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Frontline

( ) US committed to the searchObama pledge proves.

Digital Journal 14(Digital JournalApril 27, 2014lexis)

President Barack Obamaon Sunday offered continued US support for Malaysia in the search for missing flight

MH370but warned of a "laborious" task ahead to find the plane. "It is a very challenging effort, a laborious effort and it is going to take sometime," said Obama, who arrived in Malaysia on Saturday for a two-day stay. The jet mysteriously disappeared on March 8 on a flight from Kuala

Lumpur to Beijing with 239 people aboard and is thought to have crashed in the southern Indian Ocean. But no trace has been found, leaving

distraught relatives demanding answers and accusing Malaysia's government of a bungled response and possible cover-up. Obama expressed

the "deepest condolences of the American people to all the families who lost love ones on that flight". "I completely understand the heartache

the families are going through and want some answers. But I can tell you the United States is absolutely committed to

providing whatever resources and assets that we can," he said during a joint press conference with

Malaysian Prime Minister NajibRazak. US experts were brought in shortly after the plane vanishedto help with

investigations. American assets have been involved in a multi-nation search coordinated by Australia thathas for weeks scoured the remote Indian Ocean for wreckage.

( ) China solving nowtheyre doing a bathymetric search for 370.

Amos 14Jonathan Amos, BBC Science Correspondent -- MH370 spur to 'better ocean mapping' BBC NewsMay 27

th, 2014

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27589433

Scientists have welcomed the decision to makeall ocean depth data (bathymetry) gathered in the search

for missing Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 publicly available.A detailed surveyof 60,000 sq km of seabed is to be

undertaken to help refine the hunt for the lost jet. The depth and shape of Earth's ocean floor is very poorly known.Leading researchers say the MH370 example should be a spur to gather much better data elsewhere in the world. The search has been

hampered by the lack of a high-resolution view of the bed topography west of Australia. This was apparent on the very first dive made by an

autonomous sub investigating possible sonar detections of the aircraft's cockpit voice and flight data recorders. It was forced to cut short the

mission because it encountered depths that exceeded its operating limit of 4,500m. There are places thought to exceed 7,800m. Australian

Transportation Safety Board (ATSB) officials said this week that an area in the southern Indian Ocean the size of Tasmania

would now be subject to a full survey using multibeam echo sounders (MBES). A Chinese navy vessel, Zhu

Kezhen, has already started on the project. It will be joined by a commercial shipin June, with the work likely

to take three months.

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BacklinesChina solves ocean mapping now

( ) China solves ocean mapping now.

J.A.C.C. 14(The Joint Agency Coordination Centre (JACC) was announced on 30 March 2014 by the Prime Minister of Australia, the Hon

Tony Abbott. The purpose of the JACC is to ensure the public and other stakeholders, particularly families, are well-informed

about the progress of the investigation into Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 that disappeared on 8 March 2014 on a flight to

Beijing from Kuala Lumpur. Update on MH370 Search May 29th

http://www.jacc.gov.au/media/releases/2014/may/mr048.aspx)

The Chinese survey shipZhu Kezhen has already begun conducting the bathymetric surveyor mapping of the ocean

floorof the areas providedby the ATSB. Its operations are being supported by the Chinese ship Haixun 01 and Malaysian vesselBunga Mas 6 which are assisting with transporting the survey data to Fremantle weekly for further processing by Geoscience Australia. A

contracted survey vessel will join the Zhu Kezhen in June. The bathymetric survey is expected to take about threemonths. Knowing the seafloor terrain is crucial to enabling the subsequent underwater search.

(Note: ATSB = Australian Transport Safety Bureau)

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Frontline

( ) Search is a waste of timeits a cover-up.

Harress 14Christopher spent four years in the British Royal Navy and then attend Journalism school at Edinburgh Napier University. He

went on to work in the UK, New Zealand, Paris and Dakar, Senegal as an investigative reporter before attending the Stabile

Center for Investigative Journalism at Columbia University. He works as Defense and Aviation reporter at the International

Business Times in New York. This article internally quotes Former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed. CIA

Withholding Information About Flight MH370 Search, Former Malaysian Prime Minister Claims May 20 2014

http://www.ibtimes.com/cia-withholding-information-about-flight-mh370-search-former-malaysian-prime-minister-1587198

FormerMalaysian Prime MinisterMahathir Mohamed,88, claims the CIA may be withholding information about

missingMalaysian Airline flight MH370. The politician made his comments on his personal blog, on which he also opined that the

continuing search is futile and that too much blame has been placed on the Malaysian government and Malaysian Airlines. "It is a waste

of time and money to look for debris or oil slicks or listen for 'pings'from the black box," Mahathir wrote. "Someoneis hiding something. It is not fair that MAS [Malaysia Airlines] and Malaysia should take the blame. For some reason the media

will not print anything that involves Boeing or the CIA." The Kuala Lumpur-based airline has come under heavy criticismin the wake of the MH370s disappearance while en route from the Malaysian capital to Beiji ng, China, on March 8 with 239 passengers

onboard. Early media reports suggested that the aircraft had crashed in the South China Sea or in the Strait of Malaca, or that it had been

hijacked and flown north to a former Soviet state in Central Asia. However, more recent indications are that the Boeing 777 crashed in the

southern Indian Ocean. However, Mahathir doesnt believe the aircraft crashed into the sea at all. "This is most

likely not an ordinary crashafter fuel was exhausted. The plane is somewhere, maybe without MAS markings,"Mahathir wrote.

( ) Impossible to findits buried under ocean sentiment.

Sandilands 14This is actually this guys last name Ben Sandilands has been a reporter for more than 49 years at home and abroad

and divided between Fairfax publications and the ABC and in recent times as a freelance writer, broadcaster, Crikey contributor

and the author of its blog, Plane Talking. He became the last full time shipping cadet on The Sydney Morning Herald at the start

of his career, and has closely followed transport issues, mainly in the airline sectorMH370 Inmarsat says best guess crash

site wasnt searched CrickeyPlane TalkingJune 17th

http://blogs.crikey.com.au/planetalking/2014/06/17/mh370-

inmarsat-says-best-guess-crash-site-wasnt-searched/

It may take two years. Success isnt guaranteed, as the sea floor topography may have buried the wreckage

under an avalanche of silt. For the Australian co-ordinated search, this is going to be an intensely difficult task,

madeso much harder by residual ambiguities and variables in satelliteand aircraft performance data it has to relyupon.

( ) Searching in the wrong placePinger data was wrong.

Marsh 14et al, Rene Marsh is CNN's aviation and government regulation correspondent, based in the network's Washington bureau.

Internally quoting Michael Dean, the US Navy's deputy director of ocean engineeringNavy official: Pings not thought to be

from Flight 370's black boxes CNNMay 28, 2014http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/28/world/asia/malaysia-airlines-

pinging/index.html?hpt=hp_t1

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Thefour acoustic pings at the center of the search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370for the past seven weeks are no

longer believed to have come from the plane's black boxes,a U.S. Navy official told CNN. The acknowledgment

cameWednesday as searchers wrapped up the first phase of their effort, havingscanned 329 square miles

ofsouthern Indian Oceanfloor without finding any wreckagefrom the Boeing 777-200. Authorities now almost

universally believe the pings did not come from the onboard dataor cockpit voice recorders but instead came from

some other man-made source unrelated to the jetliner that disappeared on March 8, according to Michael Dean, the Navy's

deputy director of ocean engineering. If the pings had come from the recorders, searchers would have found them, he said.

Dean said "yes" when asked if other countriesinvolved in the search had reached the same conclusions. "Ourbest theory at this point is that (the pings were) likely some sound produced by the ship ... or within the electronics of the Towed Pinger

Locator," Dean said. The pinger locator was used by searchers to listen for underwater signals. "Always your fear any time you put electronic

equipment in the water is that if any water gets in and grounds or shorts something out, that you could start producing sound," Dean

explained. He said it is not possible to absolutely exclude that the pings came from the black boxes, but there is no evidence now to suggest

they did. However, a U.S. Navy spokesman called Dean's statement to CNN "speculative and premature." "I am not saying that what Michael

Dean said was inaccurate," said spokesman Christopher Johnston, "but what we are saying is that it is not his place to say it." The Navy is

continuing "to work with our partners to more thoroughly understand the data acquired by the Towed Pinger Locater," according to Johnson.

"As such, we would defer to the Australians, as the lead in the search effort, to make additional information known at the appropriate time,"

Johnson said. Key role in search The pings have played a key role in shaping the search for the plane , which

disappeared on a flight from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing with 239 people aboard.

