;

If ' '

Management Options

for

Grassland areas at the

Seatuck National Wildliee Refuge

By

Ra ndall Downer, M.F.S

The Seatuck Foundation Inc.

P.O. Box 31

Islip, NY 11751

There has b een a maj o r loss of grassland areas on Long

Island ov er the past century. The Seatuck National Wildlife

Refuge (S NW R) can make a significant contribution to the recovery

and pro t ect i on of grass land areas_..... available on Long Island. This

hab i ta t typ e i s important for use by non-game migratory birds, a

group of organisms of special management concern to the U.S . Fish

and Wildlife Se rv ice.

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.. The grassland areas are also of importance to wintering and

breeding grassland dependent species of birds, mammals and

reptiles. If these areas are managed properly they. can also play

a role in the protection and propagation of rare and endangered

grassland plant species.

Regular grassland management wo~ld reduce the potential for

a damaging refuge fire by reducing the standing fuel load.

Currently the Old Field areas (see figure 2 ) are at their maximum '

fuel loads. Timely annual mowing would maintain a low fuel load

by permitting more rapid decomposition and maintain the lowest

possible fuel load levels at the time of greatest fire potential ,

the early spring.

The following three options would have varying grassland

improvement impacts. Each option is described with its impacts,

cost s and potential rewards.

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Potential Beneficiaries

of

Active Grassland Management at

Seatuck National Wildlife Refuge

SNWR can play a special role in grassland management because :

a contiguous area greater than 17 hectares can be maintained in

grass-dominated status. This minimal area has been shown to be a

threshold for a numbe~ of species including the threatened

Grasshopper Sparrow.

SNWR is currently being used by migratory raptors in the

fall . The endangered Peregrine Falcon, Merlin, Kestrel , Sharp•

shinned and Cooper's Hawk as well as Osprey were recorded during

the past five fall migrations. Norther Harrier, a species of

special interest in New York State, is both a migrant and a semi-

permanent winter resident. Their use of this refuge would be

enhanced by more extensive grasslands. These grass-dominated

areas make greater prey numbers possible as well as improve

accessibility, currentl y being hindered by the increase in shrub

density.

A cur rent breeder in this open area, the Osprey, wobld be

positively impacted by active grassland management , since it

would permit the birds better visual inspection of the area

adjacent to their nesting platforms. This has been demonstrated

to be of great importance in ma intaining breeding populations of

this species on the East Coast of the United States. (Schiebel ,

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H. New York State Osprey Recov e ry Plan, 1982 )

Wood cock would benef it di r ectly from the active management

f o r g rassland vegetation in t he no r t heastern segment of the

refuge. It is i mportan t t o not e that the moist forest interior

areas wou ld a lso n eed t o be maintained in order to enco~rage the

pot ential use of the re f uge f or bree d i ng by this species .

Seatuck has historic a l ly p l ayed a role in the migration of

Bobol i n ks a nd the win~er nomadic movements o f Bluebirds . The

refuge cou ld be expec ted to play a n eve n l a rger role for these

species if a larger stag i n g a r ea o f grassland were available.

Purple Mar tin s have b r eed at SNWR for the past two seasons

bu t un less t he s h r u bs n e a r the nes t b oxes are cleared they will

not continue to use the area. Tree Swallows have been shown to

respond well to removal of shrub s f rom wi th in 3 mete rs of their

ne s t b oxes. (Downer 1990, Un pub.) He n ce t hey too , can be expected

t o b enefit from this manageme n t .

..-A potential n ew species fo r the r e fuge would be the Short-

ear e d Owl. This species needs open areas of gre ater than 30

hectares. This open area can be a combination of Salt-marsh and

gras sland (Brown and Amadon 1968. Eag le, Hawks and Falcons of the

World. McGraw Hill, NY). The conversion to field of ~n additional

17 Hecta res, (Options A and B) wou ld y ield at least this minimum

a r ea.

The mammalian species that wil l b e negatively effected by

thi s management are Racoon a nd Wh i te-Ta iled Deer. This is a

4

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result of a decrease in the heterogeneity of the habitat. The ·~

Catbird, House Sparrow, Brown Thrasher and House Wren , all of -.~ ' ... .. whom use the advancing shrubs for cover, nesting and foraging,

will experience a decrease in available habitat. None of these

six species are listed or considered to be in any kind of danger

throughout their ranges.

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Management Options

a) Mow all of the designated areas (Figure 2) in the first

week of August. This will result in the maximum possible area of

grassland dominated by Andropogon in the fall/winter and Timothy

grasses in the Spring and early summer.

b) Only mow the area of type one grassland (Figure 2) on an

annual basis in August and the other areas , type two, in the (

early spring (no later than the first week in March). This would

decrease the tota l avail able forage for spring migrating birds

but would increase the variation in the grass-dominated

vegetation; permitting increased densities of such species as

I ndian grass (Sargasium nutans); which may in turn increase the

overall diversity of the grasslands.

c) Allow the conversion of all existing grass dominated

areas to shrubs and forest. This would decrease the use of the

refuge by migrating hawks and passerines as well as decrease the

· ... :· · ... ~.!:. ..

