Московский государственный институт международных

отношений (Университет) МИД России

Международный институт управления

Кафедра английского языка № 6

О.В.Беляева, О.С.Петрищева

Дополнительные материалы к учебнику International Express (Intermediate)

Издательство

МГИМО-Университет

Москва 2011

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UNIT 1

1) Wordlist1. to offer a service2. to work on a project3. to win an award4. to own/run a company5. to get the most out of smth.6. a product launch, to launch a brand7. to consist of8. to focus on9. information on smth.10.a typical recipe 11.to be interested in doing smth.12.to involve smth.; to include smth.13.to arrange (to meet)14.to set up a company15.to have responsibilities16.to be good at17.ambition18.to try suggestions19.to guess the meaning20.to look smth. up21.fun-loving22.adventurous23.high-tech (hub)24.authentic25.fashion-conscious26.rational27.relaxed28.the outdoor life29.heritage30.efficiency31.precision32.to emphasize /define the image33.to promote trade/a brand34.to avoid/overcome problems35.to accept smth.36.to attract smb.; attractive; attraction

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37.to compete; competition, competitive38.to develop a brand39.to recruite smb., smth.40.a rise in (exports)41.to benefit from42.national cuisine43.home cooking

2) Fooda. Read the lists. Can you add to them? Which of these do you eat every day? Which is your

favorite/least favorite?

Meat/PoultrybeefveallambchickenFishtunasalmoncodtrout

Vegetablescauliflowerauberginecabbagebeanspeasmushroomleekoniontomatocarrotlentils

SeafoodoystersmusselsshrimpssquidoctopusFruitolivespearmelongrapespineapplelemonavocadokiwi fruitpeach

DairymilkcheeseyogurteggsbutterOtherbreadpastaricesaltpepperketchupmayonnaisesnails

b. Which of the fruits and vegetables in Ex. a. grow in your country? Are the same in your language? Use the words in the list to say how you usually eat them.

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raw; boiled; steamed; fried; grilled; baked; roasted; pickled

Olives grow in my country. I usually eat them pickled.

Kitchen Utensils & Recipes

a. Match the verbs to the nouns

beatpeelstirsievegraterollchop

flourcheesepastryparsleypotatoeseggs, creamsoup

Which kitchen utensils do we use to do each of the above? Choose from the list, then make up sentences, as in the example.peeler, sieve, knife, whisk, wooden spoon, grater, rolling pin

We can beat eggs using a whisk.

b. Read the recipe and fill in the appropriate verbs from part a. Then talk about it using first, next, then, after that.

First, you peel the potatoes.

METHOD

1) Peel the potatoes and cut into slices. Cook for 5 minutes in salted boiling water. Drain thoroughly.Poach the fish in 75 ml of milk and then separate into flakes.Wash and 2)……………….. the leeks into small pieces and then fry in the butter.To make the cheese sauce:Melt the butter in a pan then

3)………………the flour before adding it to the pan to make a smooth paste.Gradually pour in the rest of the milk,

While constantly 4) ………………..the mixture.5) ………………..the cheese and slowly add it to the pan and 6)………………… well. Add the cream and salt and pepper.Mix the fish, prawns, and leeks in a pie dish and cover with half sauce.Layer the potatoes on top and then pour on the remaining sauce.Bake at 190 C. for about 45 minutes, until it is bubbling and golden.Serves 4

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c. Match the pairs, then make up sentences.

milksaltstrawberriesbreadcheese

And

creambuttersugarbiscuitspepper

Do you take milk and sugar in your coffee?

d. Match the opposites, then name foods or drinks which can go with each.

sweettenderfattyspicysparkling

toughmildbitter/sourstilllean

Sweet chocolate-bitter coffee-sour lemon.

Compound Nouns

A compound noun is formed from two nouns, or an adjective and a noun. Here are some examples.

alarm clock, credit card, table tennis, T-shirt, earring, sunglasses, traffic lights, tin opener, parking meter, first aid, pedestrian crossing, dining room, film star, brother-in-law, income tax, writing paper, washing machine, check book, baby-sitter, mother tongue, science fiction, box office.

Quite often, one part of a compound forms the basis for a number of compound nouns.

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Post/ticket/box office, traffic lights/warden/jam, film/pop/rock star, brother/sister/father/mother-in-law, dining/sitting/waiting room.

Complete the sentences with suitable compound nouns.

1. I’m late because there was a terrible …………………. in the centre of town.

2. Humphrey Bogart was a famous ………………….. in the forties and fifties.

3. My …………………didn’t ring this morning and I did not wake up until 9.30.

4. When I got to the surgery, I had to sit in the ………………….for forty minutes before I could see the dentist.

5. Mary really wanted to see the film but she couldn’t find a …………………for the children, so she had to stay at home.

6. When I am driving I always wear ……………….. if it is very bright and sunny.

7. You have to pay ………………….. on your salary in Britain; the amount depends on how much you earn.

8. I often have the same problem: I park the car next to a ……………….. box, and then I discover that I don’t have the right money.

9. In some countries you have to have a ………………. box in your car for minor injuries and illnesses.

10. My brother loves ………………., but I prefer true stories about the present and the past.

Take one word from each compound and create a new compound.

Brother-in-law - mother-in-law; Table tennis - table leg

Dining room ……………………………. Traffic lights ………………………………………

Film star …………………………………. Sunglasses ………………………………………….

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Credit card ……………………………… post office ……………………………………………

Toothpaste ……………………………… hairdryer ……………………………………………..

Word building

One way to build your vocabulary is to learn word families: words which all have the same root, like innovate, innovative and innovation. These words are often next to each other in a dictionary, so they are easy to look up. Make sure you try to learn the collocations that go with these words as well.

Fill in the missing words in the table.

Verb Person noun General noun Adjectiveadministration

advisepay

solubleinspection

Promoter

co-ordinateproduce information

attractivecompetition

Collocation (word partners)

a) Learn the collocation:1. to miss the bus2. to make a mistake3. a heavy smoker4. a serious illness

b) Verb + noun1. to start the car2. to tell a story3. to tell a joke4. to get on a bus5. to miss a person6. to miss a lesson7. to start a family

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8. to tell the truth9. to run a shop/company10.to get in (to) a car

c) Adjective +noun1. a soft drink2. dry wine3. strong coffee4. hard work5. have traffic6. a soft voice7. dry weather8. a strong accent9. a great success10.have rain

d) Adverb + adjective1. terribly sorry2. highly unlikely3. fully aware4. vitally important

1. Write the opposite of these phrases and expressions

1) sweet wine2) a strong accent3) strong coffee4) a soft voice

5) get on the bus6) tell the truth7) catch the bus8) get in the car

2. Find a suitable adjective, verb or adverb from the list co complete these sentences.1. I’m …………………………….sorry I’m late, but I ……………….. the

bus and had to wait ages for another one.2. He ……………………….. everyone the same joke, and nobody laughed.3. We had lots of snow in the night and I had a problem

…………………………….. the car this morning.4. Michael is one of the owner, but his brother John ………………………

the company, and he has about 50 employees working for him.5. I think they want to get married and …………………… a family.6. That’s the third mistake she’s ……………….. today.7. It’s …………………..important that we finish this work by the end of

the week.8. If this ……………………rain continues, I think he’s

……………..unlikely to come.9. I don’t drink ……………….coffee at night because it keeps me awake.

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10.I really ………………….my family when I stayed in Australia on my own last year.

3. The adjective on the left can all mean ‘very big’, but we often use them specifically with the noun on the right. Complete the sentences below.

wide large shoulders rangebroad vast majority size

1. I used to be medium but I need a ………………… now because I’ve put on weight.2. Fortunately the shop I go to has a ………………….. of shirts and jumpers to choose from.3. I’ve also got very ………………………, but my waist is quite small.4. A few men can’t find clothes to fir them, but the …………………… are small, medium or large.

Countries, nationalities and languages

Who speaks what where?

Country Nationality LanguageGermany German GermanFrance French FrenchItaly Italian ItalianSpain Spanish SpanishBritain British EnglishPortugal Portuguese PortugueseJapan Japanese JapaneseKorea Korean KoreanChina Chinese ChineseThailand Thai ThaiAustralia Australian EnglishThe United States of America

American English

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian ArabicBrazil Brazilian PortugueseSweden Swedish SwedishSwitzerland Swiss Swiss-German, French ,

ItalianEgypt Egyptian ArabicHolland Dutch DutchMexico Mexican SpanishRussia Russian Russian

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Israel Israeli HebrewGreece Greek GreekTurkey Turkish TurkishArgentina Argentinian Spanish

Exercises

1) Answer these questions:

1. Write down three countries where the first language in English?

2. What language is spoken in Brazil?

3. What are people from Holland called?

4. Write down three languages spoken in Switzerland.

5. What language is spoken in Saudi Arabia?

6. What nationality are people from Sweden?

7. What language is spoken in Mexico?

8. What are people from Egypt called?

9. What is the first language in Israel?

10. Where do people speak Mandarin?

2) Complete these sentences with the name of the people from the country on the right.Examples: I’ve worked a lot with Germans. I’ve spent a lot of time with the French.

1. We do a lot of business with ………………… GermanyFranceJapanIsraelBrazilBritainSwitzerlandGreece

2. ……………………. Are usually hard-working3. I have always found ………………………… very

friendly4. People often say that …………………………are

reserved5. …………………………… are very organized.6. I met a lot of ……………………. on my trip to

Athens.

3) Complete these sentences.

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1. Bangkok is the capital of …………………………2. Buenos Aires is the capital of………………….3. Ankara is the capital of ……………………………4. Seoul is the capital of ……………………………..5. Cairo is the capital of ………………………………6. Riyadh is the capital of ……………………………7. Athens is the capital of …………………………..8. Tel Aviv is the capital of ………………………….9. Stockholm is the capital of …………………….10.Lisbon is the capital of ………………………….

Cultural Stereotypes and Management

You have probably heard jokes like this (British) one:

What is the difference between heaven and hell? In heaven, the French are the cooks, the Germans are the engineers, the British are the politicians, the Swiss are the managers, and the Italians are the lovers. In hell, the British are the cooks, the French are the managers, the Italians are the engineers, the Germans are the politicians and the Swiss are the lovers.

Do you find such stereotypes amusing or offensive? Is there any truth in national stereotypes? Do cultural habits have an effect on business practices and management styles?

EXIRCISE 1

Match up the following adjectives into pairs opposites:

arrogantgenerouslazynarrow-mindedquietconservative

chaotichospitablelivelyindividualisticrelaxedtrustworthy

hard-workingnoisymeanprogressivereservedunfriendly

devioustolerantmodestpublic-spiritedseriouswell-organized

Do you think any these descriptions could apply, in general, to the people in your country, or in neighbouring countries?

EXERCISE 2

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More seriously, which countries or parts of the world do you think the following descriptions might apply to? Choose from the box below:

North Americans, Southern Europeans, Latin Americans, Northern Europeans, Australians and New Zealanders, Germans, Dutch, Swiss and Scandinavians, Japanese and Singaporeans, Asian and Arab countries, North African and Middle Eastern countries, Asian and Southern Europeans cultures

Do stereotypes help or hinder business relationships? Are they unfair?

1. They believe that personal relations and friendships are more important than rules and formal procedures.

2. They believe that rules are very important, and exceptions shouldn’t be made for friends.

3. They ‘re collectivist, so they dislike the idea of one person in a group earning much more than his or her colleagues.

4. They’re efficient, punctual, and highly organized.5. They’re great believers in analysis, rationality, logic and systems.6. They are individualistic, so paying people according to their performance is

highly successful.7. They like to spent time getting to know people before doing business with

them.8. They place great stress on personal relation, intuition, emotion, feeling and

sensitivity.9. They seem to be very disorganized, but on the other hand, they get their

business done.10.They accord status and respect to older people, and promotion comes with

age.11.They’re keen to find a consensus and to avoid confrontations.12.They’re very short-term oriented, thinking only of quarterly results.

READINGBUSINESS AND NATIONAL STEREOTYPESWe are repeatedly warned to beware of generalizations yet, paradoxically, it seems that the human mind cannot resist categorizing people and things. We love to “pigeon-hole”, to make order out of a universe that frequently seems to us confusing and even chaotic. Nowhere is this tendency more evident that in our willingness to generalize about nationalities. We create national stereotypes and cling tenaciously to our prejudices. To illustrate this point, we shall take a look at the findings of a survey carried out by the market research firm, Parkland Research Europe.

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This organization carried out a detailed study of European attitudes by questioning 185 business executives, lawyers, engineers, teachers and other professional people from seven European countries. These were: Germany, France, Britain, Switzerland, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium. The resulting publication , Guide to National Practices in Western Europe, gave some idea of what Europeans think of each other. It revealed many widely-held stereotypes, but also came up with a few surprises.PARKLAND FINDINGSGERMANS. Liked themselves best of all. Most Europeans agreed that the Germans had the highest proportion of good qualities. They considered themselves very tolerant, but nobody else did. They saw themselves as fashionable. Others found them “square”.FRENCH. Not really admired by anyone except the Italians. Other Europeans found them conservative, withdrawn, chauvinistic, brilliant, superficial, hedonistic. Also, not very friendly. The French agreed o the last point!BRITISH. Mixed reactions. Some found them calm, reserved, open-minded, trustworthy; others deemed them hidebound, insular and superior. Everyone was unanimous that the British had an excellent senseof humour. The British most admired the Dutch.SWISS. Showed considerable lucidity and powers of self-analysis. Saw themselves as serious, trustworthy, but too money-minded and suspicious. Most Europeans agreed. The Swiss liked the Germans best.ITALIANS. Generally considered by everyone to be lazy and untrustworthy, and the Italians agreed! Most also found them to be vivacious, charming, hospitable and noisy. The Italians admired the French and the Dutch. Hardly anyone loved the Italians except the French.DUTCH. Most admired people in Europe – except by their neighbours – the Belgians. Everyone agreed that the Dutch are hard-working, thrifty, good-natured, tolerant and business-minded. The Netherlands, however, was not considered to be a good place to live in.BELGIANS. Least admired in this group. They see themselves as easy-going and diligent workers. Other Europeans consider them undisciplined and narrow-minded – and lousy drivers!As a follow-up to this study, businessmen were asked to imagine they were setting up a multinational company. They had to choose national for the positions of president, managing director, chief cashier, public relations officer and skilled and unskilled labour.The Germans were universal choice for the top jobs, and also first choice for skilled workers. The Italians were relegated to unskilled jobs; the French received massive support for the light-weight public relations post.

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According to Parkland research, “No European picked an Italian as president or chief cashier. Moreover, no Italian or Frenchman picked one of his own nationals as chief cashier!”

Answer the questions:1. How does the author account for people’s irresistible desire to create

stereotypes?2. What was the study carried out by Parkland Research Europe devoted to?3. What did the study result in?4. What is typical of Germans, according to the study?5. What makes the Italians admire the French?6. What does the study say about the British?7. What makes the Dutch the most admired people in Europe?8. How do the Belgians differ from the French? Do you think they have

anything in common?9. What roles were relegated to representatives of different nations in a

hypothetical multinational company?

Read the dialogue. Underline the adjectives. Speak on the strengths and weaknesses of the Germans. Compare the Germans and the Russians

I What would you say is the stereotype of people from your country?

M Well, one thing everybody thinks is that our football teams always win – which of course isn’t always true, unfortunately. And people think that we spend all our time drinking beer and eating sausages, and driving fast cars. People always think of us as being very efficient and disciplined, very hard-working. They think that we always tend to obey rules, and that we don’t have a sense of humour. They also think that we are very self-confident, even arrogant.

I How much of the stereotype is true?

M Well, as regards the food, it’s true that we do like beer and sausages, but I would say that nowadays people have started to worry more about their weight, so they don’t eat and drink as much as they used to. And it is true that we love our cars almost more than our families, well, maybe I’m exaggerating a bit. Hard-working? Yes. Efficient and disciplined – well, this is true, but it’s a bit of a simplification. The German’s favourite phrase is Alles in Ordnung, that is “everything is in order”. It’s very important for us that things work – our washing machines, our cars, our trains, everything must work properly. This is very important to us.

I What about the stereotype of Germans having no sense of hu

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mour?

M Ah, yes, well, this I have to say is true. Generally speaking we take life seriously. We do have some humour but it doesn’t translate very well. And we only like jokes at certain times, for example, not at work – and we don’t usually make jokes about other nationalities.

I What aspects of the stereotype aren’t true?

M Well, I’d say that in spite of what people think, we are not really self-confident. There is very important word when you talk about the German personality, and that is Angst. This means something like ‘insecurity’ – people don’t think of the Germans as being insecure but we’re very insecure, and that’s why we have this great desire for everything to be regulated and controlled and for everything to work.

I Is it true that the Germans look down on other nationalities?

M No, no, this is not true! For example, we really look up to the Swiss – we admire them because they are even cleaner and more punctual than we are!

I What are the strengths of the Germans in your opinion?

M Well, I think in general we are well educated – we love culture and it very seriously – the more culture the better. Did you know there are 143 volumes of the works of Goethe, and it would take two weeks to listen to all of Wagner’s works! Also we are very green, we are very ecology conscious. We are very responsible about recycling and things like that.

I What about your weaknesses?

M One thing I’d say is that modern Germans are very obsessed with their health. Never ask a German ‘How are you’, or you’ll have listen to him, or her for hours giving you all the details. I would say that we are a nation of hypochondriac. Another problem for us is that we hate breaking rules and this can make life very difficult especially as we have so many laws, some of which seem a bit ridiculous to other people. For example, in Germany you can’t cross the street if the traffic lights are red, even if there’s no traffic – things like that. But maybe our greatest weakness is that we are very bossy. We like criticizing other people, and telling them what they are doing wrong. For example, I tell you, if you leave your children’s toys outside your house, in the garden where your neighbours can see them, you can be sure they will come and tell you that this is wrong and that you must put them away.