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Backlinecant everfind the plane

( ) Search impossibleconditions make the plane too hard to locate.

Jacobs 14Frank Jacobs is a London-based journalist, MH370 and the Secrets of the Deep, Dark Southern Indian Ocean The Complex,

maintained by Foreign PolicyMARCH 26, 2014

http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/03/26/mh370_and_the_secrets_of_the_deep_dark_indian_ocean

The southern Indian Ocean is not only remote, but it has worse weather than just about any other

place on the planet. Storms have hampered the searchby grounding flights, reducing the usefulness of the

handful of vessels in the area (including an Australian Navy ship and a Chinese icebreaker), and further dispersing and submerging

much of the debris floating on the surface. Storms are the rule rather than the exceptionin this part of the world, plagued by

the Roaring Forties -- the never-ending winds that howl around 40 degrees latitude south. The weather, combined with the fact that this

zone, just north of Antarctica, is the only place where water can flow around the globe without hitting land,

means that the waves are among the highest in the world. (Surfing is inadvisable.) That these are some of the

deepest parts ofthe Indian Ocean,with a rugged and volcanic ocean floor, decreases the likelihood that the black

boxes would be retrievable.All of which adds up to an almost impossible race against time:Those blackboxes have limited battery life and will likely stop transmitting around April 7.
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/03/26/mh370_and_the_secrets_of_the_deep_dark_indian_oceanhttp://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/03/26/mh370_and_the_secrets_of_the_deep_dark_indian_ocean

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A-to Inmarsat = search is in the right spot

( ) Inmarsat data does not mean search is in the right area

Sun Daily 14Internally quoting Duncan Steel, New Zealand-based space scientist and physicist, Search for MH370 not getting morecomplicated, expert claims June 2

nd, 2014http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1066103

An expert has said that the search for the missing Malaysia Airlines plane, flight MH370 is not becoming more complicated and that

the search and rescue(SAR) team was looking in the wrong area. New Zealand-based space scientist

and physicist, Duncan Steel,made the remarks in anemail interviewwith Bernama following the latest announcementby the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB), which discounted the vicinity of acoustic signals detected previously. "They were never leads

(the claimed acoustic detections). Having discounted them is a good thing, in that it enables other possibilities to be considered," said Steel,

who is also a visiting Professor of Astrobiology at the University of Buckingham, England and a space scientist at NASA-Ames Research Centre in

California, USA. According to him, the sonic pings in the Indian Ocean were obviously(to a physicist) not from the

MH370emergency locator beaconand that ATSB's announcement was entirely disconnected from the satellite-derivedinformation. He believed that based on available information from the released raw data, it was most likely that the aircraft headed south at

near 500 knots, and ended up much further south than the current search area. Steel laudedBritish satellite telecommunicationscompany, Inmarsat for doing a good job of pulling out the data and analysing it, noting that the Inmarsat analysis

was good. "However, that does not mean I am sure they are correct, because we have not been given vital

informationabout the composition of the BFOs (Burst Frequency Offsets) and the modelling that Inmarsat performed.

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Cant get the black box

( ) If 370 is found, still wont retrieve black box. Cant get answers

Sutherland 14Scott Sutherland - Science writer for Yahoo! Canada.Even if MH370 is found, investigators face a daunting task in retrieving the

black box Yahoo Canada: Geekquinox BlogApril 11th, 2014https://ca.news.yahoo.com/blogs/geekquinox/even-mh370-

found-investigators-face-daunting-task-retrieving-223103889.html

Based on the latest reports about missing Malaysian Airlines Flight 370, authorities in charge of the search efforts seem

confident that they've narrowed down the stretch of the Indian Ocean where the airliner likely ended

up.However, even if they pinpoint the exact location ofthe MH370's black box, actually getting it up to

the surface is not going to be an easy task. The daunting fact of the matter is that thisregion of the ocean

floor is apparently over 4,500 metres beneath the water'ssurface. To put that into perspective, all but

the top ten of Canada's tallest mountains (by elevation) would be completely submerged under that

depth of water. Even if you attached eight CN Towers to each other, bases to broadcast antennas, you'd still fall short of reaching the seafloor by almost 150 metres (the height of Commerce Court North!).

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Frontline

( ) Aquaculture checks impact of overfishing.

Michel & Sticklor 12David Michel is the Director of the Environmental Security program at The Stimson Center. Russell Sticklor is a Research

Associate with the Environmental Security Program. They are the editors of Indian Ocean Rising: Maritime Security and Policy

ChallengesPlenty of Fish in the Sea? Food Security in the Indian Ocean The DiplomatAugust 24, 2012

http://thediplomat.com/2012/08/plenty-of-fish-in-the-sea-food-security-in-the-indian-ocean/

Yet despite their importance to economic development and food security, Indian Ocean fisheries facesignificant threats. Growing

stresses include overfishing and illegal fishing, habitat destruction and pollution, and the gathering strains of global warming. Catchdata in many areas are inadequate to evaluate the health of specific stocks, but signs of over-fishing are increasing. In the Eastern Indian Ocean,

landings reached their highest tallies ever in 2010, but more than 40% of catches were classed as unidentified, worrisomely suggesting that

the growing numbers may reflect not sustainable trends but a largely unregulated expansion into new areas and species. In the Western Indian

Ocean, the Southwest Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission conducted assessments of 140 species in its area, concluding that 65% of stocks were

fully exploited in 2010, and 29% were overexploited. Illegal and unreported (IU) fishing complicate efforts to effectively monitor and manage

the regions fisheries. A British study of selected species representing about half of the total catch in the Indian Ocean figured that some 16 to34% of the catches in those stocks were illegal or unreported. IU fishing often occurs at the expense of local fishers. The FAO, for instance,

estimates that 700 foreign vessels were fishing without license in Somali waters over recent years. Tragically, foreign ships were thus likely

illegally removing more protein from Somali waters than they were delivering to Somalia in food aid and famine relief. Myriad other human

pressures increasingly endanger the underlying ecosystems that sustain the regions fisheries. Coastal development for ports, roads, and urban

infrastructure is damaging or demolishing mangroves, coral reefs, and other habitats. Asian coastlines, for example, lost 1.9 million hectares of

mangroves from 1980-2005, while Africa lost another half million. Pollution, destructive fishing practices (such as the use of dynamite and

poisons), coral mining for construction materials, and coral bleaching have already destroyed or critically endanger as much as two-thirds of the

Indian Oceans 12,070 km2 of coral reefs. Oceans are also among the most vulnerable of all environments to continuing global climate change.

As humanity relentlessly pumps greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the oceans will in turn absorb increasing amounts of carbon dioxide

from the air. Since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, the oceans have taken up 25 to 30% of societys cumulative CO2 emi ssions. This extra

carbon dioxide alters the oceans chemistry, making it more acidic (measured by a lower pH value). From preindustrial levels, the surface ocean

pH has already fallen by 0.1 units. If emissions continue unabated, acidity levels will tumble another 0.2 to 0.3 points by 2100, a drop 30 to 100

times greater than any previous pH change and at a rate unprecedented in the geological record. By the same token, as climate change warms

global average temperatures, the oceans will also absorb more heat from the atmosphere. Over the past 50 years, the oceans have soaked up

some 90% of the added heat generated by global warming, boosting surface ocean temperatures by about 0.1oC. Oceanic warming and

acidification could significantly impact global fisheries, affecting the physiology, reproduction, and development of individual species as well asthe relations between species and their habitats, food sources, competitors, predators, and pathogens. As the global population swells from 7

billion to 9 billion by mid-century, several studies anticipate that world fish production might have to rise by half from current levels to keep

pace with projected food requirements. Yet available analyses suggest climate change could engender substantial shifts in catch sizes and

locations. Large-scale redistribution of world fish catches could risk creating both winners and losers. One extensive global assessment projects

that maximum catch potentials relative to 2005 levels could increase markedly in much of the Arabian Sea and East African waters. But catch

potentials could also plummet 30 to 50% or more in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, among other areas. Within the Indonesian EEZ, catch

potentials could slip more than 20% by 2055, the largest drop for any country. In the Bay of Bengal, where roughly one third of landings come

from fishing grounds beyond national EEZs open to regional and foreign fleets, the models foresee maximum catches in these same areas

declining up to 50%. Such a sizable shuffle of fishing potential could dramatically alter fisheries practices and food politics around the Indian