.. ··'

·~ .· ~

likelihood of continued breeding by Ospreys. We would also expect ~

the loss of staging Woodcock with in a very few years. However,

we could expect increased numbers of deer, racoon, Brown- headed

cowbird and poss ib ly an increasing incidence of Lyme Disease.

6

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Cost Analysis

If a mowing regime were adopted i t wou ld be necessary to

have a regular su r vey s y stem in place to judge the effectiveness

of the management. In order t o do thi s the c urrent trails would

need to be maintained. These t~ails a l so play a role inJ

delineating boarders be tween d iffer ent management areas, hence I

their maintenance would help to mitigate t he p ossibility of

c reeping secondary growth.

Option C wou ld have the l owe s t initial cost . However the

loss of speci e s cu r rently using Seatuc k could have serious

po liti c al costs. Option B wou l d have t he highest annual cost,

with a need to mow twice per year. Opt i on A would require one

mowing that could be done, d epend ing on the mower, in one to one

and a half man-days. The initial imp lementation of this mowing

would require slightly more time s ince there ha s been no

maintenance of the grasslands in f our to six years in some areas.

This would require some shrub remov a l i n t he first · year .

7

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Recommendation : Manag ement option A

Old hay f ield s are an hi s t o rically important covertype on

Long Island. Management by i mp lemen t ation of a mid-summer mow

would provide a new habitat or impr ov e existing habitat for

endangered, threaten ed o r s pecies of special concern : ... '

Grasshopper Sparrow, Osprey, Pe regrine Falcon, Woodcock, Northern

Harrier, Bluebird and Bobol ink.

Option A is also p r eferable s ince it would require less

management ac t ivity, ~e su lt ing i n a lower cost . Option B, which

could yield slightly higher to t a l p l a n t biodive rsity , would

requ ire two mowings at d iffe r ent t imes of the y e ar and its effect

on avian and mammalian diversi t y i s no t known .

8

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Species that would benefit from active Grass land Management

(**) Non endemic species (*) Rare/threatened or species o f spec i al i n terest

Reptiles :

Box Turtle Garter Snake Black Racer Corn Snake

Birds :

Northern Harrier (*) Rough Legged Hawk Coopers Hawk (*) Sharp Shinned Hawk Osprey (*) Peregrine Falcon (*) Herl in American Kestrel Bobwhite Woodcock (*) Solitary Sandpiper Upland Sandpiper (*) Screech Owl Great Horned Owl Long Eared Owl Short Eared Owl (in Tree Swallow

conjunct i o n with Salt Ha rsh habitat)

Purple Hartin (*) Horned Lark Eastern Bluebird (*) Northern Shrike ( * ) Palm Warbler Blue-winged Warbler Eastern Meadowlark Rusty Blackbird Savannah Sparrow Field Sparrow Grasshopper Sparrow Henslow's Sparrow Dark Eyed Junco Tree Sparrow Song Sparrow Vesper Sparrow

Mammals

Eastern Wood Rat (*)

(*)

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. : .. ~:.:; ' ' :;. '•

•

Species that would be negatively impacted by a c tive grassland

(**) Non endemic species (*) Rare/threatened o r s p ecies of special interest

Mammals

Raccoon White Tailed Deer Norway Rat (**)

Birds :

Ring-necked Pheasant Horning Dove Cowbird Catbird Brown Thrasher House Wren House Sparrow (**) House Finch (**)

( **)

Attached Figures and maps

--

1) Coincidence table showing conversion of habita t type .

2) Hap of current habitat types at Seatuck.

3) Hap of proposed conversion area.

4) Hap of resultant Habitat mix after conversion .

10

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·~:; .. ~·. ~~~ ., .