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Read the information and discuss the questions.

Britain has a bad reputation for food, but many people now claim that the reputation is undeserved. There are over 50,000 restaurants in the country and they are improving all the time. In many cities, you can choose from Indian, Chinese, Italian, French, Mexican, Turkish, Greek and Spanish, but finding good traditional British food can be difficult.

Cooking programmes on TV are very popular and TV chefs like Jamie Oliver are household names. Recipe books are often at the top of the best-seller list. Health food shops are everywhere and more and more people are eating organic food.

1) Does your country have a good reputation for food? Is the reputation deserved?

2) How often do you go to a restaurant or have a meal with friends?3) What are the most popular food books and TV programmes in your country?

GRAMMAR PRACTICE

1. Put each verb in brackets either in the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.a) There’s nobody here, and the door’s locked. What (we do) …………………now?b) What (you look)……………… at? (I wear) …………………. the wrong clothes?c) I (look after) ………………. Jack’s dog this weekend. (you want) …………………. to take it for a walk?d) Who (drive) …………………. the Mercedes that’s parked outside?e) I (still have) ……………….. a pain in my leg but it (get) ………………. Better.f) Who (Sue dance) ……………….. with? That’s not her brother, is it?g) Harry always (look) ………………….untidy! He (wear) ……………….. dirty jeans.h) I (write) ………………….in reply to your advertisement in the Daily News.i) That plant I bought (now grow) ………………. very much. And I (water) ………………. it every day.j) Which hotel (you stay) ……………….in when you (come) ………………. here?

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Dear Aunt Jean,I ………………… ( just write) to tell you how much I ………………… (appreciate) the money you sent me, and to tell you how I ………………. ( get on) in my first term at university. Actually, I ………………… ( really enjoy) myself! I …………………. (study) quite hard as well, but at the moment I ………………….(spend) a lot of time just making friends. I ………………… ( still stay) with my friend Sue, and I …………………. (look for) somewhere of my own to live. Only a few of the first- year students ………………… ( live ) in college here, and I ………………….(seem) to be spending a lot of time travelling backwards and forwards. I …………………. ( go) to lectures every morning and most afternoons I …………………. ( study) in the library. In fact I ………………….. (write) this letter instead of an essay on Hamlet! I …………………. ( think) I’ll buy some new clothes with the money you sent. Everything ………………. ( cost) a lot here, and I ………………..(save) to buy a winter coat. It …………………. (get) really cold here in the evenings. I now ………………… (know) some other students and generally speaking we …………………. (have) quite a good time socially! I ………………….. (also learn) to drive. See you soon.KatherineTranslate the sentences using your active vocabulary.

1. Шеф повар Эрик Карлин любит путешествовать и очень интересуется кухней разных стран. Сейчас он участвует в интересном кулинарном проекте. Эрик говорит на трех языках и ему нравиться учить иностранные языки. Сейчас он изучает японский язык.

2. Еда – это важная часть национальной культуры, так же как и язык, традиции, искусство и религия.

3. В местном кафе или семейном ресторане Вы сможете найти настоящую национальную кухню.

4. Когда кто-то произносит слово Бразилия, люди обычно думают о карнавале или футболе и жителях этой страны, которые любят повеселиться.

5. Шотландия – это стана, которая активно и успешно запустила свой бренд.

6. Это мой друг, он из Новой Зеландии, он любит приключения и как все новозеландцы не любит сидеть дома.

7. Темное пиво на вкус отвратительно, это не пиво к которому мы привыкли и которое мы пьем в Ирландии.

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8. Я хочу в Испанию, мне привлекает богатое культурное наследие этой страны.

9. Входите, мы пьем чай, выпейте чашку с нами. Это так традиционно пить чай в пять часов.

10.Я не люблю людей таких как он, он слишком рациональный и практичный.

Social English

Translate the dialogue from Russian into English.

Представление и приветствия. Добро пожаловать!

P- Здравствуйте, Майк, как поживаете? Рада Вас снова видеть.

М- Отлично, Роза. А как Ваши дела?

P-Очень хорошо, Майкл. Хотела бы представить Вас Клер, нашему секретарю. Клер, это Майкл Хиггинс, он будет заниматься нашим новым проектом.

К -Да, Роза говорила мне об этом. Приятно познакомиться мистер Хиггинс.

М -Взаимно.

Р- Вы легко нас нашли.М -Без проблем. Моя гостиница находится неподалеку.Р- В какой гостинице Вы остановились.М- В Метрополе. Вы там бывали?Р -Только слышала. Какая она?М- Очень хорошая, Роза. Я всегда в ней останавливаюсь, когда приезжаю в Москву.Р- Как часто Вы сюда приезжаете?М – Три-четыре раза в год. А Вы часто ездите за границу?Р- Да, в основном в Европу, два-три раза в год.

-Вы надолго приехали?- Только на три дня, я улетаю послезавтра.

- Как давно Вы работаете на Би-Би-Си?- Уже 4 года.

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- Прекрасная погода сегодня!- Да, действительно Вам повезло с погодой.-Куда Вы ездили в отпуск в последний раз.-Я ездил в Италию со своей женой.

- Вы занимаетесь спортом.- Да, я играю в теннис и плаваю.

Make a presentation1. Make a presentation about a country and its national cuisine.2. Make a presentation about your favorite brand.

Creative writing1. Write the recipe of a famous dish from your country. First write the

list of ingredients, next write the steps that need to be followed.2. Design a suitable meal. The meal should consist of at least three

courses.a) For a friend of yours and her new boyfriend. The boyfriend is

vegetarian.b) For a romantic evening.c) For a hot summer’s day.d) For friend who’s on a diet.e) For a child’s sixth birthday party.

UNIT 2

Word list

1. to offer a range of products/ a service/discounts2. package holidays3. to set up a company4. a flight attendant5. to sign/ build up contracts6. to negotiate/ offer discounts7. to employ staff8. free service9. to develop a business10. to be on a maternity leave 11. a buy-out 12. to receive a share/a bonus13. to socialize with smb.

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14. to support the movement15. to have shares (in the company)16. to be on first-name terms17. to run a travel agency/ a social campaign18. perks and benefits19. headquarters (HQ)20. a subsidiary21. a parent company22. an assembly line23. a takeover24. an output25. client loyalty26. a freelance consultant27. to evaluate a prototype28. to be responsible for29. to be visible30. to balance work with relaxation31. to make an appointment/ smb. redundant 32. a salary, an income33. to do overtime34. overheads35. to give a speech36. to hold a meeting

WORK : DUTIES, CONDITIONS AND PAY

A. Main responsibilitiesI’m in charge of all deliveries out of the factory.I have to deal with any complaints.I run the coffee bar and restaurant in the museum

B. Daily duties/routines I have to go/attend a lot of meetings.I visit/see/meet clients.I advise clients.It involves doing quite a lot of paperwork.

C. Working hours:a nine- to-five job, flexi-time, shift work, to work overtime

EXERCISES1. Match the verbs with the nouns or phrases.

earn overtime20

work meetingspay a shopgo to clientsdeal with $500run income tax

2. Rewrite the sentences using vocabulary from the list.

1. What do you do? What’s ……………………………………….

2. I earn $50,000 dollars. My ……………………………………..

3. I get $20,000 from my teaching job and another $10,000 from writing. My total………………….

4. I’m a chemist. I work for ………………………………………..

5. In my job I have to look after and maintain all the computers in the building.

My job involves …………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. I’m responsible for one of the smaller departments. I’m in………………………………………………….

3. Supply the missing questions.A: …………………………………………………………………….?B: I usually start at 9 and finish at 4.A: …………………………………………………………………….?B: Yes a bit. On certain courses I work until 5 o’clock, and then I get paid extra.A: …………………………………………………………………….?B: Twelve weeks. That’s one of the good things about being a teacher.A: …………………………………………………………………….?B: No we don’t, I’m afraid. That’s one of the disadvantages of being a teacher. But I suppose money isn’t everything.

4. Answer these general knowledge questions about work. 1. What are normal working hours for most office jobs in your country? 2. Can you name three jobs that get very high salaries in your country? 3. When you start paying income tax in your country, what is the minimum amount you have

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to pay? 4. What jobs often involve shift work? 5. Is flexi-time common in your country?

5. Think about your own job. Can you explain your responsibilities and daily duties in English?

Workplaces and activitiesA. Match 1-5 with the specific job descriptions a-e1. I work in the warehouse.2. I’m in the accounts department.3. I work in human resources.4. I’m in sales.5. I’m part of the marketing team.

a. I’m mainly involved in planning the campaigns.b. I’m the rep for the whole of the south of Italy.c. I’m responsible for packing all the orders and doing all the admin for the

delivery.d. I’m responsible for recruitment contracts and working conditions.e. I deal with all the pay and finances.

B. Work in pairs. Use the words and phrases in ex. A to have conversations like this:

A: What do you do?

B: I work for a ………… company

A: Oh yeah? Doing what?

B: I’m in sales. I’m the rep for the whole of the South.

C. Translate the sentences into your language.

1. It’s very competitive. It’s difficult to find a good job.

2. It’s very well-paid. He gets $60,000 a year as well as a bonus at the end of the year.

3. It’s quite rewarding. You really help people and that makes you feel good.

4. It’s quite insecure. You are often self-employed or have a temporary contract and it’s quite badly paid.

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5. You don’t have any responsibility. Once your day’s finished, you don’t have to worry about anything.

6. You need to be quite creative. You have to think of a lot of new ideas and new ways of doing things.

7. It’s very stressful. You’re under a lot o time pressure.

8. It’s physically demanding. You have to be strong and fit.

9. It’s very varied. You get to do lots of different things.

10. There’s a lot of paperwork – writing reports, filing in forms, things like that.

Exercise 1

Rearrange the following to make

questions.

1. Here are on business you?…………………………………………

2. Line business what are in you of?………………………………………………….

3. Do do exactly you what?………………………………………………….

4. Long you have doing been that how?………………………………………………………..

5. You did what do that before?………………………………………………………..

6. Travelling much involve does job the?………………………………………………………...

7. You your do spend of whereabouts time most?……………………………………………………………………….

8. Visit first London this is to your?………………………………………………..

9. You arrive did when?……………………………….

10.Here for long you are how?……………………………………….

Exercise 2

Match the questions above with these answers:

a. A couple of days ago.23

b. Oh, everywhere really, but especially the EU countries.c. No, I’ve been here several times before.d. Quite a lot – especially in Europe.e. I work for a pharmaceuticals company.f. Oh, for about 5 years now, I suppose.g. I’m staying until next Friday.h. I worked for another pharmaceuticals company in the Sales Department.i. I’m in charge of the Sales and Marketing Department.j. Yes, I’m here to meet some clients.

COMPANY HISTORIES

Read the history of Nintendo. Complete the text using the words and phrases in the box.

Sales of microprocessor subsidiary one billionth game pack hand-held game system more than 500,000 a breakthrough game concept manufacturing games sales records corporate headquarters first playing cards anniversaries of

NINTENDO Co. Ltd, of Kyoto, Japan, is the worldwide leader in the creation of interactive entertainment. Nintendo manufactures and markets hardware and software for its popular home video game systems, including the Nintendo 64 and Gameboy, the world’s best-selling video game system.

1902 Fusajiro Yamauchi, great grandfather of the present president, manufactures the______________________ in Japan.

1933 Mr Yamauchi founds Yamauchi Nintendo & Co.

1963 The company changes its name to Nintendo Co. Ltd. And starts ____________________________

in addition to playing cards.

1970 Nintendo reconstructs and enlarges its___________________________.

1975 The company develops a video game system.

1976 It uses a _________________ in a video game system for the first time.

1980 Nintendo establishes a ________________________ ,Nintendo of America Inc.

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1985 The company starts ________________ the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in America.

1987 NES reaches number one selling toy status in America.

1989 Nintendo introduces Gameboy, the first portable ___________________ with interchangeable game packs.

1995 The company celebrates the sale of the __________________ .

1996 They launch Nintendo 64 in Japan on June 23, selling _________________ systems the first day.

1998 Nintendo releases Pokemon, ____________________ for Gameboy, which generates a worldwide collecting craze.

1999 The company expands the Pokemon franchise.

2001 With the 20th ______________________ Nintendo characters Mario and Donkey Kong, Gameboy Advanced and the Nintendo Game Cube home video game console hit the market. The US launch of Game Cube on November 18 smashes previous US __________________________ .

Using a dictionary

1. Use a dictionary to find/check the answers to these questions.

1. What does dreadful mean?

2. How do you pronounce lose?

2. What part of speech is choose, homesick?

3. Homework and chaos are both nouns, but what type of noun are they?

4. What adjectives are often used before chaos?

5. What two prepositions are often used after choose?

6. Write down a sentence example of choose used with a preposition.

2. When you look up a word, you can also use your dictionary to increase your vocabulary by learning related words and phrases. Find out if your dictionary helps you to answer these questions.

1. Choose is a verb, but what is the noun with the same meaning?

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2. Advice is a noun, but what is the verb with the same meaning?

3. Advice is also uncountable, but you can make it countable using another word. Can you complete this sentence: “He gave me a very useful ………… of advice.”

4. What adjective is formed from chaos?

5. What is the opposite of dirty?

6. What is the difference between homework and housework?

7. What is the opposite of lose a game, lose weight?

8. Law often appears in the phrase law and ………… . What is the missing word?

9. If you want to sit at a table in a café and you see that one person is sitting there already, but another seat is empty, what can you say to the person sitting down?

3. In the word “island”, the letter “s” is silent. Use your dictionary to find the silent letters in these words.

Knife bomb psychology receipt castle doubt wrist calm

American English

Roads and transport

British/ American

Taxi / cab/taxi

Return (ticket) / round trip

Petrol / gas (gasoline)

Main road / highway

Motorway / freeway

Underground / subway

Subway / underpass

Pavement / sidewalk

Lorry / truck

Car park / parking lot

Education26

Secondary school / high school

Term / semester

University / college

Time

Autumn / fall

Holiday / vacation

Fortnight / two weeks

Homes

Tap / faucet

Rubbish / garbage/trash

Dustbin / trashcan

Toilet / bathroom

Wardrobe / closet

Buildings

Flat / apartment

Ground floor / first floor

Lift / elevator

Toilet (gents/ladies) / bathroom (men’s/ladies’ room)

Food

Biscuits / cookies

Sweets / candy

Chips / French fries

Crisps / chips

Clothes

Trousers / pants

Vest / undershirt

Waistcoat / vest27

Trainers / sneakers

EXERCISES

1. Decide if the speaker is using British English or American English, and cross out the incorrect answer.

1. We’ve decided to take our vacation in the autumn/fall this year.2. At my son’s high school the new term/semester starts next week.3. I never eat biscuits or sweets/candy.4. Put that garbage in the dustbin/trashcan. 5. The trousers look nice with that waistcoat/vest.6. The lorry/truck came past us on the highway.7. My apartment is o the fourth floor but I’m afraid there’s no lift/elevator.8. The people next door are on holiday/vacation. They’ll be away for a fortnight.9. We left the car in the car park/parking lot and took the subway to the centre.10. My trainers are in the wardrobe/closet.

2. Complete this table

British English American English

…………………….. vacation

Trousers ……………………….

……………………. Apartment

Trainers ……………………….

……………………. High school

biscuits ……………………….

…………………….. garbage

…………………….. highway

Fortnight ………………………

……………………… subway

3. Underline words used in American English and write the British English words on the right.

It was getting near lunchtime and I needed some gas, so I left

1……………………………………2……………………………………

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the freeway and drove towards the nearest town. There wasa gas station just outside the town and I decided to stop andhave a look round. I put the car in a parking lot and took acab to the centre. It was midday and very hot, so I stopped at a little café with tables on the sidewalk. I started talking to atruck driver, who gave me a history of the town, and afterwardshe took me on a guided tour. It made a very nice break.

3……………………………………4……………………………………5……………………………………6……………………………………7……………………………………

Formal and Informal English

A. Formal English

Formal English is more common in writing than in speaking. It is found in notices, business letters, and legal English; but you will also hear examples in spoken English.

Café notice: Only food purchased here may be eaten on the premises.

Police statement in court: I apprehended (stopped) the accused outside the supermarket.

Theatre announcement: The play will commence (start) in two minutes.

Formal business situation: The meeting will resume (start again) this afternoon at 2 p.m.

Lawyer: My client had a broken ankle. Thus (so) he could not have driven the car.

Formal letter: I regret to inform you that we are unable to grant (give) you …

Announcement: If you require (need) further assistance (help), please contact …

Outside a pub: Parking for patrons (customers) only.

A. Informal English

Informal language is more common in spoken than written English. Certain types of language are often informal:

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- Most uses of get are informal- Many phrasal verbs are informal- Many idioms are informal.

Here are some examples:

I had to go and pick up the kids from school.

My flat is very handy for the shops. (near the shops and very convenient)

I manage to fix up (arrange) an appointment for 7.30.

I thought the book was terrific (marvelous).

Most of the students are bright (intelligent) but one or two are really thick (stupid).

I offered him ten quid (pounds) but the guy (man) wasn’t interested.

I reckon (think) we’ll get (obtain) the money pretty (quite) soon.

What’s up? (What’s the matter?)

We must get in touch with them (contact them) very soon.

Do you fancy going out? (Would you like to go out?)