Ocean. In the face of such challenges, aquaculturefarming fish,shellfish, and other aquatic animals in

captivityis emerging as an increasingly robust alternative source of fish production, expanding

twelve-fold globally since1980,according to the FAO. The pace of aquaculture development has been uneven around the Indian

Ocean. Fish farming generally proved slower to take root in southeastern Africa than in southeastern Asia, for example. But across the

regionas a whole, the sector has helped allay food security concerns in a number of countries. In 2010, sixIndian Ocean nationsIndia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Egypt, and Myanmarcounted among the top ten

producers worldwide, providingover 11.3 million tons of fish between them, more than all of regions capture

fisheries combined.Aquaculture is not without its own drawbacks, of course, including the environmental impact fish farms can haveon their surrounding habitats, as well as the rapid transmission of disease between fishes living in such close quarters. Nevertheless,

aquaculture appears poised to become an increasingly important component of food security in the

Indian Ocean region, reflecting a larger global trend. The FAO now expects that aquaculture will soon produce more seafood annuallythan wild fisheries for the first time in history. Already well-established in the Eastern Indian Ocean countries, it is the overfished waters of the

western Indian Ocean rim that will likely see the greatest aquaculture growth in the years ahead. Here, export-oriented fish farming from

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Mozambique, the Seychelles, and othersdestined to supply growing markets across Africa, Asia and beyondwill furnish yet another thread

knitting Indian Ocean economies and environments more closely together.

( ) Alt Causepollution, not overfishing, is the real risk to fish-stocks.

Ben-Yami 12MENAKHEM BEN-YAMI, Dr h.c., is an international fisheries development and management adviser and writer on fisheries

matters. Ben-Yami worked as a Masterfisheman adviser in Eritrea, where he organised fishermens loan fund a credit scheme

based on mutual guaranty groups. He has also served as The Chief of the Israeli Fisheries Technology Unit and, later, Director of

the Fisheries Technology Division, Overfishing? Not quite World Fishing & AquacultureJune 26th

http://www.worldfishing.net/news101/Comment/ben-yami/overfishing-not-quite#sthash.0fgn9fxm.dpuf

Unfortunately, there's even lessin the book about the consequences of pollution, habitat degradation, and

eutrophication on fish production and survival. This is a pity,because it should be obvious what many honest

scientists, such as Dr Tim Adams, a scientist and fishery manager from the Pacific, has been saying for a couple of decades now: "there are

a lot more things affecting fish stocks than just fisheries" andthat "the impact oncoastal fisheries from

contamination is massive - far greater than all the commercial and recreational catches combined ."

( ) Knowledge isnt the barrier overfishing suffers from enforcement shortfalls.

Potgieter 12Prof. TD (Thean) Potgieter is currently Chief Director Research and Innovation at PALAMA (Public Administration Leadership

and Management Academy). His previous appointment was as Director of the Centre for Military Studies, Faculty of Military

Science, Stellenbosch University. He is also the Secretary-General of the South African of Military History Commission and is the

recipient of a number of academic and military awards. Maritime security in the Indian Ocean: strategic setting and features

Institute for Security StudiesPAPER 236AUGUST 2012http://www.issafrica.org/uploads/Paper236.pdf

Problems with IUU fishing can largely be ascribed to insufficient patrolling. Althoughregional and international

fishery governance bodies exist, it is recognised internationally that there is an urgent need to strengthen thecapacity of these bodies, enforce control measures and enhance cooperation. Maritime security is

closely linked to illegal fishing activities, not only because of its serious impact on environmental security, but also becauseillegal fishing vessels are often used to traffic in humans, arms and drugs, as well as for other illicit activities. Since much money is involved,

illegal operators are adept at lying about catches,falsifying customs declarations and circumventing port control measures.They can even be well armed.

(note: I.U.U. = an acronym for Illegal, unreported and unregulatedfishing)

( ) Fish stocks resilient to status quo levels of overfishing.

Hilborn 10Ray Hilborn is a professor of aquatic and fishery sciences at the University of Washington. Apocalypse Forestalled: Why All the

Worlds Fisheries Arent Collapsing The Science ChroniclesNovember

http://www.atsea.org/doc/Hilborn%202010%20Science%20Chronicles%202010-11-1.pdf

About 30 percent of the stocks would currently be classified as overfished but, generally, fishing pressure has been reduced enough that all

but 17 percent of stocks would be expected to recover to above overfished thresholds if current fishing pressure continues. In the United

States, there was clear evidence for the rebuilding of marine ecosystems and stock biomass. The idea that 70 percent of the

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worlds fish stocks are overfished or collapsedand that the rate of overfishing is accelerating (Pauly 2007) was shownby

Worm et al. (2009) and FAO (2009) to be untrue.The Science paper coming out of the NCEAS group also showed that the success inreducing fishing pressure had been achieved by a broad range of traditional fisheries management tools including catch-and-effort

limitation, gear restrictions and temporary closed areas. Marine protected areas were an insignificant factor in the success achieved. The

database generated by the NCEAS group and subsequent analysis has shown that many of the assumptions fueling the

standard apocalyptic scenarios painted by the gloom-and-doom proponents are untrue: For instance, the

widespread notion thatfishermen (fisherpeople) generally sequentially deplete food webs (Pauly et al. 1998) startingwith the predators and working their way down is simply not supported by data. Declining trophic level of fishery landings isjust as often a result of new fisheries developing rather than old ones collapsing (Essington et al. 2006). Catch data also show that fishing

patterns are driven by economics, with trophic level a poor predictor of exploitation history (Sethi et al. 2010). Furthermore, the mean trophic

level of marine ecosystems is unrelated to (or even negatively correlated with) the trophic level of fishery landings (Branch et al. 2010). And

the oft-cited assessment that the large fish of the oceans were collapsedby 1980 (Myers and Worm 2003) is

totally inconsistent with the database we have assembledfor instance, world tuna stocks in total

are at present well above the level that would produce maximum sustained yield, except bluefin tuna andsome other billfish that are depleted (Hutchings 2010).

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BacklinesAquaculture Checks

( ) Aquaculture is growing and fills any gaps causes by overfishing.

Sustainable Business 12This article quotes Danielle Nierenberg, co-author of the report and director of Worldwatchs Nourishing the Planet project

Aquaculture Rises Another 6% in 2011 SustainableBusiness.com8/28/2012

http://www.sustainablebusiness.com/index.cfm/go/news.display/id/24019

The world's insatiable appetite for fishhas pushedwild fish populations to their limits and created an

aquaculture industry that's expected to supply 60% of the world's fish supply in just 8 years, reports

Worldwatch Institute. Over the past five years, human fish consumption grew 14.4% with Asia

consuming at least two-thirds of that.In 2011, global fish production reached a record high of 154 million tons. As a result,

wild fish stocks are at a "dangerous ly unsustainable level,"says Worldwatch. Wild capture accounted for 90.4 million tons of thefish consumed in 2011, up 2% from 2010. Almost 60% of the world's fisheries are fully exploited - they can't produce any more fish than we are

currently harvesting. And aquaculture is expected to fill that gap by 2020.

Aquaculture is sufficient to check famine impacts.

Adone 13(Adone MagazineAquaculture June 19

thhttp://adonemagazine.com/article/aquaculture#.U6Ej6CjcBXL)

Environmental sustainability has become an important issue in recent years. Part of keeping a sustainable environment ishaving sustainable seafood without harming natural aquatic life. Aquaculture, if conducted sustainably, can

help to alleviate demand of wild fish stocks and provide healthy protein options where different

sources may be scarcer. Protecting our aquatic environment means ensuring that fisheries maintain certain regulations of cleanliness

and safety in order to keep farmed fish and shellfish healthy and sustainable. With overfishing being one of the largest risks

to the worlds oceans, aquaculture ensures that sustainable seafood can be readily available while

protecting natural aquatic life.

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BacklinesKnowledge not key, enforcement is

( ) Enforcement impossibleno IOR regional enforcement mechanism exists.

A.I.I. 13(The Australia India Institute, Task Force on Indian Ocean Securityeditor and principal contributor is Dr. Dennis Rumley is an

Associate Professor at the University of Western Australia.[1] He gained a PhD in political geography at the University of British

Columbia. He is chairperson of the Indian Ocean Research Group Inc. He is also Chief Editor of The Journal of the Indian Ocean

Region. The Indian Ocean Region: Security, Stability and Sustainability in the 21st Century March 2013

http://www.aii.unimelb.edu.au/sites/default/files/IndianOceanSecurityTaskforce.pdf.)

