Mgt. 667 – LeadershipMgt. 667 – LeadershipWeek 7Week 7

Rex MitchellRex MitchellSpring 2006Spring 2006

Leadership assessment & Leadership assessment & development plansdevelopment plans

Some excellent, almost all quite goodSome excellent, almost all quite good

Most made good use of data, were honest, had Most made good use of data, were honest, had introspectionintrospection

Better plans were specific & focusedBetter plans were specific & focused

Are more likely to try new behaviors when you think through (better to role-play) how you will try them in a specific situation

How to gauge progress?

Helps to disclose your plans

Need to continue actions past next week!

PowerPower: potential ability to influence : potential ability to influence behavior, events …get people to do things behavior, events …get people to do things they would not do otherwisethey would not do otherwise

Influence, politicsInfluence, politics: processes & actions : processes & actions through which potential power is usedthrough which potential power is used

LeadershipLeadership: art of mobilizing others to : art of mobilizing others to want to struggle for shared aspirationswant to struggle for shared aspirations

Sources of PowerSources of Power

Sources of PowerSources of Power

Formal authority & reputationFormal authority & reputation

ResourcesResources

System connections & positioningSystem connections & positioning

ExpertiseExpertise

PersonalPersonal

1. Formal authority & reputation1. Formal authority & reputationShould distinguish between theseShould distinguish between these

Formal authority particularly important Formal authority particularly important where?where?– MilitaryMilitary– PolicePolice– Some government organizationsSome government organizations

Formal relatively less important where?Formal relatively less important where?– New organizationsNew organizations– High-tech, R&D organizationsHigh-tech, R&D organizations– UniversitiesUniversities

2. Resources2. Resources

ControlControl

AcquisitionAcquisition

CreationCreation

… …giving ability to reward and punishgiving ability to reward and punish

3. System connections & 3. System connections & positioningpositioning

CentralityCentrality

Political accessPolitical access

VisibilityVisibility

Relevance (alignment)Relevance (alignment)

CriticalityCriticality

DiscretionDiscretion

Non-substitutabilityNon-substitutability

4. Expertise4. Expertise

KSAs (knowledge, skills, abilities)KSAs (knowledge, skills, abilities)

PerformancePerformance

Professional credibilityProfessional credibility

Fit with organizational needs & prioritiesFit with organizational needs & priorities

5. Personal5. PersonalCharismaCharisma

AttractivenessAttractiveness

Energy, staminaEnergy, stamina

FocusFocus

DeterminationDetermination

Interpersonal skillsInterpersonal skills

Personal reputationPersonal reputation

FlexibilityFlexibility

Able to engage effectively, even confrontAble to engage effectively, even confront

Able to let others get creditAble to let others get credit

LBJ ExampleLBJ Example

At 23, in 1931, arrived in Washington as At 23, in 1931, arrived in Washington as secretary to Congressman Richard Klebergsecretary to Congressman Richard Kleberg

Saw “Little Congress” (inactive secretaries’ club) Saw “Little Congress” (inactive secretaries’ club) as opportunityas opportunity

Got himself elected Speaker of itGot himself elected Speaker of it

Transformed it with speakers, then press, then Transformed it with speakers, then press, then members of congressmembers of congress

Provided press with information & access, Provided press with information & access, politicians with coverage, and aides with politicians with coverage, and aides with involvementinvolvement

LBJ - 2LBJ - 2

While still secretary to Congressman While still secretary to Congressman Kleberg, cultivated connections and Kleberg, cultivated connections and friendships with powerful figuresfriendships with powerful figures

Got huge extra allocation of patronage Got huge extra allocation of patronage jobs for Klebergjobs for Kleberg

Tireless in efforts to know & be known by Tireless in efforts to know & be known by othersothers

LBJ - 3LBJ - 3Elected to Congress in 1938 at age of 30Elected to Congress in 1938 at age of 30

Very active in getting public works projects for Very active in getting public works projects for his districthis district

This led to ample contributionsThis led to ample contributions

Particularly cultivated Sam Rayburn (lonely, Particularly cultivated Sam Rayburn (lonely, Texan, powerful Speaker of the House)Texan, powerful Speaker of the House)

Elected senator in 1948Elected senator in 1948– Changed political stance to conservativeChanged political stance to conservative

– Manic schedule, first with helicopterManic schedule, first with helicopter

– Won primary by 87 votes in over a million, all from a Won primary by 87 votes in over a million, all from a suspicious ballot box from one countysuspicious ballot box from one county

LBJ - 4LBJ - 4

Cultivated Richard RussellCultivated Richard Russell

Molded self as a conservative SouthernerMolded self as a conservative Southerner

Elected Minority Whip, then Minority Leader, Elected Minority Whip, then Minority Leader, then Majority Leader in 1954then Majority Leader in 1954

Built his “good old boy” network in the Senate Built his “good old boy” network in the Senate and beyond, including Pres. Eisenhowerand beyond, including Pres. Eisenhower

Tremendous energy, long hoursTremendous energy, long hours

Focused, avoided oil deals, considering future Focused, avoided oil deals, considering future plans to run for presidentplans to run for president

LBJ - 5LBJ - 5

Social events for political purposesSocial events for political purposes

Proposed to wife on first dateProposed to wife on first date

Lost 1960 nomination to JFK, became his VP, Lost 1960 nomination to JFK, became his VP, then President in 1963then President in 1963