When you get (reach) there, have a word with (speak to) someone at reception.

I’m just going to the loo (toilet).

Exercises

1. Put the words into the correct columns in the table.

Formal Informalpurchaseloothusquidapprehendguy

handyresumeterrificcommencereckon

Find a synonym for each of the words from the list.

Therefore toilet convenient catch/stop start man start again pound think fantastic buy

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2. Rewrite the sentences in more informal English.1. When are you going to collect your bicycle?2. Most of these children are very clever.3. I think it’ll commence quite soon.4. Would you like to go out for a meal?5. My flat is five minutes from where I work, thus it is very convenient.6. What’s the matter?7. The man in the market wanted twenty pounds for this ring.8. Where did you purchase that book?9. They’ll never apprehend him.10.I’m just going to the toilet.

3. Rewrite the letter in more formal English.Dear Mr CollinsWe’re really sorry to say that we can’t lend you the sum of five hundred quid that you need, but it may be possible to give you a loan for some of the money.If you are still interested, do you fancy getting in touch with our main office to fix up an appointment with the assistant manager. He will be happy to talk to you about it.

Yours sincerely

4. Use your dictionary to find out if these underlined words are either formal or informal.1. I couldn’t attend the meeting.2. I thought the film was a drag.3. Someone has pinched my pen.4. He’s a nice bloke.5. Smoking isn’t permitted.

PREFIXESA. With the meaning “not”

Prefixes un-, in-, il-, ir- and dis- are often used to give adjectives a negative meaning. Here are common examples:

Happy – unhappy

Possible – impossible

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Correct – incorrect

Like – dislike

Legal – illegal

Regular – irregular

Im- is used before some words beginning with m or p, e.g. impolite, impatient

Il- is used before some words beginning with l, illegible

Ir- is only used before some words beginning with r, e.g. irresponsible

Dis- is used before some adjectives, e.g. dishonest, and a few verbs, e.g. dislike, disagree

In- is used in a limited number of words, e.g. invisible

B. Verb prefixes: un- and dis-

These prefixes have two meanings: a negative meaning and they can also mean “the opposite of an action” or “to reverse an action”. This meaning is used with certain verbs.

I locked the door when I left, but I lost the key, so I couldn’t unlock it when I got back.

I had to pack my suitcase very quickly, so when I unpacked at the hotel, most of my clothes looked terrible.

The plane appeared in the sky, then suddenly disappeared behind a cloud.

In the morning you get dressed; when you go to bed you get undressed.

C. Other verb prefixes

Re- (again) My homework was terrible, so I had to redo it.

Over- (too much) I think my boss is overdoing at the moment.

Mis- (badly or incorrectly) I’m afraid I misunderstood what he said.

EXERCISES

1. Form the opposite of these words.

...happy ...patient ...polite ….legal

...pack …regular ....visible ….possible

...correct …friendly ….honest …..employed32

...legible …lock …..like ….agree

2. Agree with these statements.A: He doesn’t have a job, does he?B: No, he’s unemployed.

1. It’s against the law, isn’t it?Oh yes, …………………………..

2. His room is always in a mess, isn’t it?Yes, ……………………………………………….

3. This handwriting is impossible to read.Yes, I know, ………………………………………

4. She can never wait for five minutes, can she?No, ……………………………………………………………..

5. I thought it was rude, didn’t you?Yes, it was very …………………………………………..

3. Complete the verbs in these sentences.1. I’m sorry, I mis……………….. her message completely.2. We un……………….. as soon as we got to the hotel, then went out

for a walk.3. She was here a minute ago, but then she dis……………….. . I’m

afraid I don’t know where she is now.4. We normally have similar opinions but I dis……………….. with him

totally on the subject of drugs.5. My homework was so bad that I’ll have to re……………….. it.6. Apparently her alarm clock didn’t ring and she over……………… .7. She finally managed to un………………. The door and we were able

to go inside.8. I dis………………. The film, but the others enjoyed it.9. I don’t think I’ll pass the exam, but I can always re………………. it

in September.10.The post office shuts for lunch but it should be re…………….. at

2.00 p.m.11.She’s over……………… at the moment. She really needs a holiday

and a complete break from her job.12.My sister wrapped up my present so well that it took me about five

minutes to un…………….. it.

PREFIX OVER-

A. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

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Overcharged overdid overcooked

overreacted Overestimated overate

Overheated overslept

1. It was a great meal. In fact, my complaint would be that the food was so good that I completely ……………….. !

2. When I checked the bill, I realized we’d been …………………. .3. He ……………….. it at the gym. He should be more careful.4. It was so hot, the car ………………. On our way there.5. It was a mistake. I ……………….. how much food we needed.6. It was a bit of a disaster, because I ………………. the pasta.7. I know the waiter was a bit rude, but I still think you ……………….. .8. No wonder he ……………….. this morning! He didn’t get to bed till three

last night.B. Discuss these questions:

What do you think happened in each of the situations described in exercise A?Have any of these things ever happened to you?

Adjectives (negative prefixes)

Decide which negative prefix goes with these adjectives.

AccurateHonestPolitePreparedProbableSuccessfulLuckyCorrectPatientLoyal

1. Complete the sentences with a negative adjective.Top Tips for Telesales Staff1. Never be ……………….. about why you are calling.2 .Never give your customer ……………… information.

3.Never be …………….. – do some research into your clients before you call.

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4 .Don’t be ………………. to make a sale – you may need to call the same person three or four times5. Even when customers are ……………….. , make sure you stay calm and friendly.6. Accept the fact that you are going to be …………….. some of the time.7. Offer to call your client back if the time is …………….. .

GRAMMAR

Past Simple and Present Perfect

Put each verb in brackets into a suitable verb form.

a) I’m sorry about not coming last week. I (have) …………………. A cold and so I (stay) …………………. at home.

b) Wait a minute! I (have) …………………. An idea. Let’s go and see Roger. We last (see)…………………. Him a long time ago.

c) It’s nice to be back here in London. This is the second time I (come) …………………. Here

d) I’m phoning about your bicycle for sale, which I see …………………. In the local paper. (you sell) ……………….. it? Or is it still available?

e) This place is in a terrible mess! What on earthy (you do) ……………….. ?f) And now for an item of local news. Hampshire police (find)

………………… the dangerous snake which (go) …………………. Missing earlier this week.

g) This tooth (kill) …………………. me lately! So I (make) ……………….. an appointment with the dentist for next Tuesday.

h) I can’t give you the report I (promise) …………………. for today because I (not finish) …………………. It

Subject and Object questions

1. Correct the grammatical mistakes in these questions.1. How many people do live in Scotland?2. What did happen in 1066?3. What number you do dial for the emergency services?4. What CRE stands for?

2. Use the prompts to make questions.

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1. Who / become / Britain’s first woman prime minister / in 1979?2. Which British political party / use / blue / as its official colour?3. Why / the policeman / stand / outside the house / in Downing Street,10 ?4. What / happen / on Guy Fawkes’ Day?5. When / women in Britain / vote / in political elections / for the first time?6. Which / English king / have / six wives?

3. Prepare six questions that test knowledge of your own national culture. Use examples in exercises 1 and 2 and these topics to help you.Everyday life famous people history important places law multiculturalism politics regions

TELEPHONING

How efficient do you sound on the phone? Find out by doing this quiz.

1. Think of another way of sayinga) I’ll connect youb) Just a minutec) The line’s busy

2. Explain these words:a) A codeb) An extension

3. You hear the following expressions on the phone.What do you think the speakers mean?a) You’re very faint.b) He’s tied up at the moment.c) Could you read that back to me?d) Can you bear with me for a second?e) I’ll get back to you the first thing on Monday.

4. Choose the polite reply in each of these conversations.a) Can I speak to Loretta?

1. Who are you please?2. Who’s calling please?

b) Could I have your name please?1. Yes, I’m Anna Long.2. Yes, it’s Anna Long.

c) This is Terry Race.1. Sorry?2. Repeat, please.

d) Is she free on Monday?

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1. No, she isn’t.2. I’m afraid not.

e) Would morning or afternoon suit you best?1. I don’t mind.2. I don’t care.

f) Is that everything?1. Yes, of course.2. Yes, that’s the lot.

Read the conversations and complete them with the expressions from the box. One of the expressions in each set of three is wrong. Choose the most appropriate expression from the other two.

A) Hello. / Good morning./ Speak!B) Is (…) there? /I’d like to speak to (…) please./ Is there (…)?C) Are you (…)? / Is that (…)? / Who’s calling, please?D) Hold on, please, I’ll try to put you through. / Hang on, I’ll go and get her. /

One instant.E) I am (…). / It’s me. / This is (…) here.F) What are you up to later? / What do you do later? / Are you available later

on today?G) I’ll look forward to seeing you tomorrow. / To tomorrow. / See you

tomorrow.

Phone conversation 1

Jane: a) Hello.

Richard: Oh, hi b)…………………..

Jane: c) ………………….

Richard: Yes, hello, Jane. How are you?

Jane: Fine, thanks. d) ………………….

Maggie: Hello.

Richard: Hi! e) ………………..

Maggie: You got my message then. I thought you’d forgotten about me.

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Richard: Don’t be silly. Of course I haven’t forgotten you. I’ve just been a bit busy, that’s all.

Maggie: Busy playing computer games, I suppose.

Richard: No, not all the time. Anyway, how are you?

Maggie: Not too bad. A bit tired. Too much work as usual. Which reminds me, have you heard anything from the travel agent’s?

Richard: Oh, yes. They’ve got the tickets.

Maggie: Great! I really need this holiday.

Richard: Listen, I can’t chat now, but f) …………………

Maggie: I’ve got to work this evening, but TI thought we could go to the cinema tomorrow.

Richard: OK, I’LL come round at about seven

Maggie: g) …………………..

Richard: Bye.

Phone conversation 2

Receptionist: a) Good morning. South-Western Bank. Can I help you?

Richard: Yes, b) ………………….

Receptionist: c)…………………

Richard: My name’s Richard Swainston.

Receptionist: OK, d) …………………

Oh, Mr Swainston, I’m afraid she’s on the other line. Would you like to hold?

Richard: Yes, thank you.

Alison: Alison Moore.

Richard: Oh, hello. e) ……………….

Alison: Oh, yes Mr Swainston. Thank you for getting back to me so promptly. There seems to be a problem with your account.

Richard: Oh,dear. What sort of problem?

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Alison: Well, you’re over your overdraft limit by more than $200. You really need to come to the bank to discuss it.f) ………………….

Richard: I’m afraid I’m rather tied up today. Would tomorrow be convenient for you?

Alison: Yes, that’s fine. Ten thirty?

Richard: Yes, ten thirty’s fine for me.

Alison: Well, thank you for ringing. g) ………………

Richard: Goodbye.

READING 1

Read the information and discuss the questions.

Nike, the world’s most famous brand of trainers, is an American company that is named after the Greek goddess of victory. Nike succeeded in transforming the sports shoe into an essential fashion accessory. Now a global business with sales of over $ 13 billion, its first store opened in California in 1966.

Over its history, Nike has signed contracts with many of the world’s top stars – ranging from golf legend, Tiger Woods, to Brasilia national football team.

Its advertisements, with their slogan “Just do it”, have become almost as famous as the shoes hey sell.

1. What trainers do you own? Which do you prefer and why?2. When is it not appropriate to wear trainers?3. What are the most and the least fashionable trainers at the moment?4. What do you think of people who spend over $500 on a pair of trainers?

READING 2

Read the text and answer the following questions.

MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES

The term “multinational” is used for a company which has subsidiaries or sales facilities throughout the world. Many of these giant organizations are household names such as Coca Cola, Heinz, Sony, Hitachi, IBM, Akzo and General Motors.

We can find two main reasons for the development of multinationals. Firstly, when companies found that their national markets had become saturated, they realized

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that they could only increase profits by setting up subsidiaries abroad. Secondly, if a country set up trade barriers against a company’s products, then the only alternative or the company was to establish a factory or sales organizations in the country concerned.

In earlier times, most countries gave the multinationals a ‘red carpet” welcome. More recently they are viewed by many with suspicion, host countries are restricting their activities.

At international level, various attempts have been made to regulate the activities of the multinational.

Tension between host country and multinational is inevitable in many cases because multinationals do pose a threat to national sovereignty.

The multinational is big and rich. It often operates in industries which are difficult to enter or of vital importance, e.g. the computer, chemical and automobile industries. Most important of all, the main objective of the multinational is to organize its activities around the world so as to maximize global profits and global market shares. The multinational’s headquarters is not under the control of the host government and is frequently thousands of miles away from its subsidiaries.

In recent years, governments have had to ask themselves whether multinationals are harming their national interests. In highly industrialized countries, a major source of worry has been that these foreign giants will take over smaller companies and gradually dominate an important industry. If this happens, vital decisions affecting economic interests of the country may be taken in boardrooms thousands of miles away from that country.

Undoubtedly, governments are uneasy when they feel that decisions affecting plants and employment in their countries are being made by remote control.

Developing countries, in particular, have become concerned about their dependence on foreign investment in key sectors of their economy. They have become aware that foreign subsidiaries often take most of their profits out of the country rather than reinvest them in the company. Sometimes, the flow of funds causes disastrous fluctuations in the exchange rates of their currencies. Certain countries have accused the multinationals of political interference.

To gain greater control over their industry, some countries are beginning to insist on joint ventures.

Another strategy used by governments is to limit the amount of profits that a foreign subsidiary may repatriate in a given period.

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Arguing against multinationals, critics say that these organizations engage in anti-competitive activities, shut down plants, make huge bribes to gain contracts, interfere politically, destabilize currencies, underpay their workers and so on. Those speaking for the defence see these corporations almost as international agencies, promoting peace, providing better, cheaper products, and bringing much needed resources, expertise and employment to the host countries.

1. What is a multinational company?

2. What are the reasons for the development of multinationals?

3. Why do many view multinationals with suspicion today?

4. What do host countries do to restrict multinationals’ activities?

5. What is the main objective of the multinational?

6. How can multinationals harm the national interests of highly industrialized countries?

7. What is implied by remote control? Why do governments feel uneasy about it?

8. How do developing countries depend on foreign investment?

9. How can a government gain greater control over an industry?

10. What are the arguments of those who criticize multinationals?

11. What do their supporters say?

Translate the sentences, using the words from the word list.

1. Дэвид Джонс – главный исполнительный директор крупной туристической компании. Он основал свою компанию, после того, как 20 лет проработал в туристическом бизнесе.

2. В компании работает 4 тысячи сотрудников и почти все они имеют акции своей компании.

3. Не могли бы мы отложить нашу встречу? Боюсь, я буду занят весь день в четверг.

4. Секрет успеха этой туристическом компании в том, что она может предложить клиентам большие скидки. Используя свои связи, директор может договариваться о скидках до 65% со стандартной цены.

5. Директор компании подписал специальные контракты с авиакомпаниями и отелями.

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6. Эта компания позволяет Вам отыскать старых друзей, с которыми Вы потеряли связь.

7. Компания очень быстро развивается. Она была основана в 2000г., в результате выкупа акций ее сотрудниками.

8. Каждый год сотрудники компании получают премию в виде акций.9. В 1997г. в результате поглощения Мазератти стала дочерней

компанией Феррари.Выпуск автомобилей уменьшился.

10.Основные черты компании - это: традиции, внимание к дизайну и преданность своим клиентам.

11.В течение года Мартин Лич работал внештатным консультантом, до того как стал главным исполнительным директором Мазерати.

12.Мартин Лич смог совместить свой интерес к гоночным автомобилям со своей карьерой в автомобильном бизнесе.

CREATIVE WRITING

Write a web page giving the history of a company you know about or one you have invented. You may find some of the words in the box useful.

Found establish begin manufacture develop achieve reach launch expand produce want increase

Include information about the following:

1. The origins of the company, who founded it and when2. Key dates in its history3. The opening of new offices or factories4. Important orders or contracts it obtained5. Periods of important growth6. Introduction of new products or services7. Establishment of subsidiaries8. Appointment of key personalities in its management 9. Significant recent events

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UNIT 3

WORD LIST

1. an investment bank2. to travel abroad3. to deal with clients4. to find smth. easy / difficult5. a native speaker6. to communicate with colleagues7. an open-plan office8. a body language9. a facial expression10. a posture11. to establish an eye contact12. non-verbal signals13. to cross your arms14. suspicious15. hostile16. open –minded17. distracted18. thoughtful19. decisive20. intrusive21. confident22. innovative23. thorough24. supportive and encouraging25. to lean back / forward26. to decipher the hieroglyphs27. to be covered with28. to rebuilt smth.29. to work out30. to discover; discovery31. to predict32. to disappear33. to preserve languages34. core words

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35. a strong accent36. to respect culture37. to save money38. to give smb. An advantage39. to dominate meetings40. job opportunities41. to impress smb. 42. a strong / tentative opinion 43. to do military service44. to make a profit45. free education46. to pay the cost of smth. to get a share of profits47. unemployed48. state-owned49. enthusiastic flexible50. punctual51. responsible

EXERCISE 1 A). Form the opposites to these adjectives by adding negative prefixes ( -un, -in, -ir)EnthusiasticFlexibleResponsiblePunctualEmployedSuspiciousThoughtfulDecisiveConfidentB). Describe someone you know, using some of these adjectives.

EXERCISE 2Make nouns and adjectives from these verbs:PromoteTravelDealCommunicateFaceInnovateBuild

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DiscoverPredictDisappearRespectDominateImpressDependprovide

DESCRIBING CHARACTER

Many positive words describing character have clear opposites with a negative meaning.