From a regional security perspective, it seems that in the IOR there is a mismatch between regional structure and

regional function. There is no regional organisation that can deal with a wide array of environmental security

problems, nor is there a forum within which problems of maritime security, for example, can be discussed

among all relevant stakeholders.

(Note: IOR is an acronym standing for Indian Ocean Region)

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Backlineglobal fish stocks resilient

( ) Fish stocks resilient. Wont be a horror story, theyll recover quickly.

Dean 12CORNELIA DEANGuest Lecturer in Environmental Studies @ the Center for Environmental Studies at Brown University. She is

also a science writer for the New York Times. This card is internally quoting Ray Hilborn is a professor of aquatic and fishery

sciences at the University of Washington. How Well, and How Poorly, We Harvest Ocean Life New York TimesApril 16,

2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/17/science/overfishing-book-review-how-well-and-poorly-we-harvest-ocean-

life.html

To hear someother people tell it, many depleted stocks are recovering nicely. Ray Hilborn, a fisheries scientist at theUniversity of Washington, wades into this disagreement in his new book and comes out with a lucid explication of a highly tangled issue. Each

argument, he concludes, has some truth on its side. It depends on where you look, he writes. You can paint horror story after

horror story if you want. You can paint success after success. He navigates the path between horror and success th rough scores ofquestions and answers, nearly all of which demonstrate how difficult it is to sort this issue out. Take the most basic question: What isoverfishing? There are several answers, the book tells us. There is yield overfishing, in which people take so many fish that they leave too few

to spawn or catch too many fish before they are grown. Then there is economic overfishing, in which economic benefits are less than they

could be. If too many boats chase too few fish, for example, the struggle to make a good catch leads to overspending on boats, fuel and so on.

(There is also ecological overfishing, but that is something we must live with as long as we want to eat fish, Dr. Hilborn says. Fishing by

definition alters the marine environment.) Dr. Hilborn tells us of fisheries that succeedlike the halibut industry in Alaska

and fish stocks managed into difficulty, and then out again,like the pollock of the Bering Sea. And he gets into the issue

of trawling, in which boats drop weighted nets to the bottom and drag them along, scraping up everything in their path. Critics liken

trawling to harvesting timber by clear-cutting.ForDr. Hilborn, this analogy is not always apt, since in

some areas the creatures rapidly repopulate the ocean floor.

( ) Aff exaggeratesstocks are resilient in the face of over-fishing

Hilborn 11Ray Hilborn is a professor of aquatic and fishery sciences at the University of Washington. New York Times Let Us Eat Fish

April 14, 2011 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/opinion/15hilborn.html?_r=2&ref=opinion&

Over the last decade the public has been bombarded by apocalyptic predictions about the future of

fish stocks in 2006, for instance, an article in the journal Scienceprojected that all fish stocks could be gone

by 2048. Subsequent research, including a paper I co-wrote in Science in 2009 with Boris Worm, the lead author of the 2006 paper, has

shown that such warnings were exaggerated. Much of the earlier research pointed to declines in catches and concluded that

therefore fish stocks must be in trouble. But there is little correlation between how many fish are caught and how many actually exist; over thepast decade, for example, fish catches in the United States have dropped because regulators have lowered the allowable catch. On

average, fish stocks worldwide appear to be stable, and in the United States they are rebuilding, in many cases at a

rapid rate.

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Topicality

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TPlan is not exploration1NC

AInterpretation:

Exploration is a pure venture into the unknown. It has to occur without controlled

expectation.

Ocean Policy Committeequoting Wooster82Wooster is an Emeritus Professor and former Professor of marine studies and fisheries at the School of Marine Affairs of the

University of Washington. The Ocean Policy Committee is a sub-section of the National Research CouncilThe National

Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science

and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council

operates in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter of

1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation. The Council has become

the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the

conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered

jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine

were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences. From the Book: UnitedStates Interests and Needs in the Coordination of International Oceanographic Researchp. 2-3 internally quoting Warren S.

Wooster, School of Marine Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle. "The Contribution of Exploration to Marine Sciences,"

lecture presented at the 68th Statutory Meeting of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen, 6

October 1980

To understand the present arrangements for conducting U.S. oceanographic research in distant waters, it is necessary first to consider the goals

of such research. What interests do U.S. oceanographers pursue through international research programs? Why should the United States

government be concerned with renewing impediments to such research by securing the rights of oceanographers to study in waters under the

jurisdiction of other countries? Why oust U.S. oceanographic research programs be developed cooperatively with other countries? The answers

to these questions are determined largely by the nature of oceanic phenomena. Large-scale, complex relationships exist between the physical,

chemical, biological, geological, and geophysical characteristics of the ocean and between the ocean and the atmosphere. Because many

important oceanic processes are global or regional, they cannot be studied or understood fully through research carried out in any single

location. Oceanography is primarily a field science dependent upon exploration. As Warren Wooster put its Exploration

differs from experimentation . Much of science is dominated bythe experimentalists who work on

problems of a scale and simplicity that permit confinement within the boundaries of controlled experiments . The

experimental approach is powerful and often can give reasonably unequivocal results. In theenvironmental sciences,

on the other hand, scales are greater, at times with the dimensions of the globe, interactions and nonlinearities dominate, and

experiments are no longer subject tothe investigator 's control.

BPlan violates.

Aff is a not a venture for pure learning of the unknown. Its an targeted search for

specific plane. Exploration cant be hypothesis-driven in that manner.

Ban 12Raymond J. BanChair, NOAA Science Advisory BoardOcean Exploration and Research Review Transmittal Letter

November 26, 2012 http://www.sab.noaa.gov/Reports/OER_Review_TransmittalLetter_Final.pdf.

I am pleased to transmit to you the following report from the Ocean Exploration and Research (OER) Program review. This review was conducted under the Science

Advisory Board Ocean Exploration Advisory Working Group (OEAWG) as per its terms of reference. Thereview panel found thattheOER Program

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hashad impressive successes inscience, mapping,data management, education, politics, and diplomacy.

However, there remain vast unexplored regions of the ocean. The panels major finding is there is undiminished motivation for ocean exploration research.

The panel affirmed that ocean exploration is distinct fromcomprehensive surveys andat-sea research,

including hypothesis-driven investigations aimed at the ocean bottom, artifacts, water column, and marine life.

CVoting Issue

Firstlimits.

Their interpretation allows the Aff to seek with any specific goal in mindfind a

plane, survey particular animals, or have satellites look for illegal activity from any

port on Earth. The topic is already huge. Limits are key to fairness and depth of

discussion.

Twoprecision.

Our ev explicitly excludes surveys aimed at the oceans floor. Precision is key to real

world understanding and drawing sharp line for inclusion and exclusion.

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Kritik

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Note

This version of the K is fairly specificbut can be made to apply to a host of Affs on the topic. My early

sense is that many Affs will blur the line by using military assets or engaging in missions with clear

military overtones.

This K is an example of where the Neg could go in those spots.

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1NC Shell

Next Off is: The Military Cloak.

Plan uses military assets on a non-military mission. This serves as cover to expand

Western imperial violence.

Kirk & Fukushima 14(et al; Gwyn Kirk, Ph.D. is a scholar-activist concerned with gender, racial and environmental justice in the service of genuine

security and a sustainable world. She has taught courses in womens studies, environmental studies, political science, and

sociology at US universities and colleges. Kirk is a founding member of the International Womens Network Against Militarism, a

lifetime member of the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom, and a Partner with Women for Genuine

Security. Annie Isabel Fukushima, Ph.D., received her Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies with a Designated Emphasis in Women, Gender &

Sexuality Studies at the University of California Berkeley. Currently she is an adjunct lecturer in Peace & Conflict Studies at the

University of California, Berkeley (summer 2013) and will be the Andrew W. Mellon Postdoctoral Associate with Womens and

Gender Studies at Rutgers University. Disaster relief has increasingly become part of the justification for increased U.S. troop

deployments in the Asia-Pacific region published at many websites, including this one, The Nation and Foreign Policy in Focus

Published at this particular site on March 16

th

http://limitlesslife.wordpress.com/category/disaster/)Military HumanitarianAssistance and Disaster Relief(HADR) operations,such as Operation Damayan in the

Philippines in 2013 and Operation Tomodachi (Friend) in Japan in 2011, have showcased the U.S. militarys helpfulness,

legitimize d its presence , and soften ed its image . Charles-Antoine Hofmann and Laura Hudson, researching this topic for

the British Red Cross, note several factors driving the growing military interest in responding to disasters. Assisting relief efforts, they

observed, can improve the militarys imageand provide training opportunities. It is also a way for the military to

diversify its role when armed forces face budget cuts. Disaster relief has also become part of the justification for

increased U.S. troop deployments inthe Asia-Pacific regioneven as thenew military basing component of the Pacific

