preferred Games for Past Year Female Gamblers
Poker
Other Card Games
Table Games
Slots or M
achine Games
Lottery
Sports Bettin
g
Horse or D
og Racing
Other Games
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
Low-Acculturated Hispanic (N=117)High-Acculturated Hispanic (N=277)All Others (N=1,757)bb
a
ba
c
Key PointsWhen acculturation was taken into account it
was the high-acculturated Hispanics were more likely to play action oriented games.
Low-acculturated were more likely to play lottery or slot machines.
Counter to expectations, the data did not support the preference for action oriented games among low-acculturated, male Hispanic gamblers.
ConclusionsStudies show elevated prevalence rates for
pathological gambling; our data show more problem gambling, particularly among males, but similar prevalence for pathological gambling.
Hispanics may be less likely to seek help for gambling problems.
Preferred types of games among Hispanics similar to those for all other groups surveyed.
Our data did not support the idea that Hispanics play more ‘culture bound’ games.