... . . ·.:;.· .• ; .... . -:k

... •

SEATUCK RESEARCH PROGRAM

NATIVE MEADOW RESTORAT~ON PROJECT

I. DOMINANTS

SPECIES

Andropogon scoparius

Ionactis linariifoliu~

Baptisia tinctoria

Carex pennsylvanica

II. SUBDOMINANTS

Viola pedata

Hypoxis hirsuta

Polygala Nuttalli

Crocanthemum majus

Aster ericoides

Euthamia tenuifolia

III. OTHERS

Lechea maritima

Polygala polygama

Aletris farinosa

Cracca virginiana

Potentilla canadensis

Juncus Greenei

Andropogon furcatus

Bartonia virginica

Solidago puberula

Viola fimbriatula

Antennaria planta-ginifolia

TENTATIVE SPECIES LIST

Violaceae .- Bird's-foot Violet

Amaryllidaceae Yellow Star-grass

Polygalaceae Nuttall's Milkw~rt

Cistaceae Hoary Fros tweed

Compositae White Heath Aster

Compositae Slender Fragrant Golden-rod

Cistaceae Beach Pin-weed

Polygalaceae Racemed Milkwort

Liliaceae Star-grass

Leguminosae Wild Swee t-"'pea

Rosaceae Common Cinquef oil

Juncaceae Greene 's Rush

Graminae Forked Beard-grass

Gentianaceae Yellow Bartonia

Compositae Downy Goldenrod

Violaceae Ovate-leaved Violet

Compositae Plantain-leaf Everlasting

p

p

A

p

- -p

p

p

Biennial p

p

p

p

p·

A

p

p

p

1,2,3.

1,2

1,2,3,

1,2

2,3

2 ,3

1,2

1,2- -1,2,3

1,2

1,2

1,2

1,2,3

1,2

1,2,3

.. ~·

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~:;- ..... , . ..,.

., . . •

'

SPECIES FAMILY

Lespedeza angustifolia Leguminosae

Sorghastrum nutans Graminae

Commandra umbellata Santalaceae

Solidago r ugosa Compositae

*P perrenial; A = annual

SOURCES

COMMON NAME LIFE CYCLE

Narrow-leaved Bush Clover p

Indian-grass p

Bastard Toad-flax p

Tall Hairy or Pyramid .J,p Golden-rod

. ... . ---·

SOURCES

1,2

1,2 . 1,2

1,2

- ----- -

. •.

1. Cain, Stanely A •• Mary Nelson and Walter McLean. Andropogonetum Hempstead!: a Long Island grassland vegetation type. Amer. Midl. Nat. : 334-350.

2. Harper , Roland M. 1918. The vegetation of the Hempstead Plains. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 17: 262-286.

3. Hicks , Henry . 1892. The flora of the Hempstead Plains, Long Island. Unpublished manuscript at Cornell Unjversity and The Brooklyn Botanic Garden .

• • • ';~ .. f • ••

·~~·~· Coincidence Table For Hap! = Current Covertypes Y"'i•~·

i~ ~f .. With "ap2 = Covertypes as a result of Option A ..... .. ._·;T\" w

;, ...

"apl I of Map2 I of I of 1 of ~~~ :·i Value Cells Label Value Cells Label Cross Total : . ;_,· •f . :,,,..:z:.:,, -~ ~?.

0 31b2 Outside Refuge 0 31b2 No Change 31b2 52.70 :::¥~-: ~i. 1 351 HARDWOODS 351 No Change 351 5.85

. ~.., .. ..,. -J~~· ·'~ 2 40 &LACK SUH\RED HA ~ 40 No Change 40 0.67 ~;_·-t -· ..

3 19 Bl6H-RDHPLE\HROW 3 19 No Change 19 0.32 .!'.~ ~-.~~. · .. -.~ ,., 4 2 HDWD\CONIFER 4 2 No Change 2 0.03 .., ~ ;~~~r·=.:

5 94 PHRAGHJTES 5 94 No Change 94 1. 57 ·.~.-- . : .. 1~,.~~f ·r.

6 9 PHRAG\HARDNOOO 6 9 Ho Change 9 0.15 ~. •, v ~j>,

H ' ' \~~

7 24 PHRAS-SPART\PHRA 7 24 No Change ,24 0.40 "!

8 118 PHRAG-0 I ST! CULA 8 118 No Change 118 1.97 9 417 PHR-DIST\PHRAG 9 417 No Change 417 6.95

10 14 P-0\P-S\PHRAG 10 14 No Change 14 0.23 11 8 SEDGE 11 ' 8 No Change 8 0.13

I 12 16 SEDGE\PHRAS 12 · 16 No Change lb 0.27 13 1 SEDSE\PHRAG\PH-S 13 1 No Change 1 0.02 14 10 SEDSE\PH-DIST 14 10 No Change 10 0.17 15 22 SEDGE\PH-DIST\PH 15 22 No Change 22 0.37 16 2 SEOGE\PH-DIST\PH 16 2 Ho Change 2 0.03 !7 256 SHRUB 17 256 No Change 25b 4.27 ... . ~ .. · ,. ... 18 23 SHRUB\HAR DNOODS 18 23 No Change 23 0.38 --

·.'' :·. . ~ ,. f..

19 21 SHRUB\BLGUK- ROMA 19 2! No Change 21 0.35 ·:#.:. ,,: . -20 2 SHRUB\CO~IFER 2C 2 No Change 2 0.03 ·~: .. _ ~ - .· 21 2 SHRUB\CONF\HRDWD 21 2 No Change 2 0.03

.. _, .. ~ ... ~-:~ ...