Pivot has metwith strong oppositionin Okinawa, Japan and Jeju, South Korea. Thismassive permanent presencein theAsia-

Pacific region has enabled the U.S. military to be the first and fastest to respond to sudden calamity. The Pacific Command boasts 330,000 personnel (one-fifth of all U.S. forces), 180 ships, and 2,000 aircraft in an area that spans half the earths

surface and is home to half the earths population. Disaster relief is not the militarys primary mission, role, or area of expertise. Nevertheless,

disaster response missions facilitate military expansion and dominance. Yoshiyuki Uehara, the vice-governor of Okinawa at the time of theearthquake and tsunami, has opposed the plan to construct a new offshore U.S. Marine base on the island. I hope we stop glorifying Operation

Tomodachi, he warned. Our gratitude *for U.S. military assistance after the earthquake and tsunami+ and U.S. military base problems are

separate issues. The core of Operation Tomodachi was Joint Task Force 519 from the United States Pacific Command. Arguably, the

response to disaster was a perfect opportunity for the United States to demonstrate to China that a n

immediate U.S.-Japanjoint military operation was possible. The United States spent $80 million for this operation. Less thanthree weeks after the Fukushima disaster, Japan promised to increase its Host Nation Support from three to five years and to pay 188 million

yen annually for U.S. military facilities in the country. The U.S. government used the rhetoric of disaster militarism to justify Japans dependence

on U.S. military forces and the high concentration of U.S. bases in tiny Okinawa. The Okinawa Times argued that this was a clear political

exploitation of the earthquake disaster. This was not the first time that disaster relief was used to further larger

geopolitical and military goals.The rapid mobilization of assistance using military capabilities from the United

States, Japan, India, and Australia in the wake of the2004 Indian Ocean tsunamiset the ball rolling fora four-way

security dialoguea few years later, former Australian diplomat Rory Metcalf has argued. Just weeks after Typhoon Haiyan,

meanwhile, the Philippine and U.S. governments were touting relief efforts as justification for the need

fora new long-term agreement for greater bilateral military cooperation and an increased U.S. military presence in the

Philippines(the Philippine constitution currently bans permanent troops and bases). Washington has used disaster

militarism as additional leverage to pressure the Philippine government to accept a mutual defense

agreement.

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This thesis is specifically holds in the search for Flight 370. Its uses humanitarianism

to cloak military expansion.

Seed 14Tonyjournalist/publisher, longtime political activist, and coordinator of a popular weblog --The mystery of Malaysia Airlines

Flight MH370: Obamas Asia Pivot April 12, 2014 https://tonyseed.wordpress.com/2014/04/12/the-mystery-of-malaysia-airlines-flight-mh370-obamas-asia-pivot/#more-8568

The politicization and manipulation of what is being termed data analysis raises legitimate questions. How is that U.S. mil itary is very

involved, perhaps even directly calling the shots for the Malaysian forces in a geopolitically sensitive area, and has formed an International

Working Group. Twenty-six countries, 43 ships and 58 planes are involved, but it is the Anglo-American NATO alliesthat

are at the core. It has supplanted Malaysia, which has responsibility for the search under international

aviation law.Australia has been designated lead state under the pretext that the competent organs of the Asian state areoverwhelmed and simply not up to scratch and that data analysis places the lost aircraft off the west coast of Australia. With daily press

briefings, the prime minister of Australia, Tony Abbott, has emerged as the human face of the militarized aid. The number of U.S.

agencies involved in the search for theBoeing 777 aircraft is described as unprecedentedsince the terroristattacks in September 2001: the Seventh Pacific Fleet, Pacific Command (now based in Japan), FBI, CIA, the Pentagon and Interpol are all very

involved. It is worth recalling thatimmediately that after thecatastrophic Indian Ocean Tsunami ofDecember 26, 2004the

Bushregime tried toset up a similar group with Australia, Indonesia, Japan and Canada to militarize aid, interfere insovereign countries in the name of providing aid,andeliminate the United Nations.[ii] International

condemnation forcedBush to drop the planshortly thereafter, which was assumed by the United Nations.

This time the central aim is to presentthe involvement of the vast military forces of the U.S.Seventh Fleet and

intelligence agenciesand their expansion inSouth and East Asia as a form of humanitarian intervention

and something to be accepted as normal ,routine and vital.The 24/7 mystery covers up that, regardless of the origin or

nature of the tragedy, the U.S. and its allies, including Canada, are part and parcel of Obamas Pivot Strategy tomove

more U.S.troops and military assets from around the world into East Asia to threaten Chinaandthe Democratic Peoples

Republic of Korea (DPRK) and to establish U.S. hegemonyin East Asia. The Malacca Straits is one of the major sea

lanes in the worldconnecting the oil-rich West Asia and the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea and East Asia. Furthermore, as partof its Asia Pivot strategy, Obama, during his state visit to Australia in November 2011, revealed a hitherto unknown agreement to the surprise

of Australians that allows the United States to station some 2,500 U.S. Marines in Darwin, a remote port on the northern coast and the closest

to the Peoples Republic of China.*iii+ An expanded U.S. military base in Australia and the extension of NATO into the South Pacific and Indian

Ocean is deemed vital for the implementation of this strategy. The Australian government does not defend the rights of its people. Australia is a

hub of the Echelon communications-intercept network with the U.S., Canada and Britain. The U.S. is increasing its combat capacities in the

coastal regions of East Asia as well as building or renting new military bases in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Vietnam and Guam to

improve its rapid response ability. Only on March 23 did the Wall Street Journal note the first public indication of the U .S. intelligence

communitys prominent role, which was data analysis. The curious timing of the revelation seemed to justify the newly-formed International

Working Group. Criminal indictment of the humanitarianism of self-serving powers The search is characterized by a turf

war ofmutual suspicions amongst rivalsand an indifferent business as usual attitude amongst

participating militaryand intelligence agencies as they work out the modus operandi of the militarized working group. One of

the central objectives seems to be to institutionalize and make permanent the ad hoc crisis group.The

revelationsin the Wall Street Journal and other news agencies are a criminal indictment of the humanitarianism

of these self-serving powers:Australian officials didnt initially fully identify the origin of the images and didnt mention any U.S . or

U.K. involvement. A spokeswoman for the Pentagons National Geospatial -Intelligence Agency (NGA), which has nearly 15,000 employees and

provides imagery for a wide range of U.S. military and intelligence uses, declined to comment. a centralized U.K. analysis center didnt

review them for three days due to the significant volume of imagery it was handling. The extent of the involvement of the American and

British intelligence agencies has given the countries participating in the search more confidence that they are pursuing the strongest leads so

far. *The Pentagons NGA+ is part of a network, dubbed five eyes that shares imagery and other intelligence among close al lies. Under this

practice, NGA often takes the lead in collecting and analyzing imagery for a group of the four other participants, according to a former high-

ranking intelligence official. Those countries are Canada, Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand. From the first day the jetliner dropped off

civilian radar, however, Malaysia, Thailand, China and other countries in the region appeared reluctant to share radar or other surveillance data

out of concern about revealing the full capabilities of their national systems. But that has been changing.[iv] Want China Times, Taiwan[v] also

reported: The United States has taken advantage of the search for the missing Malaysia Airlines flight to test the

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capabilities of Chinas satellitesand judge the threat of Chinese missiles against its aircraft carriers, reports our sister paper WantDaily. Erich Shih, chief reporter at Chinese-language military news monthly Defense International, said the U.S. has more and better satellites

but has not taken part in the search for flight MH370, which disappeared about an hour into its flight from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing in the early

hours of March 8 with 239 people on board. Shih claimed that the U.S. held back because it wanted to see what information Chinas satellites

would provide.

Such military humanitarianism ensures endless global violencein the name ofimperial protection.