Positive Negative

Warm and friendly cold and unfriendly

Nice, pleasant horrible, unpleasant

Generous mean

Optimistic pessimistic

Cheerful miserable

Relaxed and easy-going tense

Strong weak

Sensitive insensitive

Honest dishonest

People often talk about qualities of character that you may need in a work situation.

Positive Negative

Hard-working lazy

Punctual not very punctual; always late

Reliable unreliable

Clever, bright stupid, thick (inf)

Flexible inflexible45

Ambitious unambitious

Some pairs of opposites do not have a particularly positive or negative meaning:

Shy – self-confident

Reserved – emotional

EXERCISES

1. Organize these words into pairs of opposites and put them in the columns below.Mean clever nice lazy relaxed hard-workingTense cheerful generous unpleasant stupid miserable

Positive Negative………………………. …………………….………………………. …………………….………………………. …………………….………………………. …………………….………………………. …………………….………………………. …………………….

2. What prefix forms the opposite of each of these words? (You need three different prefixes.)Kind flexible friendly honestReliable sensitive ambitious pleasant

3. How would you describe the person in each of these descriptions?1. He never bought me a drink all the time we were together.2. I have to tell her what o do every minute of the working day. She

wouldn’t even open a window without someone’s permission.3. He often promises to do things but half the time he forgets.4. She is always here on time.5. I don’t think he’s done any work since he’s been here.6. She finds it difficult to meet people and talk to strangers.7. He could work in any of the departments, and it doesn’t matter to him if

he’s on his own or part of a team.8. One of the great things about her is that she is so aware of what other

people think or feel.9. Bob is a complete opposite. He is always making people angry or upset

because he just doesn’t consider their feelings.

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10.The other thing about Bob is that he really wants to get the supervisor’s job and then become boss for the whole department.

4. What nouns can be formed from these adjectives?Example: kind - kindnessPunctual Optimistic Reliable LazySensitive Generous Ambitious StupidConfident Strong flexible Shy

5. Choose three words which describe you. Is there one quality you don’t have but would like to have? What , in your opinion, is the worst quality described in the list.

6. Match the adjectives in the box to the sentences.Agile ambitious determined enthusiastic intelligent powerful ruthless talented1. He will not let anything stop him from doing what he decided to do.2. He’s always really interested in and excited by his sport.3. I’ve never known anyone who wants so much to be successful.4. She can really move very quickly and very easily.5. She has so much natural ability.6. She is very, very strong.7. She thinks clearly and quickly.8. The only thing that is important to him is success. He doesn’t mind if

other people suffer in the process.7. Make nouns from the adjectives in the previous exercise.

Agile – agility8. Think of a well-known sports personality. Which of the words in the

previous two exercises can you use to describe this person? What special qualities do you think children need to become very successful at sport?

9. Complete the sentences with the adjectives from the box.Shy outgoing competitive chatty spoilt generousNaughty bright easy-going intense lazy stubborn1. He’s very clever – just really ………………………..2. She’s really friendly – really ……………………. .She’s really good at

making new friends.3. She’s quite quiet – quite ………………………… .4. They’re very relaxed – just very ………………… .5. He’s very sporty, and very …………………. . He always wants to win!6. He’s very sweet and affectionate, but he can be quite …………………..

sometimes.

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7. He’s quite serious – quite ……………………. .8. He’s a bit of a dropout – just very ……………………. .9. She’s very determined. In fact, she can be very ……………………. .10.They’re strict, but they can also be very kind and ……………………… .11.He’s very indulgent with his daughter. He gives her whatever she asks

for, so she’s very …………………… 12.He can seem quite quiet when you first meet him, but he actually quite

……………………. And funny once you get to know him.

Human feelings

Noun Adjectives

Love -

Happiness happy

Anger angry

Fear afraid (of) / frightened (of)

Pride proud (of)

Jealousy jealous (of)

Embarrassment embarrassed / embarrassing

EXERCISES

1. What nouns can be formed from these adjectives?Angry sad happy proud jealous embarrassed

2. Find the logical ending on the right for each of the sentence beginnings on the left.1. He was very proud when a. someone stole his money.2. He was very jealous when b. his father appeared on TV with the

Prime Minister.3. He was very embarrassed when c. he heard that his aunt had died.4. He was very angry when d. he saw those big dogs running

towards him.5. He was very sad when e. he bought her a birthday present on

the wrong day.6. He was very frightened when f. his best friend went out with the girl

he really liked.48

3. Answer these questions. 1. Would you feel embarrassed or upset if you forgot your mother’s

birthday or your father’s birthday?2. Do you ever feel frightened in a car (as a passenger) because you are

going very fast?3. Do you get angry when other people want you to do things that you don’t

want to do?4. If you made a stupid mistake in English, would you feel embarrassed?5. Is there any one thing that you are proud of?6. Are there any common situations where you sometimes feel

embarrassed?

-ED and -ING ADJECTIVES

The –ed adjectives tell us how a person feels:

The worried parents waited anxiously for news.

Adjectives ending –ing tell us about the effect that something or someone has on our feelings:

It was a disappointing film.

Here are some common –ed/ -ing adjectives.

Amused / amusing excited / exciting

Annoyed / annoying fascinated / fascinating

Bored / boring frightened / frightening

Confused / confusing interested / interesting

Disappointed / disappointing irritated / irritating

Disgusted / disgusting satisfied / satisfying

Embarrassed / embarrassing surprised / surprising

Encouraged / encouraging terrified / terrifying

EXERCISES

1. Complete the following sentences with the correct –ed or –ing adjective, using the verbs in the list.

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Interest relax surprise confuse bore annoy embarrass frighten depress irritate

1. The instructions in the exam were very complicated and left the students feeling totally ……………….. .

2. I don’t find horror films at all ……………….. – in fact, I find them quite funny.

3. Would you be ………………. In coming to the theatre this evening ? I have a spare ticket.

4. Can you fix that dripping tap? It’s getting on my nerves – it’s really ……………….. .

5. I didn’t expect to see Peter at the party. I was really …………….. to see him there.

6. He’s had a lot of bad news recently and is feeling a bit ……………… . Let’s go and cheer him up.

7. I find it ………………. To lie on the sofa and listen to music after hard day’s work.

8. I was told the film was really good but I felt utterly ……………….. by it.9. I get really ……………… when people throw rubbish down in the

streets. It makes me furious.10.If I said anything as stupid as he did in front of a thousand people, I’d

feel really ………………. .2. Answer the questions using –ed or –ing adjectives.

1. What do you think about the destruction of the rain forests?………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. How would you feel if you climbed Mount Everest?………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. If you failed the exam, how would you feel?………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. What do you think of people who drop litter?………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. What do your parents think of your friends?………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. If you were flying to New York tomorrow, how would you feel?

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………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Whenever you see a beggar, how do you feel?………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. What do you think of sport on television?………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. When the bus or train is late, how do you feel?……………………………………………………………………………………………….

10.How would you feel if someone found you cheating?……………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Match these –ing adjectives with the nouns.Inspiring disappointing confusingExciting annoying relaxing1….holiday / bath / atmosphere / place / time2….habit / person / noise / problem / spam3…. City / new development / discovery / opportunity 4….teacher / speech / story / book / film /video clip 5….instructions / message /grammar / explanation6….response / news / loss / result / game / salesWrite eight true sentences using the new collocations.

LEARNING LANGUAGESA. Answer the following questions:

1. Do you speak any other languages?a. I’m fairly fluent in Spanish. I can maintain conversations on a range of

topics.b. I get by if I’m travelling in Germany – I can do the basic things.c. My Japanese is very basic – just a few words.d. I’m more or less bilingual in English and Turkish.e. I can have a conversation about some things in Italian if people speak

slowly2. How did you learn your foreign language? Did you go to classes, teach

yourself, or just pick it up off the street?3. Do you find it easy to pick up a new language?

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4. Why are you learning English?

LANGUAGE WORDSB. It is a good idea to ask questions about the words you learn. Discuss the

answers. 1. What is the adverb of fluent? And what is the noun?2. Is lack a verb or a noun or both?3. Where is the stress when you say available?4. How do you pronounce foreign?5. What preposition follows the adjective worried?6. What preposition follows the verb rely?7. Can you say two phrasal verbs connected with language learning?8. What verb collocates (goes) with mistake?9. What things can improve?10.What’s the opposite of a slight accent?

C. Identify the nationalities and languages of the residents of the following capitals.

GRAMMAR

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Capitals Nationality LanguageParisCopenhagenBeijingOttawaMonacoBerneAnkaraSeoulBeirutCairoAmsterdamCanberraJerusalemWellingtonDublin

Comparatives

1. Put one suitable word in each space.

a) My brother is two years older ……………….. me.b) The train takes just ………………. Long as the bus.c) I thought the second hotel we stayed in was …………….. more friendly.d) Unfortunately we are ………………. well-off than we used to be.e) Do you think you could make a ……………… less noise?f) These exercises seem to be getting harder and ………………. .g) Jean didn’t enjoy the match as much as I ……………….. .

2. Put one suitable word in each space, beginning with the letter given.

a) Is William feeling any b……………….. today?

b) Everyone ate a lot, but Chris ate the m……………….. .

c) What’s the l……………….. news about the situation in Egypt?

d) I‘d feel a lot h………………. if you let me help.

e) Graham has been sinking d…………….. into debt lately.

f) It’s 35 degrees today! It must be the h……………….. day so far this year.

g) Only $45? Is that all? Oh well, it’s b……………….. than nothing.

h) He had to wait a f……………….. two months before he got his promotion.

i) Ruth wore her b………………. dress to her sister’s wedding.

j) Harry has got over the w……………… of his cold.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

1. Underline any relative pronouns that can be left out in these sentences.a) I think that my boss is the person who I admire most.b) Harry, who was tired, went to bed very early.c) We’re taking the train that leaves at 6.00.d) Have you seen the book that I left here on the desk?e) The film that we liked most was the French one.f) My radio, which isn’t very old, has suddenly stopped working.g) The clothes which you left behind are at the reception desk.h) The couple who met me at the station took me out to dinner.i) Last week I ran into an old friend who I hadn’t seen for ages.j) Don’t cook the meat that I put in the freezer – it’s for the dog.

2. Underline the most suitable word in each sentence.53

a) My friend Jack, that/who/whose parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend Christmas in Scotland.

b) Here’s the computer program that/whom/ whose I told you about.c) I don’t believe the story that/who/whom she told us.d) Peter comes from Witney, that/who/which is near Oxford.e) This is the gun with that/ whom/which the murder was committed.f) Have you received the parcel whom/whose/which we sent you?g) Is this person who/which/whose you asked me about?h) That’s the girl that/who/whose brother sits next to me at school.i) The meal, that/which/whose wasn’t very tasty, was quite expensive.j) We didn’t enjoy the play that/who/whose we went to see.

3. Put a suitable relative pronoun in each space, or leave the space blank where possible.a) My bike, ……………… I had left at the gate, had disappeared.b) The shoes ………………. I bought were the ones ……………….. I tried

on first.c) The bag in ……………….. the robbers put the money was found later.d) The medicine ……………….. the doctor gave me had no effect at all.e) Peter, ……………… couldn’t see the screen, decided to change his seat.f) I really liked that tea …………….. you made me this morning.g) What was the name of your friend ………………. Tent we borrowed?h) The flight ……………….. Joe was leaving on was cancelled.

4. Make one sentence from each pair of sentences. Use the word given in capitals.a) Brenda is a friend. I went on holiday with her. (WHO)

…………………………………………………………………………………..

b) This is Mr Smith. His son Bill plays in our team. (WHOSE)……………………………………………………………………………………….

c) Her book was published last year. It became a best seller. (WHICH)………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

d) This is the bank. We borrow the money from it. (WHICH)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

e) I told you about a person. She is at the door. (WHO)………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

f) Jack’s car had broken down. He had to take a bus. (WHOSE)

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

READ AND DISCUSS.

Language was first written down about five and half thousand years ago, in about 3500 BC. The Sumerians, who lived in Mesopotamia, were the first people to write down their language. They used symbols called pictographs to represent everyday objects – a bit like Egyptian hieroglyphics – and the first actual alphabet was developed around 3500 years ago by the Phoenicians, who lived on the eastern coast of what is now Syria. Today there are around 65 alphabets in the world. Interestingly, the shortest of them, the one used in the Solomon Islands, has only 11 letters. And the longest is the Cambodian, it’s got 74 letters.

There are somewhere in the region of 4000 languages in the world today. We’ll never find out the exact figure. The most spoken is Mandarin Chinese. It has about a billion speakers. English is next with about half a billion speakers and Hindi, Spanish and Russian are not too far behind. These five languages account for half of all the conversations in the world!

The latest thinking is that English is the biggest language, largely due to the number of technical and scientific words it contains. There are at least a million words in English. Most native speakers only use about 10,000 words.

According to recent research, where tens of thousands of hours of conversation have been fed into computers and analyzed, the most used word in English is “the”. We think, “be” is the most used verb in English. And the most common noun is “thing”.

Modern English, which is about 500 years old, is a mixture of mainly Romance and Germanic languages. Greek and Arabic have also provided English with many words. For example, “sugar” comes from Arabic. And, surprisingly, so does “alcohol”. In fact many, many words have been” borrowed” from other languages. For instance, “coffee” comes from Turkish and “chess’, the game, is a Persian word. “Ketchup” comes from the Malay language, a traditional Malaysian sauce. “Shampoo” is actually a Hindi word, from India.

By the way, Papua New Guinea has got the most languages – over eight hundred and fifty separate languages, but India has got dozens of languages. The bank notes there have got thirteen languages written on them. They’re the main languages. Most people there speak at least two or three languages.

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What’s the highest number of languages spoken by one person? There was a Frenchman who spoke 31 different languages. All of them fluently!

Discuss. What facts do you find interesting, amusing, worth to know, shocking?

Ask questions about the facts mentioned in the text.

ESPERANTO.

What would the world be like if everyone spoke the same language? Would we understand each other better and be more sympathetic to each other’s causes? I’m talking about sharing the same second language – Esperanto.

What are the facts about this artificial language? Well, it was invented in 1887 by a Polish doctor, Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof. The vocabulary comes mainly from Western European languages, and the grammar is similar to Slavic languages. It sounds like Italian.

From the learner’s point of view, it has the advantage that there are no exceptions to the rules. It is spoken all over the world by approximately eight million people, and there are many who would like Esperanto to be the official second language of the world.

Esperanto means “hopeful”, and it was Zamenhof’s hope that a common language would promote a friendship and an understanding amongst all people of the world. His inspiration is summed up by the Esperanto term ‘interna ideo” which means central idea, and it is an idea of human peace and justice.

There are many advantages of Esperanto as a world language. The advantages of the world being able to talk freely to each other about business, politics, culture, sport, hobbies are obvious. The costs of translation at any international conference are staggering.

The main advantage is that Esperanto is a neutral language. It doesn’t have the national, political, and cultural bias that all others of course have. If everybody has to learn a second language, then everybody is equal.

Esperanto is a very easy language to learn. The tense system has none of the complications of English, and the grammar is based on just sixteen rules which have no exceptions. There are only five vowel sounds. The most remarkable thing is that after a very short time learners find that they can express quite sophisticated ideas, the same sort of things that they would want to say in their own language.

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Esperanto is taught in many schools in Hungary and China. It has such internal logic that it could become the international computer language, and that would really establish it.

Discuss the advantages of Esperanto as a world language.

What do you think of Zamenhof’s “interna ideo”?

Would you rather be learning Esperanto than English? Why / why not?

ENGLISH AS AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE – NO PROBLEM, OK?

The British and the Americans like to talk about the differences between British and American English. There are a few small differences in the grammar and there are a few words that are different on either side of the Atlantic, but the big difference is the accent. Some British films have subtitles in America because people can’t understand what the actors are saying, and some American TV series (The Sopranos, for example) are difficult for the British to understand.

However, if you listen to Standard English (the language that TV newsreaders use, for example) in Britain or the US, there are no problems of understanding at all. The problems are with the different kinds of American and British English. These different dialects and accents depend on people’s social class and the geographical area where they live. It is possible, for example, that a middle-class speaker from the south of England will find it difficult to understand a working class speaker from the north. In the same way, a wealthy Californian may not understand a working-class New Yorker. All of these people have accents, but the middle class accents are usually closer to Standard English.

With so many different Englishes, it is difficult for learners of the language. What sort of English should they learn? Is American English better than British English, or the other way round? The answer depends on their reasons for learning English. If they are learning English for their work, the choice will probably be easy. But for many students, it doesn ‘t matter. What matters is that they understand and are understood.

The world is changing and English is no longer the property of the British, Americans or Australians. Most English that you hear and see around the world is spoken or written by non-native speakers – between, for example, a Greek and a German, or between a Russian and an Italian. English is the main language of business, academic conferences and tourism, of popular music, home computers and video games. English has become the Latin of the modern world.

Because of this, the question of American or British English is becoming less and less important. More and more people now talk about English as an International

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language – a language that is not American or British. It has hundreds of different accents, but if people can understand what you are saying, no problem. OK?

ANSWER:

Does the writer think that it is better to learn American or British English?

Which accents in your language do you find difficult to understand?

What do other people think of your accent?

What is the best accent in your language for a student to learn?

CREATIVE WRITINGa. Write about a well-known personality. b. Describe your personality.