22 79 SHRUB\PHRAG 22 79 No Change 19 1.32 ... · 23 2 SHRUB\PHRAG\HDND 23 2 No Change 2 0.03 "i.. ","·.

. ~·~~ 24 2 SHRUB\PHRAG\BLS- 24 2 No Change 2 0.03 :·f~1= 25 21 SHRUB\ PH-DIS 25 21 No Change 21 0.35 : ;,-.

26 38 SHRUB\PH-DIS\PHR 2b 38 No Change 38 0.63 ..... '-·

27 4 SHRUB\SEDGE 27 4 No Change 4 0.07 -: _, .

·~.~~;; . :~tJ 28 9 SHRUB\SEDGE\PHRA 28 9 No Change 9 0.15 ;~-=~!--.-· ·, ~ 29 1 SHRUB\SDGE\PH-Dl 29 1 No Change 1 0.02 \{~ . ·~.l

30 2 SHRB\SDSE\PH-DIS 30 2 No Change 2 0.03 . : 31 402 FIELDS\OLDFIELD 31 68 No Change 68 1.13 "" .. ~,

31 402 FIELDS\OLDFIELD 43 534 Converted to Grass 334 5.57 32 124 FIELDS\HRDWOODS 32 17 No Change 17 0.28 32 124 FI ELDS\HRDWOODS 43 534 Converted to Brass 107 1. 78 33 27 F !ELDS\CONIF~RS 33 19 No Change 19 0.32 33 27 Fl ELDS \CONJFERS 43 534 Converted to Grass 8 0.13 34 2 FIELDS\CON\HRDNO 34 2 No Change 2 0.03 35 1 FIELDS\PH-SP\PHR 35 1 No Change 1 0.02 lb 5 FIELDS\PH-DIST 3b 5 No Change 5 O.OB 37 2 FIELDS\PH-OIST\P 37 2 No Change 2 0.03 38 2 FIELDS\SEDGE\PHR 38 2 Ho Change 2 0.03 , -39 1 FIELDS\SDGE\P-D\ 39 1 No Change 1 0.02 .........

40 69 FIELDS\SHRUB 40 31 No Change 31 0.52 ;

·:: ·. ~ :'·

40 69 FJELDS\SHRUB 43 534 Converted to Grass 38 O.b3 41 8 FIELDS\SHRUB\HDW H 2 No Change 2 0.03

. '. .. 41 8 FIELDS\SHRUB\HDW 43 534 Converted to Grass 6 0.10 1:•.:.. ;.

42 8 FIELDS\SHRUB\CON 42 b No Change b 0.10 .. . ~: .:· ~

42 8 FIELDS\SHRUB\CON 43 334 Converted to Grass 2 0.03 .. . .: ...

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95 ' _, WATER\LAWN\SHRUB 95 3 No Change __ 96 5 WATER\LAWN\FIELD 90 5 No Change 97 1 ilATER\SAND 97 1 No Change 98 6 WATER\S~ND\FHRAG 98 b No Change '19 L WT R\SND\SHRB\PHR 99 2 No Change

13

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"".~~~i.~.: : ... . LLLLLLLLLL 58 LAWN\FLDS\SHRB\HRDWD1 409 2 0.03 $~·---~~

tll1Hl111111'ltl!111 59 LANN\CANOPEN\HARDNDS1537 3 0.05 , '.. NtrnNN!lNNtlN 60 LNH\COPti \BG-RDK\HDWDl 539 1 0.02 - . ..r .. , f:~~~ . 0000000000 61 SAND 2048 30 0.50 pppppppppp 62 SAND\HARDWOODS 2049 2 0.03 . r~~~~

ooormoomm 63 SAHD\PHRAStlITES 2056 50 0.83 :;·:;.': ... '>J~ RRRRRRRRRR 64 SAHD\PH-DJST 2080 3 0.05 .,, .... ... ·-1:

;-::;,-;: ~.; . :~ ssssssssss 65 SAND\PH-DIS\PHRA6 2088 18 0.30 ;c,,.., 4-: ..... ,.~":

TTTTTTTTTT 66 SAND\SHRUB 2176 25 0. 42 - ~t .:.::'.~ uuuuuuuuuu 67 SAND\SHRUB\HRDWDS 2177 2 0.03 VVVVVVVl/VV 68 SAND\SHRUB\P~RAG 2184 36 0.60 NWllWWW~IOIW 69 SHD\SHRB\PH-Dl\PHRA62216 3 0.05 • • "!;a.