GROVOGUI 13Professor Siba N. GROVOGUI, Department of Political Science, The Johns Hopkins UniversityThe Missing Human

Intervention, Human Security, and Empire Jun 6, 2013 -

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CEYQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwiser.wits.ac.za

%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcivicrm%2Fcustom%2FGrovogui_The_Missing_Human_9f9a18a669741ee718ed991ab3a2e739.

pdf&ei=_s-fU7DVEYGbyASHt4KAAg&usg=AFQjCNFSsgdgQLJrMtuYR9yc_fvMnatB6A

The time-space-truth relationship describe above sets up a secondary relationship, one of authority, in which the property and propriety of the relation

between the West and other regions is that the former legislate and execute the will of the human, via institutions extending

beyond discreet political boundaries, while the latter ascend to the will of the former as a (necessary) requirement of international

morality. Hence, pace Michel Foucault (2003) and Carlo Galli (2010), humanitarianism has been internalized(or is constantly memorialized)

in the Westpolitically and ideologically as thefulfillment of the promise of the Westto itself and to others. In actuality,

however, again pacing Foucault and Galli, humanitarianism appears as political theology , one in which the mandate to

preserve and preserve dignified lifeas well as improve life c hances may mean to defend the human against the enemyof thehuman and the non-human: ranging from heathens to pirates, privateers, terrorists, rogue states, etc.. The identification of the enemy and the non-human has

depended historically on the political and ideological requirements of the human realm as defined hegemons: those sovereign powers that can minister and dictate

to presumptively equal sovereign powers (Heller-Roazen 2009). In any case, the non-human may be said to irredeemable, an entity stuck in time in traditions that

are regressive and yet irreversible. Under humanitarian theology, the non-human therefore cannot be saved from the past and must be contained as such lest it

contaminate the present. This category comprises primitives, barbarians, heathens, and like backward entities which mus t eliminated only upon failure to

convert or espouse the extant normative regimes. By contrast, the enemy of the human would be one that refuses to accept the promise of regeneration and

deliverance contained in the institutions offered by the sovereign-as-predicator as the ultimate condition of the future of the human. The life of the enemy of the

human is understood to the boundaries of state territory and morality or criminality. According to Daniel Heller-Roazen, the enemy of all, is neither criminal nor a

foreign opponent, nor even a lawful enemy at war (ibid. passim). He lives without good faith and cannot s how fidelity to that to which he agrees. Speaking of the

pirate, Heller-Rozen maintains that for the above reason, the pirate falls outside the circle of obligations that binds lawful communities and therefore nothing isowed to the pirate (ibid. passim). For these and other reasons, historically, pirates, privateers, and todays terrorists, warlords, and the like have been confronted

for the purpose of elimination. Their preservation adds little to the dignity of life because they incapable of moral rege neration and civil intercourse. Post-Cold

War humanitarian lawfurther legitimized this rightof the sovereign to kill the enemy of the human on behalf of

humanityby insertion a so-called responsibility to protect as right of hegemonic powersto intervene alongside their will to dominate. To

its defenders among humanitarian activists, the insertion ofthe responsibility to intervenebetween power and truth, hegemony and

Western universalism, was not intended as license to imperial intervene everywhere ; but the responsibilityto

protect as mandate opened the door toa right and corresponding discursive techniques and mechanisms of power that re-introduced

imperialism as legitimate exercise of authority in the international order. In theory, the responsibility to protect emerges in correlationwith human security as the principle end of humanitarianism. It is articulated as a shared duty to act on behalf of the defenseless. This duty implies two distinct

senses of responsibility of which one is stated and the other implied. The responsibility to protect explicitly places the fate of the defenselesspresumed to be

innocentin the custody of the international community or its constituted trustees. What the allowed doctrine of responsibility to protec t does not stipulate but is

necessarily implied is the obligation of the transgressors, sovereign or no t, to submit to the mandates of the former so long as the end be to redress the extant

condition that prompted intervention. However, while the responsibility to protect stipulates a doctrine of accountability of sovereigns as its basis, a useful

doctrinal aporia dispenses the intervening sovereigns from accountability. In practice, therefore, the justifications and means of interventions deployed by the

savior-protectors are self-sufficient and exonerative of any kinds of culpability. Indeed, the self-generated terms of intervention advanced by todays hegemons at

the moment of interventionwhether interventions are preventive, retributive, and restorative actions , or elseoften suffice as justification, rationalization, and

vindication of humanitarianism. Thissituation has led toinstrumentalization of humanitarian interventionin contexts where the

West is both party and adjudicator of conflicts. As happened recently in Libya and Cote dIvoire ,for

instance, the responsibility to protect lead to dubious classificatory schemes of violence and human insecurity

under which unsympathetic leaders were removed from power even as others who committed the

same offenses (for instance rulers of Yemen and Bahrain) received technical and material assistance to remain in power.

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Reject imperial motivationstheypromote violenceand destroy all dignity






It is my thesis that, notwithstanding protestations among natural law theorists and their post-Enlightenment adepts, the discourse of human

security is at once constitutive and constituent of modern humanitarianism which appears in tandem with conquest, colonization, imperialism,

and colonialism. Specifically, modern humanitarianism appears toward the end of the 16th century when Christian theology could no longer

provide the language and imaginaries necessary to the management of public and private lives, particularly in the New World. Here, for

instance, adventurers and settlers encountered new peoples, fauna, flora, and therefore ecologies, unimaginable within biblical texts and their

derivative theologies. Nor could theology properly guide the relationships between the newcomers and their host communities : plunder,

warfare, displacement, and the necessary destruction of existing life-forms to give way to new institutions, practices, and moral orders.

Humanitarianism emergedin this context as concern for human welfarefollowed mandates to perverse the integrity of

the life worth living; that is life associated with property, the rule of law, orderliness. The latter was signified by adherence to

the principles of the extant international order and Western-instigated normative regimes. From this moment onward, the

life worth preserving had been envisaged theologically and/or ideologically to be one that isactually conversant, or one

that may be converted tobe conversant, in the constitutional, ethical, and moral predicates of the international order and Western

hegemony.In sum, despite its pretentions to universalism and transcendentalism, modern humanitarianism subordinated

human dignity, human life, and, therefore, the legitimacy of thesocial, cultural,and physical environment of human

activitiesto the Western desire to reign over the species and to define life itself and its subjects.

Our Alt supports local capacitiescoordinated outside the US military. These human-

security approaches are better than militarized security approaches.

Kirk & Fukushima 14(et al; Gwyn Kirk, Ph.D. is a scholar-activist concerned with gender, racial and environmental justice in the service of genuine

security and a sustainable world. She has taught courses in womens studies, environmental studies, political science, and

sociology at US universities and colleges. Kirk is a founding member of the International Womens Network Against Militarism, a

lifetime member of the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom, and a Partner with Women for Genuine

Security. Annie Isabel Fukushima, Ph.D., received her Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies with a Designated Emphasis in Women, Gender &

Sexuality Studies at the University of California Berkeley. Currently she is an adjunct lecturer in Peace & Conflict Studies at the

University of California, Berkeley (summer 2013) and will be the Andrew W. Mellon Postdoctoral Associate with Womens and

Gender Studies at Rutgers University. Disaster relief has increasingly become part of the justification for increased U.S. troop

deployments in the Asia-Pacific region published at many websites, including this one, The Nation and Foreign Policy in Focus

Published at this particular site on March 16th

http://limitlesslife.wordpress.com/category/disaster/)

There is certainly an urgent need for disaster preparedness, with trained emergency personnel in local

communities as well as international teams. The first responders in disasters are families, neighbors, community groups, professional

organizations, churches, international humanitarian organizations, and governments. Resources should go to these local

institutions to strengthentheir capacity to respond todisasters and continue the work when emergency

teams have all gone home. Padayon sa Pag-laum (Hope After Haiyan or WEDPRO) and other local Philippine organizations focus their

relief efforts on the needs of the most vulnerable sectors of society, especially women and children. Their longer-term goal isto co-

create solutions for amore resilient, more sustainable, and more inclusive future for the communities affected by

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the typhoon.Nor should we wait for climate disasters to hit before we respond. Long-term and sustained resources should be made

available ahead of time, especially to countries like the Philippines that experience typhoons on a regular basis. This would make for

greater local independence in allocating relief resources. It would also lessen dependency on military

operations . World military expenditure totaleda massive $1.75 trillionin 2012, with the United States and its

allies responsible for the vast majority. These expenditures,which have made disaster militarism such a

prominent feature of humanitarian relief operations, have not created more security for individuals,

nations, or the planet. The alternative approach ,human security, requires a physical environment that can support life,

guarantees peoples material needsfor livelihood, food, and shelter, and protects people and the environment from avoidableharm. To minimize the impact of climate disastersand reduce the contributing factors to the uptick in hurricanes, typhoons, and big storms

the disaster militarism model must give way to the human security model as soon as possible.

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Backlines370 specific links

( ) Search for Flight 370 strengthen US imperialism in Asia.