Translate the sentences using the active vocabulary:

1. Мне часто приходится иметь дело с клиентами, которые не говорят по-русски, поэтому мне приходится говорить на иностранных языках.2. Клэр работает в инвестиционном банке, который находится в Лондоне. Раньше она работала в парижском отделении банка.3. Многие ученые предсказывают, что большинство мировых языков исчезнет в ближайшие сто лет.4. Изучение иностранного языка может оказаться гораздо труднее чем вы думаете.5. Изучение испанского языка – это самое интересное и полезное из всего, чем я когда-либо занималась.6. Японский язык гораздо труднее испанского.7. Китай производит электротовары, текстиль и одежду, которые продаются во всем мире.8. Для американских студентов самим легким языком для изучения является испанский, а китайский - самым сложным.9. Американцам легче учить европейские языки чем азиатские.

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10. Во время переговоров важно помнить о языке тела, то есть жестах, позах, выражении лица, зрительном контакте и т.д.11. Камень Розетта может быть использован как словарь для проверки значения слов древних языков.12. Знание иностранного языка дает больше возможностей при трудоустройстве.

Принимая участие в совещании, дискуссии

1. Цель нашего совещания сегодня – это …..2. Мария, вы хотите начать?3. Минуту, Мария, можно мне кое-что спросить?4. Извините, я не совсем вас понимаю. Объясните, что вы имеете в виду под …5. Все согласны?6. ОК. Давайте перейдем к следующей теме.7. Думаю, это все. Вы хотите обсудить что-то еще?8. Суммируя все выше сказанное…9. Хорошо. Закончим на сегодня.

UNIT 4

CONSUMER TRENDS

Word list:

1. spending habits/power, consumer spending2. to save money3. a retail outlet4. household expenditure5. single-person household, single women6. birth rate, divorce rate, rate of growth7. life expectancy8. dependent child9. disposable income10.elderly people11.round the clock12.to boom13.to increase sales by …%

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14.on the way home15.to expand opening hours16.consumption of foods17.increase in, growth, rise18.to move into an apartment19.to wave at smb.20.to fall, a dramatic fall, decline21.to grow dramatically22.to be left behind23.to enter workforce24.to earn money25.housing costs26.domestic / overseas travel27.car ownership28.cinema attendance29.newspaper circulation30.current trends 31.shellfish32.seasonal promotions33.a variety of beers34.a selection of snacks35.live news broadcasts36.poached salmon37.grilled sirloin steak38.to cater for all tastes39.dairy products40.criteria (ethical criteria)41.code of conduct42.energy-efficient appliances43.growth markets44.market share45.organic food46.a sweatshop47.ethical consumers/ awareness / issues48.green household products49.environmentally-friendly cleaning products50.responsible tourism51.with regard to52.labour conditions, child labour53.turnover54.per annum

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55.to do market research56.to design a programme57.to list in a brochure

VOCABULARY EXERCISES1. A). Combine the words from column A with the words from column B to

make collocationsA B Spending countriesHousehold worldDramatic awarenessBest quality trendsEthical travelHousing coresCurrent fall Seasonal expenditureEthical atmosphere Developed habits costs power products income food rise promotions investments consumers policies issues service department news sales

B) Translate the collocations into Russian and make sentences with 5 of them.

2. Find the opposites61

To spend moneyA single womanBirth rateElderly peopleTo increase salesTo expand opening hoursTo enter the workforceTo get marriedDomestic travelTo reach the highest pointCurrent trendsDelicious mealLive broadcastsSelf-service restaurantsDeveloped world

3. A). Make compound nounsRetail force

Work fishShell outletTable shareSea overMarket serviceTurn food

B). Use the compounds in the sentences of your own.

4. AIR TRAVEL

1. Match the words a-h with their partners 1-8

a) departure 1) flight

b) check-in 2) control

c) boarding 3) pass

d) overhead 4) lounge

e) delayed 5) seat

f) passport 6) locker

g) metal 7) detector62

h) window 8) desk

2. Complete these sentences with the word combinations from 1.

a. While I waited in the , I did some shopping.

b. The woman at the asked where I wanted to sit.

c. I prefer a so I can look at the view.

d. They didn’t allow me to get on the plane because I lost my .

e. When she went through the , the alarm sounded.

f. At the official looked at my photograph for five minutes.

g. If you aren’t careful, things can fall out of the onto your head.

h. I missed my connection because of a .

3. AT THE AIRPORT

1. Complete the text with the words from the box.

e-mail flight high-street selection card earn airport trip branches discounts sign up tips relax

Do you have a long wait for you’re a) from Heathrow? If so, why not take advantage of some of the great facilities available at the b) ,to help pass the time? There are lots of different things you can do. Heathrow has a large c) of shops including brand-name fashion and beauty stores. These are available both before and after the security check and include d) of Boots, Accessorize and Austin Reed. In fact, Heathrow airport has more e) shops than most high streets! It’s ideal for purchasing those little things you can forget when you organize a holiday or business f) abroad.

BAA, who operate Heathrow airport and several others, offer various reward schemes and g) on items purchased at any of their airports. For example, the BAA Worldcard is a credit h) that helps you save money. For every &1 you spend with this card you i) one BAA Worldpoint . Why not j) for one while you wait for your flight at Heathrow?

While some people like to shop, others prefer to k) and prepare for their journey. Restaurants and coffee shops are a great place to do this, and Heathrow has a Wetherspoon’s pub, a Caffe Nero, and a Burger King for the kids.

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Please share your experiences of Heathrow Airport with us. When you get back from your trip or holiday, send us an l) . Tell us about your time at Heathrow and any ideas and m) for other passengers.

2. Sum up the main ideas , add your own air travel experience.

DESCRIBING CURRENT TRENDS

Present Continuous

Rearrange these words to form sentences:

1. Targeting a Europe lot companies are now Eastern ofA …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. European some Eastern growing quickly economies are verySome ……………………………………………………………………………………

3. These companies foreign are in numerous countries investingNumerous ……………………………………………………………………………..

4. To companies are joint trying ventures many establishMany ………………………………………………………………………….

5. In some European now currencies rising value Eastern areSome ………………………………………………………………………………..

6. Under goods companies are these producing licence in countries someSome ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Is the of goods improving quality domesticThe ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

8. Improving the other of and services is also quality hotels

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The …………………………………………………………………………………

9. Output rising industrial again isIndustrial ………………………………………………………………………..

10.Is unemployment unfortunately the rising also rateUnfortunately, ……………………………………………………

Exercise 2

Find eight important word partnerships in the above.

Example: share – market share

1. ………. joint ventures2. ………. goods3. Economies ………….4. ………… rate5. ………. under license6. ………. in value7. ………. is improving8. Industrial …………

Grammar note: We often use the Present Continuous to describe the current situation:

The pound is falling against the dollar.

CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT

DESCRIBING CHANGES

We often talk about changes using verbs in the present perfect. We add adverbs to describe the degree of the change. Look at these examples.

Unemployment hasHouse prices have

Risen gone up increased

DramaticallyA lotSteadilySlightlyA bitBy 15 %

Over the past few monthsOver the last few yearsOver the past ten yearsSince last year

Gone down dropped fallen

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A. Decide how the things in the box have changed in your country from the past to now. Choose adverbs and time expressions to add more details.Unemployment Food prices House prices The crime rate The average wage The birth rate TaxesPetrol pricesThe divorce rate

B. Look at the comments below. Which changes in exercise A could the speakers be discussing?I’s because there’s an election next year.I think it’s happened because of problems in the economy.I guess it might be because there aren’t enough homes.It’s probably a result of having more police on the street.It has something to do with rising oil prices.I think it has something to do with the fact that people have to work long hours.

C. Work in pairs. Ask and answer questions about changes in your country using the language in exercises A and B. For example:A: Why do you think the crime has fallen over the last few years?B: I’m not sure. I guess it might be because people are richer.

D. Decide whether these sentences represent a rise or a fall, and whether that rise or fall is small or large.

Example: The price of oil shot up recently. (= large rise)

1. Share prices on the London Stock Exchange slipped back a little yesterday.2. The price of gold has slumped in recent week.3. Shares soared when news of the takeover bid was made public.4. There has been a slight increase in sales during the past six month.5. The share price plunged when the takeover bid was rejected.6. Commodity prices rallied slightly last week.7. The pound was slightly stronger yesterday.

COLLOCATIONS - CONSUMER

Exercise 1

All the words in the box form strong collocations with the word “consumer”. Match up the terms in the box with the definitions below.

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Consumer behavior consumer boycott

Consumer confidence consumer credit

Consumer durables consumer goods

Consumer market consumer panel

Consumer profile consumer spending

1. A description of the characteristics of the consumers of a particular product, in terms f age, class, income, and so on.

2. A group of shoppers who record their purchases of all or selected products, for use in market research.

3. Goods in that last a long time, such as cars, “white goods” (Fridges, cookers), “brown goods” (televisions, stereos), and so on.

4. Goods in everyday use, such as food, clothing, household goods, and services such as hairdressing, retail banking, and so on.

5. How people in general feel about job security, future economic prospects, and so on.

6. How different people react to marketing stimuli, depending on their psychology, their cultural and social background, and their economic situation.

7. The amount of money being spent on consumer goods and services, which fluctuates with recessions and booms.

8. The amount of money borrowed by people to buy goods and services, depending on confidence and the economic cycle.

9. The individuals and households that buy products for their own personal consumption.

10.When consumers refuse to buy the products of a company they disapprove of for ethical or political reasons.

Exercise 2

Complete the paragraph with collocations from Exercise 1.

A government spokesman yesterday insisted that the latest figures showed that (1) ………. was returning, and (2) ………. was increasing. Several retailers disagreed, and suggested that sales of (3) ……….. had only increased in January because all the major stores had had extended Winter Sales and discounted prices by up to 20%. The High Street banks say that the level of the (4) ……………….

remains low, with many people paying off earlier debts, and afraid to take on new ones.

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FOOD FILE. REVISION.

Exercises

1. Can you write down a vegetable and fruit:Beginning with the letter ‘p’Beginning with the letter ‘b’Beginning with the letter ‘m’Beginning with the letter ‘c’Beginning with the letter ‘a’

2. Which is the odd one out in each group and why?Pork veal salmon beefSalmon shrimp oyster lobsterLettuce aubergine tomato cucumberPeach onion mushroom courgetteChicken lamb beef mussels

3. Complete these sentences about yourself and your country.1) In my country ……………….. is/are more common than ……………….2) In my country ……………….. is/are more expensive than

………………..3) In my country a mixed salad usually contains

………………………………4) In my country we don’t grow

……………………………………………………….5) And we don’t often eat

………………………………………………………………..6) Personally, I prefer ……………. to

…………………………………………………..7) I love ………………. But I don’t really like

……………………………………….8) My favorite meat

is…………………………………………………………………….

READINGChecking out the check outThe eighteen-century French writer, Brillat-Savarin, wrote that we are what we eat. But in the consumer world of the twenty-first century it is perhaps truer to say we are what we buy.Every year, in order to find out more about who we are, the National Office of Statistics draws up a list of the typical contents of the nation’s shopping

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basket. The list is designed to analyze the nation’s buying habits as accurately as possible. Every year they remove any items that are becoming less popular and replace them with new products.In this year’s basket they have included: A carton of low-fat milk, a bottle of mineral water, a tub of olive oil based- margarine, a bag of pre-washed salad leaves and some free-range chicken. The basket does not contain a box of matches (apparently we prefer lighters), a bottle of gin (it seems that we’ve become a nation of vodka drinkers) or a packet of cheese slices (which were very popular a few years ago).Changes in the basket show that traditional British foods, like bread and butter or bacon and eggs and a cup of tea, which used to be so popular, are being replaced by a more Mediterranean diet. Twenty years ago very few households included olive oil or fresh pasta in their shopping lists.Now they are among the top ten most likely items on the Great Britain shopping list. Ten years ago very few families bought bottled mineral water to drink at home – they thought it was a luxury item. But, influenced by holidays in other European countries, we’re now buying so much that it has taken over from more traditional drinks such as lemonade. And it would seem that the typical British consumer is also spending more money on organic fruit and vegetables, vegetarian burgers and decaffeinated coffee. At the same time, less healthy food items have been crossed off the list.So it seems that Britain as a nation is looking more to its European neighbours and thinking more about its health. The next time you’re in the supermarket, take a quick look at the contents of your trolley and see if you’re a part of modern Britain.

1. Read the first two paragraphs of the article. Answer the questions.

What is the ‘nation’s shopping basket’?

What is its purpose?

How often do the contents change?

2. Read the rest of the article and make lists of the following things.

Typical products in the nation’s ‘basket of goods’ at present.

Products that have been added to the basket in the last ten to twenty years.

Any changes in British eating habits.

3. Discuss these questions :

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What are the differences between the typical British shopping basket and a typical basket in your country?

Have eating habits in your country changed in the last twenty years? What do you think will be a typical shopping basket in twenty years’ time?

READING 2

Look at the title of the text and say what you think it is about.

Guess whether the following statements are true or false, then read quickly through the text and see if your guesses were correct.

a) Chocolate makes us feel depressed.b) Sugar causes tooth decay.c) Cheese and cream are rich in calcium.d) Tea helps you to sleep well.

EAT, DRINK … AND DON’T BE SORRY

In ancient Greek times, Epicurus lived by the philosophy, “Eat, drink and be merry, and let tomorrow take care of itself!” Sadly, nowadays our instinct to enjoy ourselves has been replaced with feelings of guilt about what we should or shouldn’t eat. But just how damaging are all those ‘harmful’ foods we find so tempting? Let’s look more closely at the good and bad sides of some of our favourites.

Chocolate contains mild stimulants which help concentration and boost the brain’s level of serotonin, a chemical that makes us feel good. Chocolate is also rich in iron, magnesium and potassium. On the down side, it is high in fat and calories and can interrupt sleep if eaten in the evenings.

Sugar is converted into energy more quickly than any other food, so it is hard for the body to store it as fat. Studies have shown that it makes you feel fill more quickly, so you are less likely to overeat. Eating sugar at breakfast time has been shown to improve concentration and memory in the morning. The bad news is that sugar causes tooth decay and contains no useful nutrients.

Meat is an important food as it is a major source of protein, vitamin B and essential minerals. However, it also contributes a quarter of our daily fat intake. A high intake of red meat can lead to colon cancer, and beef is blamed for Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease, an illness which affects the brains of humans.

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Cheese and cream are rich in calcium and vitamin D, which help protect the system against osteoporosis, a bone disease affecting a third of all European women over 60. Unfortunately, butter is almost pure saturated fat, and is very high in calories. Eating it is thought to lead to hardening of the arteries, which is known to cause heart attacks and strokes.

Coffee and tea contain caffeine, which increases alertness. Tea contains tannin and flavanoids which help prevent heart disease. On the other hand, since they are stimulants they can interrupt sleep and relaxation and therefore shouldn’t be drunk in the evenings.

It seems, then, that we can feel free to enjoy all of these types of food, keeping in mind that moderation is the key to good health. So eat small amounts of these foods and forget about feeling guilty!

FUTURE TRENDS

If the turn of the century was marked by the drive for super sizes, then the next twenty years will be marked by a demand for ever-decreasing sizes. Mini-portions will be more and more fashionable. Even the big fast-food chains will be bringing out their own mini food, things such as mini-burgers and mini pizzas … and all at mini-prices! And not only will the portions be smaller, but the food itself will be also fresher. Advances in packaging technology will mean that we will be able to keep the food fresh and tasty out of the fridge for much longer. For example, new ultra-light materials will mean that thermos bags and bottles will be lighter, smaller and easier to carry, and we’ll be able to take our pocket-size sushi to work without worrying about it going off. As well as encouraging a taste for smaller portions, the interest in healthier food will also mean that we will be eating more and more organic food – approximately 60 per cent of the food we eat will be organic – and less and less meat. And watch out for a huge increase in consumption of all kinds of seafood. Seaweed, in particular, will be taking off as the number one health food product and we’ll be eating seaweed supplements along with most of our meals.

READING 3

CIVIC MORALITY

If you happen to drop your wallet I Europe, try not to drop it in Lisbon. It seems most Portuguese think it is sometimes or always justified to keep any money they found. Try to drop it in Belfast instead. Only a few people in Northern Ireland would consider keeping it, or so they say.

These insights into our vices come from a massive European study of civic morals. Nearly 19,000 individuals in 13 countries were surveyed by the European Value

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Systems Study Group, a network of academics across the continent. They listed ten antisocial and illegal activities, ranging from littering to tax evasion, and asked people how often they could be justified.

The results show that Europe’s most moral and responsible citizens are the Danes, and the French are the least, but the researchers acknowledge that some nationalities may have been more honest than others when answering the questions. So how accurate are these findings? Perhaps the group’s next survey should be on whether it’s justifiable to lie to social scientists when they ask you questions.

ETHICAL INVESTING

Ethical investing linked to lifestyle and image

Self-image appears to motivate ethical investment decisions, according to a study.

An ethical investment is one that avoids investments in sectors such as tobacco and arms considered by some to be ethically unsound. There are 30 ethical unit trusts in the UK, worth about #750 million. Some investors also manage their own ethical portfolios. In a study of more than 1,100 ethical investors, economists at the Centre for Economic Psychology at the University of Bath have found that ethical investing correlates with other lifestyle choices.

Speaking at the British Association meeting , Alan Lewis, who led the research, said: “Most ethical investors are healthy, educated and caring professional people, middle-aged or older. The paper they read most is the Guardian.”

In addition, 16 per cent of those surveyed said they were members of the Labour party. Many were members of charitable organizations such as Amnesty International and Oxfam, a third-world aid charity. There is no obvious gender bias. “It appears that this is part of a lifestyle package,” said Dr Lewis.

As ethical investments frequently underperform other portfolios, most ethical investors seem to be prepared to take a loss to support their moral beliefs. Some 80 per cent would be prepared to take a 2 per cent loss in income per year compared with an ordinary portfolio if their overall return was 8 per cent.