.· ... : .;

xxxxxxnu 70 ORCHARD 4096 2 0.03 sr;:· ·~~~ yyyyyyyyyy 71 ORCHARD\HARDWOODS 4097 0.02 ZZZZZZ!!l! 72 ORCHARD\SfiR!JB 4224 0.02 II I I l I I : II 73 ORCHRD\SHRUB\CON ! ~ER422B 2 0.03 . . ... .. ... •tt G • t:Ul.t l P 74 ORCHARD\F! ELOS 4352 4 0.07 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( 75 ORCHRD\FIELDS\SHRUB 4480 3 0.05 • • i~

' )) )))))))) 76 ORCHRD\LAWN 5120 10 0.17 . ::'

·.: ..... :

77 ORCHRD\LAWN\HRDWDS 5121 2 0.03 . -""'""' ·•:· II//// 1111 78 VINES\SHRUB 8320 7 0.12 ~;

[[[[[([[[[ 79 VINES\SHRUB\PHRASS 8328 4 0.07 ~·.

:··'. \\\\\\\\\\ 80 NATER 16384 2 0.03 ... :~

/ (.'. ]))}]]]]]) 81 llATER\HARDNOODS 16385 4 0.07 : AAAAAAA AAA 82 llATER\COHlFERS 16388 1 0.02 {{({{{{{{{ 83 llATER\PHRA6 16392 23 0.38 I t tit I f ff I 84 NATER\PHRAG\HRDWDS 16393 2 0.03 I f t I t I I I f f

}})}}}}}}} BS WATER\PHRA6-D!ST 16416 4 0.07 ........... .._."""'""""'-'"' 86 llATER\PH-DIS\PHRA6 16424 2 0.03 AAAAAAAAAA 87 NATER\SHRUB 16512 3 o.os BBBBBBBBBB BS WATER\SHRUB\CON!FER16516 1 0.02 cccccccccc 89 WATER\SHRUB\ PHRA€S 16520 1 0.02 :;.

DDDDDDDDDD 90 llATER\FlElDS 16640 2 0.03 EEEEEEEEEE 91 llATER\FlELDS\CO~!F 16644 1 0.02 FFFFFFFFFF 92 llATER\FIELDS\SHRUB 16768 1 0.02 6666666666 93 NTR\FLDS\SHRB\CONIF16772 1 0.02 HHHHHHHHHH 94 llATER\LAWH 17408 s 0.08

· ·~'J;,·h·.".:~ llllllllll 95 NATER\LANN\SHRUB 17536 3 o.os JJJJJJJJJJ 96 NATER\LAWN\FIELD 17664 5 0.08 .. . .. ;~;;~

KKKKKKKKKK 97 NATER\ SAND 18432 1 0.02 ... ~

.,

LLLLLLLLLL 98 llATER\SAND\PHRASS 18440 6 0.10 . ' . ..s MJ1Htl11tlt1tlt111 99 NTR\SND\SHRB\PHRAG 18568 2 0.03 · .. ~ :·: · · ·1

To tal No. oi Cells : 6000 . · . ...; .,, ·. ;\ _.;r~~ ·.· -:~-::".· .... f!.

:....,., :~

, . . . ·f ·

::··~: . .;J.}

' .';" ¥ ~~·:.,. .., '·. :-·

17 .. ...

·:. . . .

Figure ) : Ar?os to be acti vel y 1anaged +++ 000000000111 111111122222222223333333333444444444455555555556 +++ +++ 1234567B901234S67B901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 +++ 005 005 006 006 007 + 007 008 ++++++ 008 009 H + Ht+++ 009 010 ++tttttt +++++++++ 010 011 ++++++++++++++++++ 011 012 tt+H+t+H+t+++++t 012 013 ++++++++++++++++++ 013 014 ++++++++++++++++++ 014 015 ++++++++++++++++++ 015 016 016 017 017 018 018 019 019 020 .. .... .. • .. 020 021 . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 021 022 . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . 022 023 . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 023 024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 024 025 . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 025 026 • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 026 027 • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 027 028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 028 029 . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 029 030 . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . 030 031 . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 031 032 •••.• ••••.•••. ++++ 032 033 +++++++ ••. • . +++++ 033 03~ +++++++++ ••• +++++ 034 035 ++++++++,,,,+++++ 035 036 ++++++++ •••• +++++ 036 037 ........... +++++ 037 038 .. .. ..... ,.t+t 038 039 .......... ,Ht 039 040 .. .. .. . ..•. +++ 040 041 ........... ++ 041 042 ...• •.• ..•. ++ 042 043 043 +++ 0000000(10111 111111122222222223333331333444444444455555555556 +++ ttt 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890!234567890 tt+

PGRASSMAN SCALE : li .O ~eters FER CELL

Syllbol Value l abel 0

Httt+++tt 3 OLD FIELD Total No. of Cells = 6000

18

t Cells 4 Hap 5466 91.10 197 3.28

1 . •

·i

'· '•,

,. .. ·.