Seed 14Tonyjournalist/publisher, longtime political activist, and coordinator of a popular weblog --The mystery of Malaysia AirlinesFlight MH370: Obamas Asia Pivot April 12, 2014 https://tonyseed.wordpress.com/2014/04/12/the-mystery-of-malaysia-

airlines-flight-mh370-obamas-asia-pivot/#more-8568

The central thesis propagated by the stream-of-consciousness reporting and commentary under the pretext of continuingour analysis is

the justification of the involvement of U.S. imperialism and its aggressive and militaristic expansion inSouth and

East Asia.The whole outlook of the non-stop TV news is centred around confusing and mystifying this aspect. American intelligence, security and aviationexperts many with undisclosed but discernible links with the military-industrial complexare paraded through successive broadcasts 24/7 as the judges of the

continuing analysis, before whom the waiting world sho uld fold their hands and wait in bewilderment for their verdict. Huma nitarian search-and-rescue

operations must be coordinated and carried out under the auspices of the United Nations. It has the duty and responsibility to work with the government of the

affected country, in full respect of that countrys sovereignty, to coordinate international resources and search-and-rescue efforts on a non-partisan basis and assist

victims of disasters wherever they may be. It is of grave concern to Canadians, the families of the passengers and crew, and peace loving

people the world over that the U.S., Japan (the U.S. closest economic and military ally in East Asia), Britain and Canada are sending

military forces into the disaster area in the name of humanitarian intervention to serve their own

interests. Militarizing the search operation in the case of the Malaysia Airlines Flight MH 370 is to strengthen the

hand of the United States. This is the last thing that the families of the missing passengers or the rest

of the world want. Our hearts are with them.

( ) US involvement in the search is cover for cracking-down on China.

Astro Awani 14

MH370: Search for plane showcases US military presence, diplomacy in Asia March 19, 2014http://english.astroawani.com/news/show/mh370-search-for-plane-showcases-us-military-presence-diplomacy-in-asia-32074

Theexpanding search for a missing Malaysianpassenger plane has provided the Pentagon with an

opportunity to showcase itsPacific presence in a regionwhere its planned expansion has been stymied by shrinking budgets

and pushback from China. Having dedicated sophisticated Navy shipsand aircraft to the search, the U.S. military

is casting itself as a benign actor capable of working cooperatively with Beijing in a part of the world where it is attempting tostrengthen alliances and put its rival on notice. Sailors aboard the USS Kidd, a destroyer that had been conducting a security mission in the

South China Sea, were excited to get pulled into the search last week. "The crew bought into this mission right from the start," Cmdr. T.J. Zerr,

the ship's executive officer, said in a phone interview Sunday night. "For all of us onboard, if one of our family members were on that plane, we

would hope that anyone with the capabilities of our ships and aircraft would give anything they have to find it. That's the spirit we've gone into

this mission with." Sailors onboard the Kidd, which is currently surveying stretches of the Indian Ocean, have been working long hours searching

for debris from the plane from the deck of the boat as well as the vantage point of its high-tech scanning devices and helicopters. U.S. sailors

have spotted suspected plane debris daily over the past week in the busy maritime corridor, which is heavily transited by fishermen and

commercial vessels, Zerr said. A large yellow item that had seemed like a promising lead turned out to be a tarp, likely left behind by afisherman, Zerr said. Buoys have also raised false alarms. The search for Malaysian Airlines 370, which is being led by the Malaysian

government, currently involves more than two dozen nations, including China, which had 154 citizens onboard. Zerr said Malaysian officials

have done a decent job of directing the search teams, which have been at the mercy of an investigation riddled with conflicting clues and

sinister theories. "Without a well-positioned area for a search, it's a challenge," said Zerr. But his team has been relentless, the commander

noted. Sailors who normally are not required to perform deck observation duties have been volunteering for the assignments and the crew is

logging fewer hours of sleep than usual. "We'll get rest when we can," he said. "We're all committed to this." Besides the USS Kidd, the Navy

has contributed the USS Pinckney and a long-range maritime patrol aircraft. The missing airlineris the second recent crisis that has

given the U.S. military an opportunity to demonstrate its rescue and relief capabilities in the Pacific. The U.S.

deployed aircraft and ships to assist victims of the November 2013 typhoon in the Philippines. The Obama administration

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unveiled its strategy to "pivot" or rebalance its military and diplomatic efforts toward Asiain 2011, in an

effort to foment stronger ties with several growing economies in the region. A bigger American role in Asia is also widely

seen as a response to China's accelerated military growth and a deterrent to North Korea's nuclear arsenal.

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BacklinesSoft power linkNeg

The plan is just a rouse to build US soft power for future military objectives.

Bagayoko 8Niagale Bagayoko is a political scientist who has done research on security sector reform in francophone African countries andled field research in Central African Republic, Cameroon, Mali and Senegal. She has also studied interagency and multilateral

processes in post-conflict environments as well as sub-regional security mechanisms in West Africa (ECOWAS). She has carried

out extensive research on the impact of Western security policies (France, United States, European Union) on African conflict-

management mechanisms. State, non-state and multilateral logics of action in post-conflict environments Working Paper

series - Global Consortium on Security Transformation#6December

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCYQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operatio

nspaix.net%2FDATA%2FDOCUMENT%2F4976~v~State_Non-State_and_Multilateral_Logics_of_Action_in_Post-

Conflict_Environments.pdf&ei=_QejU_WTC-Xt8AGI5oHwDg&usg=AFQjCNHDH8y20WnsuNKVziu5uSE_tygszA

However, beyond this traditional approach, military intervention in the humanitarian field is increasingly being

connected to more political logics. From about fifteen years ago, the humanitarian field has become a political and strategic stake.

Political actorsare knowingly invoking humanitarian action as a tool for crisis management. Increasingly, politics viewhumanitarian action as a political instrument that can provide legitimacy to states policies . US military

action in Indonesia following the tsunami is a telling example, as the United States Pacific Command (USPACOM)

mobilized contingencies to bring humanitarian assistance to devastated regions. According to US officials, this allowed the image of

the US to be restored, showing Muslim countries that the US did not hesitate in helping a country that is home to the largest Muslim

population in the world. Humanitarian assistance in that case aimed not only at helping populations affected

by a natural disaster, but also at widening American soft power. Beyond this example, the Provincial

Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Afghanistan and the Disaster Assistance Response Teams (DART) in Iraq show that humanitarian

intervention is increasingly seen as a "force multiplier" in some American politico-militarycircles.Thearmed forces of other western armies are ceaselessly called on to directly assume humanitarian work within the framework of the CIMIC

doctrine or to provide visible support to NGOs.

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Proof that Orion and CURV-21 are military assests

( ) Plan uses Orion sonar. Thats a military asset.

Phoenix International 13Phoenix International is an experienced marine services contractor providing underwater engineering and operational solutionsto customer requirements worldwide. PHOENIX RECOVERS U.S. AIR FORCE F-16 For Immediate ReleaseJanuary 3, 2013

www.phnx-international.com/news/Phoenix_Recovers_USAF_F-16.pdf

Phoenix International Holdings, Inc. (Phoenix) announces the successful underwater search and recovery of a U.S. Air Force F-16 aircraft from over 16,400 feet of

sea water (fsw). In early August 2012, at the direction of the Naval Sea Systems Commands Director of Ocean Engineering, Supervisor of Salvage and Diving

(SUPSALV), Phoenix mobilized the Navys ORIONdeepwater side scan sonar system, the CURV 21 remotely operated

vehicle (ROV), and theNavys motion compensated, 30,000 pound Fly-Away Deep Ocean Salvage System(FADOSS). All equipment was transportedover land from Phoenixs facility in Largo, Maryland to Dover Air Force Base in Delaware. From there, military transport aircraft moved the equipment to Hawaii,

where the gear was loaded aboard USNS Navajo (T-ATF 169).

( ) Curv-21 is also a naval asset.

Lamothe 14Dan Lamothe is an award-winning military journalist and war correspondent. He has written for Marine Corps Times and the

Military Times newspaper chain since 2008, traveling the world and writing extensively about the Afghanistan war both from

Washington and the war zone. He also has reported from Norway, Spain, Germany, the Republic of Georgia and while

underway with the U.S. Navy. Among his scoops, Lamothe reported exclusively in 2010 that the Marine Corps had

recommended that Marine Cpl. Dakota Meyer receive the Medal of Honor. The Complex, maintained by Foreign Policy

The Complex Pentagons Growing Fleet of Underwater Drones Could Find Missing Airline MARCH 26th

, 2014

http://complex.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2014/03/26/pentagon_s_growing_fleet_of_underwater_drones_could_find_missing_

airline

The current fleet includes a6,400-pound underwater craft(pictured above) that allows the Navy to dissect

undersea wreckage. It's known in military-speak as the CURV-21, short for cable-controlled undersea recoveryvehicle. The eight-foot long, five-foot wide craft is equipped with sonar, and uses seven hand-like manipulators to pick through salvage while

recording images on a high-resolution digital still camera and several television cameras, Navy officials said. It can operate up to

20,000 feet under water.