Everything, though, has its price. Some 40 per cent of those surveyed said they would reduce their ethical investments if they were underperforming ordinary investments by 5 per cent. The size of an investor’s portfolio seems to have no influence on this decision.

Discuss the following questions.72

a. Do you think ethical investment in greener, environmentally friendlier, less exploitative businesses makes the world a better place?

b. Does it make sense financially for the individual investor?c. Are there any kinds of company you wouldn’t like to see your money being

invested in for moral reasons, even if they were a sound investment?

Read about an investment fund which takes a different view on ethics and investment. Would you be interested in investing in their fund?

WHEN VICE IS CAPITAL

“When it is good, it is very, very good, but when it is bad it is better.” This is the motto of the Vice Fund, the first investment fund not afraid to describe itself as “politically incorrect”.

Imagine that you are one of that ever-increasing number of investors who have lost a fortune on the stock exchange. Feeling depressed, you decide to drown your sorrows in alcohol. Then in the middle of a nervous breakdown you start smoking again. You try your luck at gambling with the few savings you have left, but this also goes wrong. In sheer desperation, you consider the possibility of buying a gun.

Without realizing it, the solution to your problems lies in your very miseries. Or, at least, that is what the managers of the Vice Fund claim – an investment fund which was born in the USA and invests in all those areas which pick up in times of recession – arms, alcohol, gambling and cigarettes.

VICEFUND RISK/RETURN SUMMARY

The fund is not appropriate for investors that have short-term goals.

PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES

1. First, we look for companies that derive a significant portions of their revenues from products often considered socially irresponsible, and

2. Then we select companies from this group based on their financial soundness and potential for growth.

A SOCIAL ACTION PROGRAMME

Read about The Body Shop’s social action programme. Fill the spaces with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use either the past simple or the present perfect tense.

THE BODY SHOP

FACT SHEET73

The first branch of The Body Shop ………………… (open) in 1976 in Brighton, England.

We …………………………. (now grow) into a worldwide organization with more than 1000 stores. Since the

Very beginning, we …………………. (be) committed to activities that benefit communities on both a local and

global scale.

- Employees of The Body Shop are encouraged to take a half day’s paid leave each month to participate inactivities that benefit their local community. In 1991, we ……………………. (win) the UK Award for EmployeeVolunteering.

- We …………………. (run) 21 campaigns to date, ranging from Stop the Burning, to protest about the

- Destruction of Brazilian Rainforests, to human rights campaigns, run in association with AmnestyInternational. In 1990, 2.6 million people ………………… (sign) our petitions against animal testing.In our Refill Recycle campaign in 1992, our customers …………………. (bring) over 560,000 bottles backto our shops in the UK for refilling.

- In 1991, we (fund) …………………… the launch of a newspaper, sold by the homeless people who keep aproportion of the cover price. On the first day it …………………… (sell) 10,000 copies. It …………………….(now progress) from a monthly to a weekly newspaper, with a circulation of 135,000 copies per week.

- We …………………… (start) a Romanian Relief Drive in 1990 to help abandoned children. So far, our projectTeam ………………………. (renovate and refurbish) three orphanages and …………………… (begin) care programs to improve the quality of the children’s lives. Since the start we ………………… (take care)To involve local people in our efforts and team of volunteers …………………… (work) alongside RomanianStaff. In 1993 we …………………… (expand) our efforts with another hospital project in Albania.

ELASTIC ETHICS

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It was Groucho Marx who said that if people didn’t like his principles, he had others.

And, unfortunately, business people and companies are not always as reliable or as trustworthy as we would like. Product descriptions are frequently are not as accurate as they could be, for example, when listing ingredients used in foodstuffs.Service is not always as prompt as we expect, even in so-called fast-food restaurants. But it is perhaps in the world of advertising where ethical standards seem to be the most elastic. Advertisements are frequently deceptive and often confusing or deliberately misleading sometimes making extravagant promises. No doubt advertisers are neither more dishonest nor any less altruistic than the rest of us; they do not often make obviously false claims. It’s just that, like Groucho, they sometimes seem a little too economical with the truth.

Find adjectives and explain their meaning.Give examples, confirming the opinion about ethics in advertising.How elastic could your principles be?

Translate the sentences:

1. В Японии молодые работающие женщины и пожилые граждане стали основной рыночной силой.

2. Уровень рождаемости падает, продолжительность жизни увеличивается, люди вступают в брак позже – в результате люди тратят всё больше денег.

3. Когда магазины мужской одежды стали работать круглосуточно, их продажи возрасти на 20%.

4. Многие магазины работают в ночное время, потому что покупатели ночью более расслаблены и тратят больше.

5. Сегодня гораздо больше людей ежедневно пользуются электронной почтой и интернетом.

6. За 20 лет уровень разводов удвоился.7. Пожилые люди в Японии большой располагаемый доход, так как их

расходы на жилье не высоки и они не имеют детей на иждивении.8. Плата за телефон возросла на 10% с 1995 по 2000гг., не смотря на то,

что все остальные расходы домохозяйств упали.

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9. Спокойная атмосфера, холодные и горячие напитки и закуски, новости в прямом эфире, возможность подключиться к интернету – всё это делает кафе наилучшим местом для путешествующих бизнесменов.

10.Потребители во всем мире все больше пользуются одинаковыми товарами.

11.Крупные компании ввели «правила поведения», особенно касающиеся условий труда в развивающихся странах.

12.Популярность этических инвестиций не снижается. Обычные инвесторы всё больше хотят знать во что вкладывают их деньги.

13.В 19 веке в Андалусии существовала традиция подавать посетителям бокал вина, накрытый бесплатным куском ветчины.

14.Мы проводим исследование рынка для различных международных проектов.

UNIT 5

WORD LIST

1. to be located / situated2. conference facilities3. year-round sunshine4. health treatments5. camel rides6. high-speed Internet access7. surrounded by8. natural fibres9. modern convenience10.to be simply furnished11.a formal business suit12.to be arranged by13.to be fully equipped14.to meet the needs15.a fabulous / fantastic location16.to combine smth. With smth.17.feedback18.to treat smb.19.to be fitted with20.to be updated21.to welcome, a welcoming speech22.to cancel a talk

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23.to reschedule smth.24.a new development25.a disused area26.To host, a host, a hostess27.To receive approval28.To construct a building29.to install equipment, cinema seating30.to print promotional material31.to organize a launch party32.to make changes33.to take a course34.to do a work-out, yoga35.to take up a sport36.to join a club37.to keep fit38.to exercise body and mind39.to socialize with smb.40.a leasure programme, to spend leasure time41.head office42.staff, staff discounts, a staff welfare policy43.to balance work and life44.conventional sports45.to encourage smb.46.time off work47.flexible working hours48.to provide healthy meals49.to mind smth.50.an employer, employee51.health and fitness routine52.to research smth53.to have trouble54.to leave a message55.to change the agenda56.a land line, a mobile phone

EVENING AND WEEKEND ACTIVITIES

A. Which o the four endings are not correct?1. I stayed in and …

Studied / played football / take t easy/ tidied up.2. I played …

Roller-blading / on the computer /golf / tennis.77

3. I went …Clubbing / a run / cycling /walking in the country.

4. I went for …A meal / a ride on my bike/ the gym / a swim

5. I went to …The cinema / shopping / Karen’s house for dinner /a bar to watch the football.

B. Think of two more ways you can finish each sentence starter in exercise A.

A SPORTING LIFE1. Put the sports into groups according to what you think they have in

common.For example: swimming, surfing, sailing and scuba diving are all water sports.Aerobics athletics badminton baseball basketball bungee jumping climbing cycling football horse-riding ice hockey judo karate rugby sailing scuba-diving skating skydiving snow-boarding surfing swimming table-tennis tennis volleyball weightlifting windsurfing

2. What verbs would you use with each sports: do, play or go?For example: go swimming, play tennis, do weightlifting

3. Can you add any sports to the list in 1?4. Discuss the following questions:

a) Which of these sports do you do or watch?b) Which of these sports are shown on television a lot?c) Do you think any of these sports are unsuitable for women?

5. Match the words from the box to the sentences 1-6.Healthy lifestyle flexibility stamina Hand-eye coordination speed strength1. She swims around 60 lengths every day.2. He can do the 100 metres in under 12 seconds.3. She can touch the back of her head with her leg!4. He can lift 50 kilos.5. She’s really good at racket sports.6. He doesn’t drink, doesn’t smoke, doesn’t stay out late.7. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

Sweat demanding shapeBreath uncoordinated junk

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1. She gets out of ……………….. just walking up the stairs.2. He’s really unfit. He works up a ………………………. just running

for the bus! It’s awful to see!3. He’s really out of ……………….. . He does absolutely no exercise

whatsoever. He doesn’t even walk!4. I went to aerobics class for a while, but it was too ……………… . I

couldn’t keep up with the others in the class!5. I’m so unfit. I really need to stop eating so much …………….. food.

I’m getting fat – look at that flab!6. I’m totally …………………. – just very clumsy. I’m always tripping

over and bumping into things.

ANSWER:

Would you describe yourself as fit or unfit? In what way?

Do you do anything to stay fit? What?

Who’s the fittest / least fit person you know? Why?

HOBBIES

A. Things people play: cards, board games, chess, musical instruments (guitar, saxophone)

B. Things people collect: stamps, coins, antiquesC. Outdoor activities: hiking, camping, rock climbing, hunting, jogging

With these hobbies we can use two different verbs: go and do:We often go camping in the summer. Or I do a bit of rock climbing in the summer.

D. Creative hobbiesCaroline makes her own clothes.Barbara likes photography.Brigit is mad about DIY (do-it-yourself).

EXERCICES

1. Here are some people talking about their hobbies. Can you guess what the hobby is in each case?1) I usually use color, but sometimes you get a better effect with black and

white. It really depends on the subject.2) I really enjoy going round the shops and markets looking for a bargain.

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3) I try to practice every day, but sometimes it’s difficult because I don’t like to disturb my neighbours too much. And one neighbor gets very angry if I play the same thing over and over again.

4) The great thing is you can do it when you like. I usually do it three or four times a week – either early in the morning, or after school. I only go for about 25 minutes but it really keeps me fit.

5) Obviously it saves me a lot of money; and in any case, I hate buying things in boutiques because so many things are badly made.

6) I joined the club because I wanted to get better, and I now play twice a week in the evenings. It has helped me a lot and I have a much better memory for all the different moves and strategies.

7) I think this is a very common hobby for people like me, who have a house but don’t have much money. That’s why I started, but now I think I do a better job than many professionals.

2. Complete these sentences with a suitable verb.1) How often do you ………………. Jogging?2) She ……………….. hiking because she wanted to get more exercise.

Unfortunately, she didn’t like it and she ………………. It ……………….. about six months later.

3) She has always ………………. Her own clothes; it’s much cheaper than buying them.

4) He ……………… old coins.5) I ………………. quite a lot of rock climbing when I’m on holiday.6) I learnt to …………….. the piano when I was at school.7) I wanted to improve my chess, so I …………….. a chess club.8) I don’t really …………….. anything in my spare time.

3. Answer these questions.1) Have you got a hobby? If so, what is it?2) How long have you had this hobby?3) Is it an expensive hobby?4) Why do you like it?5) How much time do you spend on your hobby?6) Is it a common hobby in your country?7) Write down three other common hobbies in your country.

COLLOCATIONS

MAKE and DO

‘Make” means to bring into existence (like making things in a production department) or to produce a result (make a profit, make changes), and “do” means to perform an action (to do an exercise, to do your homework).

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MAKE : an enquiry, an offer, a request, money, an appointment, a complaint, a decision, a forecast, progress, an effort, certain or sure, changes, an improvement, an application, a deal, an excuse, a profit or a loss, arrangements or plans, an apology, a choice, a mistake, a phone call, an attempt, a business trip.

DO : business, a job, an exercise, good, the accounts, an experiment, well o better, damage or harm, something to or for, or with someone, something for a living, some work, homework, wrong, your duty, research, someone a favour, repairs.

Complete the following sentences with the correct form of “make” or “do” and one of the words or expressions from the list above.

1. Janine, can you try to ……………….. me ……………… with my dentist for this afternoon, please?

2. Michael, can you …………….. me ………….. ? I need to borrow a car.3. No, we don’t know what went wrong yet, but we’re …………….. some

…………….. .4. He said I wasn’t working hard enough and I’d really have to ……………..

an …………….. .5. I can’t tell you now, but we expect to …………….. a …………….. early

next week.6. We’re …………….. much …………….. than last year; we’re definitely

……………… progress.7. We spent three days …………….. to the warehouse roof after the storm last

week.8. We …………….. a lot of …………….. in Japan, and since the profit margin

is high, we …………….. a lot of …………….. .9. I checked the figures last night and found that I’d …………….. a lot of

…………….. .10.It’s either one or the other. You’ll have to …………….. a ……………… .

COLLOCATIONS

1. Complete each sentence with a word from the box.

Do make have take give

A) ……………….. one of these pills three times a day before meals.B) All dishes in the menu look good, but I think I’ll …………….. the fish.C) Can I ……………….. a suggestion? Why don’t we have the party on a

different day?D) He said he would …………… me a lift to the airport.

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E) I can’t stand those rap singers! They …………….. me such a headache!F) I don’t usually …………… well in mathematics, but I’m quite good at

English.G) I like babysitting, although the children always …………….. such a

mess.H) I wonder if they have that dress in my size? I …………….. a size 10.I) I’ll …………….. everything I can to help.J) I’m sorry, I ………………… absolutely no idea.K) In your revision you should …………….. priority to tenses.L) It doesn’t matter if you don’t win. Just …………….. your best.M)People say that the English …………….. a good sense of humour.N) We don’t normally give refunds, but in this case we’ll …………….. an

exception.O) We live near the station. You can walk or …………….. the bus.

2. Complete each sentence with a noun from box A and a noun from box B.A: crash holiday market rice rubbish sales skills visitorB: centre collection landing leader production shortage staff weekend

a) I like shopping there. The ………………………… are usually very helpful.b) Coke sells more than Pepsi in my country. It’s the ………………………... .c) You can get a free map of the town from the …………………………………d) The lane was out of control and had to make a …………………………….. .e) ……………………. Is rising in China because the farmers are using more

modern machinery.f) We only have a ……………………. Twice a week and so it can be a bit

smelly at the back of the flats.g) We’re facing a serious ……………………. In our hospitals and so we have to

recruit nurses from other countries.h) The roads will be very busy on Friday evening as it’s a …………………….. .

GRAMMAR PRACTICE: PASSIVES

1. Put each verb in the brackets into a suitable passive form.A) I’m sorry, madam, but this carpet (already sell) ………………………. .B) The old house in the corner (knock down) ……………………. Last year.C) When exactly (John give) ……………………. His prize?D) Most people agree that America (not discover) ………………………..

by Christopher Columbus.E) All complaints about products (deal with) ……………………. By our

customer services department.

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F) Police confirmed that the murder weapon (since discover) ………………………… in a nearby lake.

G) It (announce) …………………….. yesterday that the government has decided not yo raise income tax.

H) Good news! I (ask) ……………………….. to take over as the new manager.

I) I don’t believe that this play (write) ……………………… by Shakespeare.

J) Ann really likes (invite) …………………. To dinner parties.

READING

1) Look at the subheadings of the article. In which country are these places situated?

2) Ask questions about the hotels, using the key words: situated? Shops? Countryside? Sea? Modern? Room service? Activities? Facilities?

3) Which place would you like to stay at? Why?

GETTING AWAY FROM IT ALLA. Radisson SAS Portman Hotel, London

For those who enjoy the finer things in life, a break at the Radisson SAS Portman Hotel will be right up your street. This deluxe four-star hotel is just a minute’s walk away from Marble Arch and a stone’s throw from the stylish boutiques of Oxford Street. After spending a day shopping and sightseeing in London’s trendiest area, you can relax in your room, watch cable TV and enjoy something from the extensive room service menu. At this hotel, you will also be in the ideal place to visit the many sights of London such as Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament. You must also be sure to allow yourself the time to enjoy the leisure facilities of the hotel itself. The hotel has a fully equipped gym and two fantastic restaurants where you can sample gourmet cuisine.

B. Langley Castle Hotel, Northumberland

For a touch of medieval magic why not take the time to visit Langley Castle Hotel. Set in its own ten-acre woodland this fabulous castle hotel dates back to 1350. All guest rooms have got private facilities and are luxurious. Some have special features such as four-poster beds, stained glass windows and window seats. The hotel is the perfect base from which to explore Hadrian’s Wall and the Northumberland countryside, as well as the Scottish Borders and the Lake

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District. At night, relax in the hotel lounge in front of the roaring log fire or dine in style in the award-winning restaurant. During your stay, you can go hot-air ballooning or try your hand at archery. You can even have a picnic especially prepared for you by the hotel’s chefs. However you choose to spend your time, you will never forget your stay.

C. The Metropole Hotel, Cornwall

This Victorian Hotel, situated in one of the most scenic areas of the British Isles, stands on a hilltop with an amazing view out over Padstow Harbour. Walk along the waterfront or one of the area’s many unspoiled beaches. Try some fabulous seafood – the local speciality. Wander through Padstow’s narrow streets and buy some handmade souvenirs from one of the many colourful shops. This is an area with a fascinating history. Take a short trip to Tintagel where you can visit the ruins, claimed to be those of the legendary King Arthur’s castle. You can end the day with a swim in the hotel’s heated outdoor pool. The Metropole Hotel is ideal for those who want to experience the mystery of Cornwall.