• •

Figure 4: Resultant cover~ap +tt 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +++ +++ 0(10000000111111111122222222223333333333444444444455555555556 +++ +++ 123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 +++ 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 047 048 049 050 051

..... Jl ll Ill I lnnll IL ..... ..877

..... H.HkkkhukklEE ....... l'IEDDEL .B7w

.•... lkk kkk1a11kkkKDE ....• AAMEEEDEwwwwww

..... utt (" k111k kkkKDE •.• ww88.EEFwFwwwwHH

..•.• 877Z''•11kkkkKDEwwwwwwwwt twwwHwwwww

....• 87a! ' (vvmkkkkKDEwwwwwwwwHHWWHWWWHW

..... 87a ! lt77tttttKDEwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww , ,,,,87777777tttttKDfWHWWHWWWWHWWHHWWWW , , ... 87777777tkkkkKEEHWWHKWHWW~WWWWWWWW ,,,,,87777777tkkktKDEWHWWWWWWHWHHWWNHWW ..•.. 87777777tkkmvSl,V,EEEEEEEEEwriwwwww ..... 87777777tktmvG)X))DDDDEEDaDwwwwwKK ..•.. utttttt7ttk~v6)X))DDDDDDDDDWKKWNNK ..... lklkkk tttkkktK}))DDDDDDDDDEwwwwww ••••. lkkkkc1vk kkkkY.DDDHNKNDHWNHWMWWWMW ,,, .. !kkkDE~GttkkkKDDDNWWWWNNNNNNWNWNW ,,,,,IJJJJ\ABAFDkkHDwNHWNNNWHNMWWMNWWM •••.. EDDDHHIAIJJHHHDMNMMNWNMNMWWM HNWNH .•.•• EDDDDDHHHDDDDDDNMMNHWNWWMNNMNMNNN ••••. EEDDDDDDDDDDD00NMMMNMNNNNNNKMWNNM •. •.•. EDODODDDDDDDDDKNMNWNHMMKMNHNHKNK •..... EDDDDDDDDDDD00wMMWMMNWNMWMWNMMWK ,, .•.• EDDDD DOO DDDDDDDDMWMNWNHNHWKHHMN •••... EDDDDDDDDODDDEWHHMNMHMWMWNMMWNH .. . ... EEEEEEEEEEEEE.HWNWHNHHNWNWHHWHM , ,, ,,,, ,,,,,,,,,Ef,HNHNHWNWNWHHHWWHHW, ,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,Ef.HNHWWWNWHWNHMWHWNW . . , ,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,EE •. WHWWWKHHWHHWHWWWN .• ,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,fE •• HHWWWWWHWHHWWWWHH, .. . , ,,, ,,, ,,, ,.,KN+.WWHHWHWHWHWWWWWWW. ,,,,, .AAAAA~A ... AB+ .HWKHWWWHHWWKWWHWW ....... Az zzzAA •. AB+.wwwwWHWWWWHWWHWM7 ...... AAzzzzzC+tCB+.HHWWWHWHWHHWWW77 .••. . . CB988BBB--88+.wwwwwwwwwwwwww77 , ,,, ,+t---------BB+,HWNHMHHWHWWHWW77 .,,, . t----------88+.WWHWHMWWWMWHW777 ,+tttt----------98+.MWHNMNNNWNWWM777 809999999999----B-+8888HNNWNHHW7777 77777777bb99999---08778777777777777 7hhhbbbbbbbbbbdd9-9777777777777777 7h2222222222==bb999777777777777777 gg111111 11ghbbb7779777777777777777 h55552554ig77777777777777777777777 =l&&IWJ&&&effbb7777777777777777777 =IA&~&&&&&&&l=bbbbb777777777777777

=114444&&&&&t=b!ttfb77777/7777777

19

001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009

I 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 047 048 049 050 051

· ;r ..

. ~ ..

·•:

~ .•

-~·· .• . -' '

~-. " ·. ,, . . ·.~~\ .,

• ~~._~ .. .~

.. ]

052 =1&4445jee&ttllllltbb7777/7777777 052 ·:~\; j - :'f/t'J - •

053 =11&445feeeffllltll=bb77//7777777 053 ~~l · -)!JI , •. ·~ ' . 054 =l&&&&&eeeeefllllll==bb///77TT77 054 . ~:~ '~

055 =l&&&&eeeeefflllllt===b[[777TTT7 055 :~ 056 =ll&ttffeeefllltlll===b([777TTT . ,; '. 056 ' ' " 41 057 =llttttff tf ftttllll =====c77TOTT7 77777 057

. \ ,_. .. ~:,. .. f ~ ,:.! .. -~

058 jlflltlllllltlllllt=====$87TOOTTi77777 058 .. 059 tttttlltlllttlltlll==S$S .87T000011777 059 060 tlllllllllllltllltl==SSS .• 8UPOTTTT7 060 061 lllllllllllllltllll==={]] •.• POTT77 061 062 lllllltllllttllttll==={\) .•. UTTbb 062 - .::.