Moved between conservative and liberal, e.g., Moved between conservative and liberal, e.g., Great Society programGreat Society program

Continued to use the “Johnson treatment” Continued to use the “Johnson treatment” (intensively working over others with charm, (intensively working over others with charm, promises, threats and/or intimidation)promises, threats and/or intimidation)

LBJ - 6LBJ - 6

Not just the Vietnam War caused loss of powerNot just the Vietnam War caused loss of power

He lost power primarily by not changing as the He lost power primarily by not changing as the environment changed around him, and environment changed around him, and consequently did not run for reelection in 1968consequently did not run for reelection in 1968

Problems with old ways (private, secret deals, Problems with old ways (private, secret deals, telling different things to different people…)telling different things to different people…)

Different reactions to the “Johnson treatment” Different reactions to the “Johnson treatment”

TV and media had become very importantTV and media had become very important

Exercise on Instrument 5Exercise on Instrument 5(Sources of Power)(Sources of Power)

In groups, one starts with description of In groups, one starts with description of person pickedperson picked

Give scores on five sources & discuss Give scores on five sources & discuss conclusions between scores & experience conclusions between scores & experience of the personof the person

Group helps extend & enrich discussionGroup helps extend & enrich discussion

Repeat with another personRepeat with another person

Engaging with ReadingsEngaging with ReadingsWhat are my reactions to this: thoughts, feelings?

What do I agree with, like, want to remember and use? Why?

What do I disagree with, wish were different, would change, would expand on...? Why?

What connections & expansions can I make from my experience?

Pfeffer on Sources of PowerPfeffer on Sources of Power

Ch. 4-9Ch. 4-9

YourYour

– ReactionsReactions

– AgreementsAgreements

– DisagreementsDisagreements

– ExpansionsExpansions

How about:How about:

(111) Three aspects of centrality:(111) Three aspects of centrality:– BetweennessBetweenness– ConnectednessConnectedness– Proximity/closenessProximity/closeness

(135-7) Self-fulfilling prophecies(135-7) Self-fulfilling prophecies

(143) Performance means:(143) Performance means:– Being knowledgeableBeing knowledgeable– Protecting the bossProtecting the boss– Making the boss and unit look goodMaking the boss and unit look good

FramingFraming

FramingFraming

Selecting & emphasizing certain aspects

Excluding or minimizing others

Clarifying objectives and constraints

Provides context for discussion or negotiations

Framing ExampleFraming Example

1. Things are so uncertain with our business, we'd better not "rock the boat!"

2. Our business is in such a nose dive, we must do something different right away or we will lose it all!

3. Our business has major troubles. We need some help in diagnosing the problems and developing solutions.

Another 3-Part Framing ExampleAnother 3-Part Framing Example

1. This is land settled by our ancestors thousands of years ago, under direction from God, resettled by our fathers over half a century ago, and developed and improved by our people since. This land is vital to the protection of our people from the criminal terrorist attacks of the Palestinians, who Palestinian leaders have refused to control. We must never give up one inch of this land!

2. This is land inhabited by our ancestors for

thousands of years. This land is vital to

the development of a viable Palestinian

homeland, which should be an

independent Palestinian state. There can

be no peace until we regain our rightful

possession of this land!

3. This is very special land, characterized

by thousands of years of history involving

ancestors of you both. It has historical

and religious importance for both of you.

You both have a sincere desire to find a

solution to the conflict that allows you to

share this land in an appropriate way and

that provides a basis for your people to

live side-by-side in peace.

Example of ReframingExample of Reframing

FromFrom: She is not a team player: She is not a team player

ToTo: She is unusually clear about what she : She is unusually clear about what she wantswants

Another Reframing ExampleAnother Reframing Example

FromFrom: “Your demands are ridiculous and : “Your demands are ridiculous and you’re trying to put me out of business!”you’re trying to put me out of business!”

ToTo: “Although you object to my last : “Although you object to my last proposal, I still believe you are willing to proposal, I still believe you are willing to work with me to develop a solution that we work with me to develop a solution that we both can live with.”both can live with.”

Framing ExerciseFraming Exercise

Individually, pick a conflict situation you Individually, pick a conflict situation you know wellknow well

Write out (briefly) a frame from the Write out (briefly) a frame from the standpoint of two different partiesstandpoint of two different parties

Develop a third frame that might bridge Develop a third frame that might bridge between the initial two framesbetween the initial two frames

Share some examplesShare some examples

Framing can…Framing can…

Determine which issues get attentionDetermine which issues get attention

How the issues will be approachedHow the issues will be approached

Provide opportunities to explain reasoningProvide opportunities to explain reasoning

Create a bridge between parties in conflictCreate a bridge between parties in conflict

Be misused and abusedBe misused and abused

Help leaders manage meaning – to Help leaders manage meaning – to mobilize others to want to struggle for mobilize others to want to struggle for shared aspirationsshared aspirations

Next (Last) TimeNext (Last) Time

Rest of Pfeffer bookRest of Pfeffer book

Do & score Instrument 6Do & score Instrument 6

Read cases 7 & 8; make notes on Read cases 7 & 8; make notes on questionsquestions

Integrative paperIntegrative paper

One-page progress report on leadership One-page progress report on leadership development plan implementation so fardevelopment plan implementation so far

Peer ratings & class evaluationPeer ratings & class evaluation