D. Old Oxenhope Hall Cottage, West Yorkshire

Fans of English Literature should not miss the opportunity to spend a few days at Old Oxenhope Hall Cottage. This attractive 17th century building is just five minutes from the village of Haworth, where the famous Bronte sisters lived. Their house, Haworth Parsonage, is open to the public and is well worth a visit. The moors, where they would wander for hours, are perfect for those who enjoy walking. The cottage itself is fully self-contained and has been restored to a high standard of comfort. It is furnished with all the modern conveniences, and will certainly appeal to history lovers and aspiring writers alike.

4) Read the article again, chose one hotel and make notes under the headings below. Then, use your notes to talk about it.

- name - location - description - facilities - things to see/do

5) Make notes under the same headings for a place you have stayed on holiday. Then use your notes to write a short article about it. Use the given article as a model.

READING 2

Do you know when Wimbledon and the Super Bowl started? In which countries? Which of the two competitions is older? Read the texts to find out.

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TROPHY HUNTERS

A. WimbledonWimbledon is the most famous tennis championship in the world, and over the years it has become a British institution. Held every summer at the All-England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, the competition lasts for two weeks.Wimbledon was first held in 1877. In those days, it was an amateur event which only men could enter. Today, both men and women, professionals or amateurs can take part in the championship, which is followed in the media by millions of people.Tennis players come from all over the world to compete, hoping to win a trophy and a substantial amount of money. The prize for winning the Gentlemen’s Singles Championship is a large silver gilt cup. The winner of Ladies’ Singles gets a silver salver called the “Rosewater Dish”. There are also competitions in both men’s and ladies’ doubles. The prizes are traditionally presented by the Dutchess of Kent.What makes Wimbledon special is the tradition involved. It is the only international tennis tournament which is still played on grass, and the only competition open to both amateurs and professionals. The best tradition of all, though, is the spectators’ custom of eating strawberries and cream while they watch the tennis.

B. The Super BowlSuper Bowl is the highlight of the year for American football fans. It is the final round in a competition between the top teams in the National Football League as well as national celebration. The 30 professional teams in the NFL play matches against each other all season, to determine who will go through to the playoffs. Then, the two winning teams face each other to compete for the Super Bowl Trophy., which is a model of a football in kicking position made of silver. The trophy is presented by the NFL commissioner. All players from both teams receive a special commemorative silver ring.The first Super Bowl was played in 1967. Since then the event has gradually become more elaborate and more popular. These days, the competition is watched by millions of people worldwide, and is more than just a football game. In fact, it is an entertainment extravaganza, with a pre-game show and a half-time show which both feature famous games and singers. A big-name star is always asked to sing the national anthem, which is considered to be a great honour. The shows also have plenty of cheerleaders and marching

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bands. Everyone who takes part in the event, from spectators to players, has a fantastic time.

Read the texts again and find three differences between each event.

Think of your country’s most important sporting event. Write an article for a sports magazine.Include:- When/where it is held- The event’s history- Description of the event- The prize.

READING 3

Read the information about the British royal family and discuss the questions.

The British royal family has no real political power. Much of their time is devoted to sport and charity. They hold positions in various sports organizations and they are often asked to present the medals at important events. They also take part in various sports. Horse-riding and polo are traditionally very popular with the royals. Members of the family are also very involved in work for charity. They work as unpaid patrons of many charitable organizations and help raise money.

What else do you know about the royal family?

Is the head of state in your country involved with any sports or charities?

READING 4

HOBBIES

Read about Mike and answer these questions:

a) Why did he start skydiving?b) How did he feel on his first jump?c) What caused his accident and why has he continued skydiving?

WWW.DEADMIKE.COM

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I’ve just done my first jump since the accident that nearly killed me just over a year ago. As I was lying in hospital, thinking that I would never skydive again, I wasn’t feeling glad to be alive. Instead, I was wondering how I could possibly live without it.

It all started one evening after another typical nine to five day. I was sitting at home thinking, “There has to be more to life than this,” when an ad came on the television: “Try skydiving,” it said.

The next day, I called my local skydiving centre and I booked my first jump.

I spent a day training and then I was ready for my first jump. Or almost. First, I had to sign a document to say that I understood that I was taking part in an activity that could end in serious injury. At that moment I realized that I was about to do something voluntarily that would put my life at risk and as I signed, I wondered if I was completely mad.

I will never forget my first jump. Five of us walked to the runway and got into the plane barely big enough to hold three people. I was beginning to feel nervous, but the others were chatting and joking and I started to feel more relaxed. It was a beautiful, cloudless day and the sun was just going down. It took us about 20 minutes to get to 11,000 feet and then the trainer opened the plane door – the view took my breath away. Suddenly, it was time to jump and as I pushed myself away from the plane, I don’t know what I was thinking, my mind was blank.

Words cannot describe the rush of adrenalin I experienced while I was free-falling.

At 5,500 feet I pulled the cord and the parachute opened immediately. Suddenly, everything was silent and peaceful. Twice I shouted, “This is absolutely incredible,” though I knew there was nobody to hear me. It was the most amazing four minutes of my life.

From the first jump, I was hooked. I started spending every free moment I had skydiving. At work, I sat in front of my computer and imagined ways of making more money so that I could jump more often. It became my reason for living and nothing else mattered. I was addicted to skydiving. Things were going really well. I was spending every free moment I had skydiving.

Then disaster struck me on my 1,040th jump. Another skydiver collided with my parachute at 80 feet. I fell and hit the ground at about 30 mph, face down. I broke both legs, my right foot, left elbow, right arm, my nose and my jaw. I lost 10 pints of blood, 19 teeth and 25 pounds of fat. I was lucky to survive.

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People who have never experienced skydiving will find it hard to understand that my only motivation to get better was so that I could do it again. All I can say is that for me, skydiving is life and life is skydiving.

The sentences below summarize Mike’s story. Correct the details that are wrong.

a) Mike was reading a newspaper one evening when he saw an ad for skydiving.

b) He phoned the skydiving centre immediately and booked a jump.c) After a day’s training, he was sure he was doing the right thing.d) His first jump was unforgettable. It was a beautiful morning and he was

feeling relaxed.e) After an hour’s flight, he jumped out of the plain and his parachute opened

immediately.f) After his first jump, he didn’t think he would do it again.g) During his free time, he thought about skydiving a lot.h) On his 1,040th jump he had an accident when his parachute didn’t open.i) He nearly died and thought that his skydiving days were over.j) The only reason he wanted to get better was so that he could skydive again.

HOW WE USE THE TELEPHONE

DOES THE TELEPHONE RULE YOUR LIFE?

Most people will answer the ringing phone. Usually you don’t know who is phoning or how urgent their business is, so a ringing phone is difficult to ignore. In one experiment, a researcher wrote down the numbers of several public phones in stations and airports. Then he called the numbers. Someone nearly always answered. When he asked why, people usually said, “Because it rang.”

A few years ago in New Jersey, a man with a gun killed 13 people. Armed police surrounded his house but he refused to come out. A reporter found out the phone number of the house and called. The man put down his rifle and answered the phone. “What do you want?” he said, “I’m really busy right now.”

Imagine you’re at work and the phone is ringing in someone else’s office. Do you answer it or not? In one survey on telephone use, 51% of participants told researchers that they did. We can’t ignore the phone and for that reason, it intrudes into our lives. It interrupts what we are doing and n top of that, the caller is often someone we don’t really want to talk to. However, in the survey, 58% said they never took the phone off the hook, and 67% didn’t mind if someone called during a television programme. For 44% it wasn’t a problem if someone rang during a meal, while only 28% were annoyed or upset. If someone phoned in the middle of the

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night, 40% told researchers that they got nervous or frightened, while around 30% got angry.

Of course, when someone is really annoying , you can choose to hang up on them. This is in fact one of the rudest things you can do on the phone, but 79 % said that they were prepared to do it in some cases. Only 6 % told researchers they never hung up on people.

Answer:

Do you think the phone causes stress in your life/work?

Translate the sentences:

1. Гостям Мексики круглый год гарантируется полное расслабление и солнечная погода.

2. Номера отеля спроектированы таким образом, чтобы отвечать всем нуждам бизнесменов, находящихся в деловой поездке. Бизнес и развлечения идеально скомбинированы.

3. Год назад я начал заниматься баскетболом и теперь играю каждую субботу.

4. Компания выделяет $200 в год на каждого сотрудника для занятий спортом и другими увлечениями.

5. Компания Форд понимает, что может создать для своих сотрудников более здоровую и приятную обстановку на работе.

6. Систему кондиционирования в бизнес центре сейчас ремонтируют.7. Я считаю, что правильное питание и позитивное отношение к жизни

способствуют хорошему здоровью.8. Меня не беспокоит старение. Это естественный процесс. В Китае

пожилых людей уважают больше чем на западе.9. Человека, которому вы позвонили, сейчас нет. Оставьте сообщение

после сигнала. Вы можете записать свое сообщение, нажав 1.

CREATIVE WRITING1. Write about your leisure and fitness activities.2. Write some arguments to prove that sports can help you make a

successful career.3. Write about the best hotel you’ve ever stayed at.

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UNIT 6

WORD LIST

1. to move to another country2. in need of repair3. to work as a grape-picker4. to shear a sheep5. temporary accomodation6. an advert for a flat-share7. to promote to a senior management position8. a strawberry patch9. a computer crash10.to avoid doing smth.11.to throw smth. away12.a filing cabinet13.to put smth. off14.to look forward for15.positive environment16.to complain about smth.17.to put up with smth.18.to take steps19.to be up to smb.20.to tidy the desk21.to do alternative work experience22.to have a new look at23.an extended break24.to take life one stage at a time25.a rewarding experience26.to gain new qualifications27.to improve job prospects28.to benefit from29.a conservation project30.to volunteer31.to make a difference32.to range from … to …33.to build the itinerary34.to live the culture35.to work overtime36.to give smb. A lift

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37.to make an offer38.to set up equipment39.a supply of stationary40.foreign currency41.available42.a connecting flight

HOW ORGANISED ARE YOU?

Answer these questions:

1. Are you an organized person or not?2. Do you like to plan carefully in advance or do you prefer to be more

spontaneous?3. Do you have any friends or relatives who are very different from you in this

respect? Does this ever cause problems?4. Do you think age or sex affect how organized people are?

Read the questionnaire and tick your answers.1. You have an important form to fill in and you know it’ll take at least two

hours to do it properly. It’s Tuesday today and you have to hand it in by nine o’clock on Friday morning at the latest.

A . You’re planning to do it tonight. That’ll give you time to read it through tomorrow night and hand it in early on Thursday.

B. You’re going out tonight, but you intend to do it tomorrow night. If you ‘re honest though, you know you probably won’t even get down to it until about ten o’clock on Thursday evening.

2. You bump into a friend you haven’t seen for ages in the street – she suggests a night out together next week.

A. You get out your diary to see what you’re doing next week, and make an arrangement there and then.

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B. You agree enthusiastically and promise to ring her tomorrow … and then forget all about it!

3. To your amazement, you win $500 in a competition that you entered.

A. You put the money in the bank towards the new car / holiday / computer that you ‘re saving up for.

B. You pay off a few debts, buy a couple of CDs and some new clothes, take a friend out for a meal to celebrate … and the money’s gone!

4. It’s the end of June. You have two weeks holiday from work at the beginning of August.

A. You have already booked your holiday and are starting to plan what clothes you need. You’ve borrowed several tourist guides to the area, and are planning various excursions and trips.

B. You’re thinking of going to Greece, but you haven’t really looked into it yet. You’re going to start phoning travel agents next week.

5. You’ve been given an important message for a friend.

A. You phone him straight away, in case you forget about it next time you meet.

B. You’re sure to see him in the next few days – you’ll remember to tell him then.

6. You’re due to be at a meeting in another town at three o’clock. You know it’ll take you at least thirty minutes to get there.

A. You allow an hour for the journey – that way you definitely won’t be late. You’d like to have enough time to have a coffee and make a few notes before the meeting starts.

B. You allow yourself twenty-five minutes and hope you don’t have any problems on the way. If you’re late, you can blame the traffic or the public transport system!

7. You’re about to go on holiday. It’s eight o’clock the evening before. Your friend is picking you up to take you to the airport at eight-thirty tomorrow morning.

A. You’ve finished your ironing and packing. Now you’re going to have a nice bath and an early night, so that you’re fresh for the journey tomorrow.

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B. You throw a few clothes into the washing machine and go and have a last drink with a few friends. You’re going to pack after that.

Add up your score and read the conclusions below.

Conclusions to the quiz

Mostly As : you’re an extremely well-organized person, who has every aspect of their life carefully planned. There are many advantages to this. Make sure, however, that you don’t become inflexible, or ignore other people’s needs because they do not fit in with your plans.

A combination of As and Bs: you try hard to be organized, yet flexible and sensitive to other people. On the whole you manage to get the balance right, though sometimes perhaps you need to prioritize more carefully, and be more determined about achieving your goals.

Mostly Bs : you’re a very spontaneous person, who hates too much organizing and planning ahead. This can have a very positive side – you often have great fun. But because you refuse to make plans, you may also miss out on the things other people d. Be careful, too, that your spontaneity doesn’t mean more work for someone else.

THE CAREER LADDER

A. Getting a job

When Paul left school he applied for a job in the accounts department of a local engineering company. They gave him a job as a trainee. He didn’t earn very much but they gave him a lot of training and sent him on training courses.

B. Moving up

Paul worked hard at the company and his prospects looked good. After his first year he got a good pay rise, and after two years he was promoted. After six years he was in charge of the accounts department with five other employees under him.

C. Leaving the company

By the time Paul was 30, however, he decided he wanted a fresh challenge. He was keen to work abroad, so he resigned from his company and started looking for a new job with a bigger company. After a couple of months he managed to find a job with an international company which involved a lot of foreign travel.

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He was very excited about the new job and at first he really enjoyed the travelling, but …

D. Hard times

After about six months, Paul started to dislike the constant moving around, and after a year he hated it; he hated living in hotels, and he never really made any friends in the new company. Unfortunately his work was not satisfactory either and finally he was sacked a year later.

After that, Paul found things much more difficult. He was unemployed for over a year. He had to sell his car and move out of his new house. Things were looking bad and in the end Paul had to accept a part-time job on a fruit and vegetable stall in a market.

E. Happier times

To his surprise, Paul loved the market. He made lots of friends and enjoyed working out in the open air. After two years, he took over the stall. Two years later he opened a second stall, and after ten years he had fifteen stalls. Last year Paul retired at the age of 55, a very rich man.

EXERCISES

1. Write a synonym for each of these words/ phrases.Given the sackOut of workLeft the companyWas given a better position in the companyFuture possibilities in a jobStopped working foreverWorkers in a company

2. Find the logical answer on the right for each of the questions on the left.

Why did they sack him? A. Because he was nearly 65.

Why did they promote him? B. Because he was late for work every day.

Why did he apply for the job? Why did he retire?

Why did he resign?

C. Because he needed more training.

D. Because he was out of work.

F. E. Because he was the best person in the

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Why did he go on the course?department.

G.H. F. Because he didn’t like his boss.

3. Complete these sentences with a suitable word or phrase.1. I don’t want a full-time job. I prefer to work ……………………. .2. She’d like to go on another training …………………………….. .3. I’m bored in my job. I need a fresh ………………………………. .4. He works on a stall in the …………………………….. …………….. .5. At the end of this year we should get a good pay …………………..

……………………………. .6. She’s got more than a hundred workers under ……………………….. .7. I didn’t know he was a new manager. When did he take

……………………... ?8.9. It’s a boring job and the pay is awful. Why did he …………………….. ?

4. Complete this word-building table. Verb General noun Personal noun (s)Promote -EmployResign -Retire -train

5. Have you got a job in a company? If so, answer these questions as quickly as you can.1. What does your job involve?2. Are you responsible for anything or anyone?3. Have you had much training from your company?4. Have the company sent you on any training courses?5. Have you been promoted since you started in the company?6. Do you normally get a good pay rise at the end of each year?7. How do you feel about your future prospects in the company?8. Are you happy in the job or do you feel it is time for a fresh challenge in

another company?

COLLOCATIONS - BUSINESS

Complete the sentences using the following words:

Verbs: do get down to give go into go out of set up in95

Adjectives: big core

Nouns: card class cycle ethics hours leaders partners plan school trip

1. English language teaching is ……………….. business in this town. Thousands of students come here every year.

2. There’s such a lot of bureaucracy, so many regulations, so much red tape, it’s almost impossible to ………………………… business there.

3. I travel business ……………… because it’s comfortable, and I arrive relaxed and ready to …………….. business straight away.

4. Look, I told you, we have to invite him for dinner because I think he’s going to …………….. me a lot f business.

5. She has such good ideas she really ought to …………….. business.6. She’s over in Hong Kong looking for new business …………….. .7. That’s the last time I go on a business …………….. to Canada in

January: I waited two days in the airport for the snow to stop.8. The bank refused to lend me any money because they weren’t convinced

by the business ……………….. I showed them.9. The opposition spokesman claimed that the government had clearly lost

the confidence of business …………….. .10.He …………….. business just three days after leaving business

…………….. .11.The trouble with this job is that I deal with Japanese and Latin American

customers who phone me at home at night, because they’re in bed during our business …………….. .

12.Wait a second, let me give you my e=mail address; I don’t think it’s on my business …………….. .

13.We’re going to divest the subsidiaries we bought in the 1980s and concentrate on our …………….. business.

14.Well, if there isn’t an upturn in the business …………….. soon, about a quarter of the firms in this town are going to …………….. business.

15.We seem to have different conceptions of business …………….. . I’m talking about our responsibilities to our employees; you’re talking about maximizing profits.