·- :, 063 =lllllllllttllttttl==={{} ••• 8bbb= 063

., •oQ • '·~ ... ::· r;

064 111111111111111111t{{{{t::sscb=== 064 ,. ·3 065 llltttllllttlll ltllCMK{ {({{====== I 065 -~: 066 llltlllllltll#lltllbVVLLL{({===== 066 ,. I .. ~'!'1 .. ,f;. 067 llllltftllill=llllllbVOOOOL ({{{ == 067 ." ..... , . .....

•.f ' ·'t-068 Oll ltlltfffbbl51tll=VVVOGG=({LGO 068 'f . '. . ~ 069 411~31,lf bbbbb51111=bbVOOGVVLKOO 069 .:i-

illl1555jbbbbhS511t=bbVOGOVYVOd ..

070 070 -•: ~- -~

071 11111522hbbbbh55111=bbVOVVVVOO 071 ~-~{·t!.f <>:':._ ..

··;· l(:.= -.'.~· on til1552rybbbbb5tltl=bVVVVVVV 072 ,, .. ~"': .... .. ,"" ........ ~ 073 @@@1522rxxbbf flltll =VVOVVOOO 073 ·~·~~;. ~ ~' ~ 074 Y.@@@663soxbbf llttll=VVGVVOO 074 ... t~ :,~ · 075 XXXX@@@@@7.==llltllt=VOOVGO 075 . . . 076 X7.lXI7.7.IlI=bfltllll=VOOOO 076 077 I%%Xllil@==bbblllll==OOO 077 078 ===@@lllttllbbfllll==OO 078 079 tlltliiil&&&fffflttlOO 079 080 =Jtltllll&&&&& fff llSO 080 081 =Jlll&&t~&&pppqffSSO 091 082 =l&&&&&l l&&ppqll fSOO 082 063 ll&&&&&lll&&&llllSO 083 084 11&&&&&1,&&&&&&ISO 084 085 l&&&&&&ll&littSSO OBS '

086 t&&&&&&&&&lllSSO 086 "

.. . r 087 U&&&UU&llSSO 087 -. .rJ 088 U&&&& &&eeWSQ 098 ·.·<" ~~

089 ~}}&&&&&fWWO 089 .... ·~ . ·r-~ ;~~·~· .. !fr

090 ~}}&H&ISOO 090 .. ~

,.,.._~r.:· ... I

091 4U&&!llSOO 091 ·::.;.~ ·-092 =U&&I GGO 092 '. ~: : 093 =ltfiRSG 093 094 ==SSRR 094 095 =OQO 095 ,• 096 00 096 ·-097 00 097 ·'· "' ... 098 0 098 •;,

+++ 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +++ .. +++ 000000000111111111122222222223333333333444444444455SS5555556 +++ +++ 123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345b78901234567890 +++

20 ,•

• ' ·: :~·

• RESUU SCALE: 17. (1 A1e ters PER CELL

Sysbol Value label

H+ttttHt

uuuuu :::::::::::::=::

uuuuu X'f.'f.X7.'1.I'f.'/.Z U&&U&&&& llllHUU @@@@@@@@@@ 1111111111 2222222222 3333333333 4444444444 mssssss~

bbb6bbbbbb 7777777777 8888888888 9999999999 000000000(1 aaaaaaaaaa bbbbbbbbbb cccccccccc dddddddddd eeeeeeeeee ffffffffff gggggggggg hhhhhhhhhh iiiiiiiiii jjjjjjjjjj kkkkUHkk llllllllll lllHHHGlll

nnnnnnnnnn 0000000000

PP?PPPPPPF qqqqqqqqqq rrrrrrrrrr ssssssssss tttttttttt uuuuuuuuuu vvvvvvvvvv IOllOIWWlf"WW

xxxxi:xxxxx yyyyyyyyyy nzzzzzzzz AAAAAAAAM BBBBBBBBBB. cccccccccc DDDDDDDDDD EEEEEEEEEE FFFFFFFFFF

0 2 No Change 3 No Change 4 No Change 5 No Change 6 No Change 7 No Change 8 No Change 9 No Change