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A-to Perm

( ) The militarized State is not capable of genuine humanitarianism. Perm will always

get co-opted.






Like humanitarianismfrom which it flows, human security isin the first instance a moral good. It results fromthe

desire to protectand to create conditions for the preservation and possibility human activities suitable to life. As policy , the

historical aim of human security has been to advocate for a normative order based on a n historic or

hegemonic notion oflegitimate life and allowable life-forms. Hence, whether oriented toward salvation,

economic wellbeing, orpolitical emancipation, discussions of the modes of implementation has eluded thepolitical relations that underpin intervention, and/or the effected constitutional orders that underpin the norms of human

security. In the literature as elsewhere, the merit of policy has been evaluated often on the basis of the mere

proclamation of a desire to act responsiblyin the service of brethren in need. The cases of the encomienda, Congo, and themandate system suggest that the idea of humanitarian assistance has been instrumentalized beyond any utility to perversion and worse. There

are many lingering questionsthat follow. The first is whyeven in the absence of a crude political usurpation or imperial ambition,

humanitarian interventions are inherently rolled intopolitical ideologies and geo-political aims that

eventuallydebase, degrade, and/or destroy life?There are many answers to this question. The one favored by aspiringinterventionists is to fault individual powers (for instance the Spanish monarchy at the time of the encomiendas), or individual agents (the

conquistadors or King Leopold II), or even particular institutions (the imperfections of the mandate system including the absence of

accountability).My preferred answer, which appears as a question, is whether any sovereign power, state, or

institution is capable of fulfilling its life-preservingand life-ennobling functionsif it proceeds from the presumption thatitand not the afflicted, needy, or desiringknows the contours of life worth living. Another question is what to do to prevent such

instrumentalism of humanitarianism and the perverse political institutions and economic practices that enable them.

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BacklineAlt

( ) Our Alt solves by critiquing military humanitarianism and placing the search in a

purely civilian realm.

Moore 2KDavid Moore teaches Economic History and Development Studies at the University of Natal in Durban. Economic History and

Development StudiesUniversity of Natal at DurbanWorking Paper No. 24: Humanitarian agendas, state reconstruction and

democratisation processes in war-torn societies www.refworld.org/pdfid/4ff5843f2.pdf

Humanitarian action has come under much firelately. Even as he defends it, Michael Ignatieff has claimed that the

institutions and practices of international humanitarianism are reaching a mid -life crisis.8 Alex de Waal, however, has made the

much more strident claim thattodays humanitarian activities do more harm than good and that unless they are

changed drastically they will continue to do so. This paper will assess his claims and assertions. Firstly, a definition of humanitarian

action must be attempted. Perhaps that is best attempted by elucidating what it is not. As James Orbinski put it

when accepting the 1999 Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of Mdecins Sans Frontires: There isa confusionand inherent ambiguity in the

development of so called military humanitarian operations. Wemust reaffirm with vigour and clarity the principle of an

independent civilian humanitarianism. And we must criticise those interventions called military-

humanitarian. Humanitarian action exists only to preserve life, not to eliminate it.9

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BacklinesAsia will reject the Aff

( ) Aff wont solve. Asia will reject the plan and alliances fearing them as cover for

Western imperialism.

Evans 8Paul M. Evans, Director of the Institute of Asian Research, From the chapter: Human Security in extremis: East Asian reactions

to the responsibility to protect From the book: Human Security in East Asia: Challenges for Collaborative Action, edited by

Sorpong Peou, p. 84

The broad approach is attractive to Asians in general, for several reasons. First and foremost is the skepticism about motives

reinforced by the interventionist thrust of US foreign policy in the Bush eraafter the terrorist attacks of 11September 2001. The antiterrorism agenda has produced an expanded level of state-to-state cooperation, seen in the constructive interactions

of the USA, China, and the other major powers. Thecurrent antiterrorism agenda hasalso complicated the discussion

about human security. At one level, the fight against terror has focused new attention on the root causes of violence and the intrastateconflicts that have regional and global consequences. The postinvasion efforts at nation building and reconstruction in Afghanistan and Iraq

have already involved the direct participation of Japan and South Korea and, if the United Nations plays a larger role, will probably involve

several other Hast Asian countries in the future. At the same time, the strategies for responding to terrorism have

generally been framed as strengthening states and regimes and using traditional coercive instruments (the

military, police and intelligence agencies) as the main means for achieving the objective. Many Asians remain

wary of western-style international humanitarianism , largely because they still regard it as promoting

or condoning neo-imperialism, vigila-ntism and double standards.16 The fear of great power intrusion into domestic

affairs is palpable.

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A-to Turn Militarys Human Security Good

( ) Human security doesnt challenge traditional security. It only increases violence.






It is often said that human securityis an emerging or emergent paradigm for understanding global vulnerabilities that

challenges the traditional notion of national security. The context from which this understanding

emerges is a certain liberal humanitarianism according to whichthe proper referent for security is the

individual rather than the stateor even collectives, only they can be loosely construed as people. The collapse of the cold warand the so-called failure of states in the Balkans and Africa seem to have provided the opening for the emergence of the related line of thought

or reasoning in such diverse fields as development studies, international relations, strategic studies, and human rights studies. The underlyingliberal humanitarianism has recently taken a decidedly philanthropic tone, particularly in development and human rights stu dies, according to

which human security is understood as both freedom from want and freedom from fear. Human security thus emerges asdesire

to institutionalize global solidarity and a plea to states to act with cautionduring war or to prevent harm to individual when

lives arealready endangered. The plea to states harkens to humanitarian law while the admonition to prevent harm leads to

humanitarian intervention. In this manner, the notion of human security is a subspecies of modern humanitarian

thought andlike the latter the former likely reinforces imperial imaginaries and the structures of order and morality. This

is why the concept of human security has not gained traction at the level of policy in regions where it

was intended to apply. There, as in Africa, the tendency continues to be toconfront the structures that produce

precariousness and thus undermine life.

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A-to But China is a threat

Note: a bunch of the specific case args on the Asia Pivot Advantage also argue China is not a

threat in this context.

The Aff is an example of China Threat theory. Its not accurateand is based on

flawed Western IR. This only leads to violent containment policies.

Pan 4(Chengxin. As an FYIthis card floats in many backfiles and it often lists Pans quals incorrectly. At the time of this writing, he

was seeking his PhD in Political Science and IR at Australian National University, The China Threat in American Self-

Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Otheras Power Politics, Alternatives, June-July, ebscohost)

I have argued above that the "China threat" argument in mainstream U.S. IR literature is derived, primarily,

from a discursive construction of otherness . This construction is predicated on a particular narcissistic understanding of the U.S.self and on a positivist-based realism, concerned with absolute certainty and security, a concern central to the dominant U.S. self-imaginary.

Within these frameworks, it seems imperative that China be treated as a threatening , absolute other

since it is unable to fit neatly into the U.S.-led evolutionary schemeor guarantee absolute security for the United States,

so that U.S. power preponderance in the post-Cold War world can still be legitimated. Not only does

this reductionist representation come at the expense of understanding China as a dynamic,

multifaceted country but it leads inevitably to a policy of containmentthat, in turn, tends to enhance

theinfluence of realpolitik thinking, nationalist extremism, and hard-line stance intoday's China. Even a small dose of thecontainment strategy is likely to have a highly dramatic impact on U.S. -China relations, as the 1995-1996missile crisis and the 2001 spy-plane

incident have vividly attested. In this respect, Chalmers Johnson is right when he suggests that "a policy of containment toward

China implies the possibility of war, just as it did during the Cold War vis-a-vis the former Soviet Union. The balance of terrorprevented war between the United States and the Soviet Union, but this may not work in the case of China."^^ For instance, as the United

States presses ahead with a missile defence shield to "guarantee" its invulnerability from rather unlikely sources of missile attacks, it would be

almost certain to intensify China's sense of vulnerability and compel it to expand its current small nuclear arsenal so as to maintain theefficiency of its limited deterrence. I

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