10 No Change 11 No Change 12 No Change 13 No Change 14 No Change 15 No Change 16 No Change 17 No Change 18 No Change 19 No Change 20 No Change 21 No Change 22 No Change 23 No Change 24 No Change 25 No Change 26 No Change 27 No Change 28 No Change 29 No Change 30 No Change 31 No Change 32 No Change 33 No Change 34 No Change 35 No Change 36 No Change 37 No Change 38 No Change 39 No Change 40 No Change 41 No Change 42 No Change 43 MANGAGED GRASSLAND 44 No Change 45 No Change 4b No Change 47 No Change 4B Ne Change 49 No Change 50 No Change 51 No Change 52 No Change

21

I Cel-ls 3162

40 19 2

94 9

24 118 417

14 8

16 1

10 22 2

256 23 21 2 2

79 2 2

21 38 4 9 1 2

68 17 19 2

5 2 2 1

31 2 6

S34 3 1 9

16 19 3

124 63 2

'!. Map 52.70 0.67 0.32 0.0'3 1.57 0.15 0.40 1.97 6.95 0.23 9.13 0.27 0.02 0.17 0.37 0.03 4.27 0.38 0.35 0.03 0.03 1.32 0.03 0.03 0.35 0.63 0.07 0.15 0.02 0.03 1.13 0.28 0.32 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.02 0. 52 0.03 0.10 8.90 0.05 0.02 0.15 0.27 0.32 0.05 2.07 1.05 0.03

;•, • ,.

...

•:. · · ~· ... ':

.. <

.:.. .. ,~.: )~> ..

.· ".:.

-~ .

'~ . .. tl,, -:··

~ ·:· ... · . . ~ ·'':° ' .. ..:~ • ..... ·~· .. ' •\<>

6666666666 53 No Change 3 0.05 ":1:1~ ~j ·' HHHHHHHHHH 54 No Change 4 0.07 ~~".: IIIIII Ill I 55 No Change 1 (1,02 . "~

UKKKKXl:KK 57 No Change 11 0.18 llllllllll 58 No Change 1 0.02 11111111111111!1!'111 59 Ho Change 3 0.05

' " ,, NNNHHNNNNN 60 Ho Change 1 0.02 ! 0000000000 61 No Change 30 0.50 .• ·. , pppppppppp 62 No Change 2 0.03 ... ~ 0000000000 63 No Change so 0.83 . .;..1

.°\fl RRRRRRRRRR 64 /lo Change 3 0.05 _, - -~;,';:· ~l ·11 ssssssssss 65 No Change 18 0.30

~::[ . . , ~ TTTTTTTTTT 66 No Change 25 0.42 . : .' '" ':1 uuuuuuuuuu 67 Ne Change 2 9,03

"'i VVVVVVVIJVV 68 No Change 36 0.60 wwwwwwww~w 69 No Change 3 0.05 ~;t· ~~r· ~

mxxmxx 70 No Change 2 0.03 .. ~~~ .. ~·· ~ ... ~.... ~ -;~ yyyyyyyyyy 71 No Change 1 0.02 .,. ·. ·:i} mzmm 72 No Change 1 0.02 · .. . ~·· . . -~ ."i~~· . .. 1111111111 73 No Change 2 0.03 .. \ i':.:"'~.

.......... ...••...•. 74 Ho Change 4 0.07 ( ((( ( ( ( ( ( ( 75 No Change 3 0.05 } l)) ) l)) l) 76 No Change 10 0.17 ,,,,,,,,,, 77 No Change 2 0.03 I/Ill/I/II 78 No Change 7 0.12 [ ({([[ ( [{[ 79 No Change 4 0.07 \\\\\\\\\\ BO No Change 2 0.03 ))J J)J) lJ} 81 No Change 4 0.07 AAAAAAAA/\A 82 No Change 0.02 CWWW 83 No Change 23 0.38 .. .. It I f l I 11 11 84 No Change 2 0.03 .· . ••• ,. f fl l 1

)} }}} }} } }} BS No Change 4 0.07 "'""'"'"'"'"'""•"'""" 86 No Change 2 0.03 AAAAAAAAAA 87 No Change 3 0.05

. ·)~·.: .. j BBBBBBBBBB 88 Ho Change 1 0.02 ~~ ... ::!,ll cccccccccc 89 No Change 1 0.02

........ ~~···. ·"~ ... ODDDDDDODD 90 No Change 2 0.03 '"".d"' :.::. EEEEEEEEEE 91 No Change 1 0.02 ... ,.,., fFFFFFFFFF 92 No Change 1 0.02 .. ~ ,i • •• .I GGGG6GG666 93 No Change 1 0.02 . ~.f

''i'. ~ ::..} HHHHHHHHHH 94 No Change 5 0.08 lllIIIIIll 9S No Change 3 0.05 JJJJJJJJJJ 96 No Change 5 0.08 KKKKKKKKl:K 97 No Change 1 0.02 LLllllllll 98 Ho Change 6 0.10 .

·.• 11111111111111111111 99 No Change 2 0.03 .. Total Ho. of Cel ls = bOOO

22