Translate the collocations into Russian.

GRAMMAR

1. Choose the most suitable form in the sentences.

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a) I suddenly remembered that I forgot/had forgotten my keys.b) While Diana watched/was watching her favourite TV programme, there was

a power-cut.c) Tom used to live/would live in the house at the end of the street. Who was

driving/drove the car at the time of the accident?d) By the time Sheila got back, Chris went/had gone.e) David ate/had eaten Japanese food before, so he knew what to order.f) I did/was doing some shopping yesterday, when I saw that Dutch friend of

yours.g) I used to like/was liking sweets much more than I do now.h) What exactly were you doing/did you do when I came into your office

yesterday?i) Laura missed the party because no-one was telling/had told her about it. j) Tanya would/used to be a doctor.k) Who was driving/drove the car at the time of the accident?2. Put the verb in brackets into a suitable past form.

A) While I (try) ……………… to get my car started, a passing car (stop) ……………….. and the driver (offer) ……………….. to help me.

B) The police (pay) …………….. no attention to Claire’s complaint because she (phone) ……………….. them so many times before.

C) Mary (not wear) ……………….. her glasses at the time, so she (not notice) …………….. what kind of car the man (drive) ……………….. .

D) Nick (lie) ………………..down on the grass for a while , next to some tourists who (feed) ……………….. the ducks.

E) Tony (admit) ……………….. that he (hit) ……………… the other car, but said that he (not damage) ……………….. it.

F) Sorry I (not listen) ………………. To you. I (think) ………………. About something else.

G) Helen (feel) ……………….. very tired, and when she (finish) ………………. Her work, she (fall) ……………….. asleep.

H) The police (get) ……………… to Claire’s house as fast as they could, but the burglars (disappear) ……………….. .

I) I (phone) ………………. You last night but you (not answer) ………………. . What you (do) …………….. ?

J) We (not go) ……………….. out yesterday because it (rain) ………………. .

3. Put the verbs in brackets into a suitable past verb form.When Professor Mallory, the famous archaeologist, ……………….. (invite) me to take part in his expedition to find the Lost City of the Himalayas, I ……………….. (not hesitate) to accept his invitation. Mallory ………………… (discover) an ancient map showing the position of the

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City, although no European ……………….. (ever go) to the area before. In fact, most of Mallory’s colleagues either ……………. (believe) that the City …………….. (never exist) or …………….. (feel) that it ……………….. (vanish) long ago and ……………….. (become) simply a legend. According to the Professor, the builders of the City …………….. (hide) it among the mountains in order to protect its immense riches. He ……………… (believe) that the descendants of these ancient people …………….. (still keep) themselves apart from the rest of mankind for the very same reasons. So when we ……………….. (set off) on a cool May morning towards the distant mountains, each of us ……………. (look forward) to exciting discoveries. For a week or more we ……………… (climb) higher and higher, following the map, which Mallory ……………… (study) from time to time. Then one afternoon, while we …………….. (rest) at the top of a valley, we ………………(notice) that a rider on a horse …………….. (wave) at

us from the other side of the valley. A rider whose clothes …………….. (shine) like gold!

4. Fill in the correct form of the verb in brackets (to –infinitive or –ing form), as in the examples.1. He goes to evening class to learn (learn) Italian.2. Learning (learn) a language can help you to get a job.3. Oh no! I forgot …………………… (buy) eggs when I was at the

supermarket.4. The government is determined …………………. (solve) some of the

environmental problems facing the area.5. Dan prefers ………………… (cook) at home to eating out.6. There’s no point in ………………… (buy) a computer if you are not

going to use it.7. They have decided ………………… (decorate) the living room.8. The children love ………………… (go) to the swimming pool.9. I regret ………………… (tell) Alice what Sean had said.10.Hydroelectricity and wind turbines can be used …………………

(provide) environmentally friendly energy.5. Write the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. I like ………………… (watch) TV at the weekends.2. I’d like ………………… (go) to the cinema tonight.3. I’ll never forget ………………… (meet) David Beckham.4. Don’t forget ……………… (lock) the door.5. He regrets ………………… (leave) school so early.

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6. I regret ………………… (inform) you that you haven’t been accepted for the job.

7. Do you remember ………………… (visit) Paris?8. Remember …………………. (call) me tonight.9. She stopped ………………… (work) when she was sixty-five.10.He stopped …………….. (fix) the puncture.

6. Match the phrases in Column A to those in Column B to make complete sentences. A B

I can’t standI loveI’d likeI’m thinking aboutI can

7. Use the phrases to make up sentences about yourself.1. I can’t help ………………………………………………………..2. I’m not used to ………………………………………………….3. One day I hope to ……………………………………………..4. I would love ………………………………………………………5. I had better ………………………………………………………

READING 1TIME-SAVING TIPS : LISTSMaking lists is relaxing. It makes you feel important – all those things to do. It dictates the shape of the immediate future; it calms you down (it’s OK, it’s on a list somewhere) and it makes you feel good when you cross something off (list-making is standard practice in therapy for depression). It might even help you to get things done too.The world divides in two when it comes to listing. Type A makes orderly lists, prioritizes and calmly sets to work on them. Type B waits until panic sets in, grabs the nearest envelope and scribbles all over it, sighs with relief and promptly loses it.The more you have to do, the more you need a list and few people with high-powered jobs get by without them.

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Barbara Vanilli, chief executive of a large chain of supermarkets, says, “Before I go to bed, I have to write down everything that’s going to stop me sleeping. I feel I won’t forget anything I’ve written down, so my lists are a great comfort.”Women always think they ‘re better at lists than men. Men tend to have Tasks which they assemble into Action Plans whereas women just have lists of Things To Do. Jacqueline Maddocks, head of Maddocks Publishers, says, “My male colleagues only make lists for work, whereas I have to make lists for work and for home too. It’s essential to write tings down. If you’re constantly thinking, “I must remember this,” it blocks your mind.”James Oliver, psychologist, has created his own “time management matrix”. He writes a list of things to do and then organizes them into categories: things that have to be done straight away, other things that it would be good to do today, things that are important but haven’t got to be done immediately and things that are less urgent but that he doesn’t want to forget. “Using categories to order the world is the way the human mind works,” he says. “ After that, you should put things into hierarchies of importance.” But he warns against the danger of Excessive List Syndrome. “If people get obsessed with making lists, it doesn’t work. They have too many categories and lose their capacity to prioritize.”It’s all a question of what works best for you, whether it’s a tidy notebook, a forest of Post-it notes or the back of your hand. Having tried all these, student Kate Rollins relies on a computerized list, printed out each morning to be scribbled on during the day. “My electronic organizer has changed my life,” she says. “Up to now, I’ve always relied on my good memory, but now that I’m working and studying, I find I’ve got too much to keep in my head.”So what are you waiting for? No, you’re not too busy to make today the first day of your upgraded time-managed life. In fact, there’s no better time than the present to get an upper hand on time and begin to take increased control of your work and life. So, get out your pencil and paper and make a list.

1. Talk about the article from memory using these prompts:- Good things about making lists- Type A/ type B- Before bed- Women / men- Matrix- Categories- Excessive list syndrome- Electronic organizer

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- What are you waiting for?

READING 2 Answer: Is it important to have a standard daily routine? Why/Why not?Read the text to find out.CAN YOU FEEL THE RHYTHM?“Routine” is usually seen as a negative term nowadays, largely because we no longer belong to a society of nine-to-fivers. We live in what is fast becoming a 24-hour society, where everything is open all hours. You can buy your groceries at midnight, book your holiday on the Internet at 3 a.m., and do business on line at the crack of dawn. Before you join the 24-hour revolution, however, take a minute to listen to what your body is trying to tell you – that a round-the-clock lifestyle is not what nature intended.In an area of our brains called the hypothalamus, we have a “body clock” that controls our body’s natural rhythms. It tells us when it’s the right time to eat, sleep, work and play. It plays an important part in our physical and psychological well-being. It is, in fact, what makes us tick and it controls many things including our hormones, temperature, immune functions and alertness. It synchronizes all these like a conductor with an orchestra; it regulates tempo and brings in all the different instruments on time to make music rather than random noise. If we try to ignore our body clocks, or even to switch them off for a while, we not only deprive ourselves of much needed rest but we also run the risk of seriously damaging our health.Ignoring your body clock and changing your body’s natural rhythms can not only make you depressed, anxious and accident prone, it can lead to much more serious health problems. For example, heart disease, fatigue, ulcers, muscular pain, and frequent viral infections can all result from trying to outsmart our body clocks. Altering your patterns of sleeping and waking dramatically affects your immune system. While we sleep the body repair mechanisms are at work; when we are awake natural killer cells circulate around our bodies and cause more damage. Our digestive system is affected, too – high levels of glucose and fat remain in our bloodstream for longer periods of time and this can lead to heart disease.Unfortunately, we were not designed to be members of a 24-hour society. We can’t ignore millions of years of evolution and stay up all night and sleep all day. We function best with a regular pattern of sleep and wakefulness that is in tune with our natural environment. Nature’s cues are what keep our body clocks ticking rhythmically and everything

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working in harmony. So, next time you think a daily routine is boring and predictable, remember that routine may well save your life in the long run.

Answer:Why has the writer written this article?Are there any points in the article you disagree with?Is there any information you did not know before reading the article?

READING 3STARTING ALL OVER AGAIN!A Bill: I was an accountant at a large accounting firm in the city. I spent all my time glued to the computer screen, even at home. That meant I rarely spent any time with my family. Then, one day it hit me that I was missing out on the truly important things in life. My kids were growing up fast and I felt I wasn’t playing a large enough role in their lives. I knew that it was time to give up the rat race and get back to basics. So, we sold our town house and moved to a cottage in the country, where we have a small market garden. Gardening had been a hobby of mine when I was younger but when I was working, I just didn’t have the time. Now I have all the time in the world. Financially, life is more difficult, but I think it’s safe to say that the whole family is much happier now that we’ve escaped from the hectic pace of city life.

B Jean: Ever since I can remember, I’ve enjoyed making my own clothes. My friends were always commenting on my original designs, so I often made clothes for them as well. It never occurred to me that I could make a living at it until a friend of a friend asked me to make her wedding dress and offered to pay me. Suddenly more and more people started approaching me and asking me to make clothes for them. It soon reached the point where I was spending all my spare time at the sewing machine and my designs were bringing in more money than my job! I handed in my notice at work and rented a small shop with a flat above which I turned into my workshop. I’m happy to say that business is booming: I now employ ten people and I’m about to open a second branch!

C Ann: I used to work as a sales manager in a large department store. It was quite a good job, but not very rewarding. I knew I wanted to change my career: the trouble was, I didn’t know what to do. Then my sister suggested that I become a nurse, as I am good with people and I don’t

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faint at the sight of blood! The more I thought about the idea, the more it appealed to me, so I decided to have a go at it. Of course, it meant that I had to retrain. I spent three years at nursing college, which was really hard work. I was permanently exhausted, as I had to work regular shifts on hospital wards as well as attend lectures and complete coursework. It was worth the effort, though. Now I have a job I enjoy and which makes me feel that I’m really making a difference.

D Sally: When I finished university I decided to take a year off and work abroad. It was a decision which changed my life. I got a job teaching English in Spain, so I packed my clothes, stored everything else and headed for the Mediterranean. I didn’t speak a word of Spanish at first, so it took a while to settle in. The pace of life was different, too: much slower and more relaxed than in England. Most of all, though, I noticed the difference in climate and the way that affected my personality. Being under clear blue skies and a blazing sun gave me more energy than I’d ever had before. I felt positive and content. After a few months, I knew that I didn’t want to leave, so I decided to settle there and sent for the rest of my belongings. I’ve been here for three years now; I’m fluent in Spanish and I have a tan all year round!

E Stewart: The most important lesson I’ve learned in my life is that you have to take risks. If there is something you really want to do, you have to give it a try, even if it means giving up the security of receiving a monthly pay cheque. I had always wanted to write, but with all my commitments, I simply couldn’t find the time. Finally, I decided to follow my dream and that meant the job had to go. It’s been really hard work, but I’m managing to sell enough stories and articles to pay the bills. Now, there’s a publisher interested in my first novel: Life just couldn’t be better!

Answer:Why did each person change his/her lifestyle?How do you feel towards their decisions?

READING 4GAP YEARS AND CAREER BREAKSRead the advertisement and answer the questions.1. Who can apply for a gap-year placement, and when?2. What are the four benefits of a gap-year placement mentioned in the

advertisement?103

3. What kind of work is available?4. Do you get paid / have to pay?5. How do you apply?

WANT TO CHANGE THE WORLD, OR JUST WANT A CHANGE?

Whether you are still a student or already in work, a gap-year placement is a unique opportunity to broaden your horizons, enhance your CV and step back from your studies or career to decide what you want to do with your life. Perhaps more importantly, a gap –year placement is the chance to do something concrete and tangible to help people in need in underprivileged areas of the world.

Placements are designed for people over 17 years of age, and run for six or nine months throughout the world. All placements begin with an intensive orientation course to help you find your feet; for some countries, an optional ten-day intensive language course is recommended. Participants work as volunteers in sectors such as education, conservation, medical support and care work.

Food and accommodation are provided, but participants pay their own travel costs.

READING 5

CULTURE SHOCK

What do you understand by culture shock? When might you experience it and what might happen?

Read and see how similar your ideas are to the ideas of the text.

One often hears that something was a culture shock – most often when people arrive in a new country, but also when they enter other kinds of new environments. However, it is usually described as being similar to a jet lag – something that you experience for a couple of days and then get over – all you need is a good night’s sleep! The reality is, however, that undergoing any big change – whether it’s moving house, changing job or going to university – will bring about a “culture shock”. Far from being a single event which is quickly forgotten, it is a process which may take several months – even years – to fully recover from. Psychologists more commonly call this process acculturation and highlight four distinct phases

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that nearly everyone goes through. These are elation – the joy and wonder you first have, where everything is so new and different; resistance – when things settle into a routine and you start to see everything which is bad in your new situation. You look back through rose-coloured glasses on your life before the change. This resistance is then followed by the transformation phase, where you swing more to the other extreme and start looking down on your previous existence and its culture. You may refuse to mix with people you used to know or who speak the same language. You might put them down when you do. Finally, people reach a state of integration where cultural differences are acknowledged and accepted and people appreciate both their own heritage and their new life.

That’s the ideal situation, according to psychologist Perry Graves. ‘Everyone goes through the initial stages, but not everyone finishes the complete cycle. This can cause problems because they often don’t recognise the phases of acculturation. For example, some people drop out of university in their first year, saying they don’t relate to the middle class values or that it has nothing to do with reality and so on. In reality, these opinions are actually a symptom of the resistance stage. In other cases, people get stuck in a transformation phase, which may stop them moving on to new experiences or lead to them cutting themselves off from their roots, from people they’ve known for years and years. That can lead to a deep sense of unhappiness and to feelings of frustration.”

Answer the questions:

1. What two misconceptions about culture shock are mentioned?2. What is acculturation?3. What four stages do people go through?4. What happens in each stage?5. Why might it be a problem if you don’t complete the cycle?6. Think of a time when you experienced culture shock and had to adapt to new

ways of new doing things – maybe in another country, or when changing schools, starting university, beginning a new job, etc.

7. What was strange to you? What different feelings did you go through? How well did you adapt? Were there any things you just couldn’t get used to?

Managing yourself

The concepts in the box show you how to manage yourself. Write the number of each phase (1-10) next to the correct word (a-j) in the box.

a) balance -------

b) career -------

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c) learning from mistakes

-------

d) motivation -------

e) recognition -------

f) reward -------

g) risk -------

h) satisfaction -------

i) self-esteem -------

j) time management -------

1. I want people – at least the people whose opinion I value – to tell me when I’ve done a good job.

2. I have to prioritise my tasks at the start of each day and then work through them

3. I expect to earn the money I think I deserve for what I do.4. I need to be able to respect myself in what I do.5. It would be boring if we never dared into the unknown in our professional

lives. There must be some adventure.6. My job is important to me but so is my family and my own private life.7. I want to know that there is a future direction and the chance of development

in my job.8. It’s important for me to enjoy what I do.9. I shouldn’t worry if I do it wrong sometimes – a long as I try to understand

why it went wrong.10.I need stimulating and interesting tasks – otherwise it’s hard to get involved.

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Translate the sentences:

1. Когда он был на вечеринке , его попросили написать путеводитель по Китаю.

2. Он приехал в Севилью и влюбился в это место.3. Я жил в Кенте, когда мне предложили работу в Лондоне.4. В 2008г. Элисон получили повышение по и службе и стала старшим

менеджером.5. Доминго работал фермером и в тоже время делал скульптуры.6. К концу дня я так уставал, что у меня не было никакого желания

творить.7. Если Вы не умеете планировать личное время или хотите узнать о

персональном менеджменте, свяжитесь с нами.8. Если в Вашем резюме перечислены интересные виды деятельности, это

дает Вам больше шансов заинтересовать работодателя.9. Я бы хотел узнать где я могу обменять деньги?10.Большинство людей забывают, что к себе нужно относиться творчески.

Они хотят стать более интересными и привлекательными, но не знают как это сделать.

11.Бросьте работу или возьмите длительный отпуск и поезжайте путешествовать по миру. Вы можете заняться чем-то абсолютно новым и это поможет Вам посмотреть на свою жизнь с другой точки зрения.

12.На этот рейс есть свободные места?

Unit 7

I. Vocabulary list

1) Negotiation2) Sensitivity to cultural differences3) Achievement

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4) Schedule5) Sign up6) Optional7) Confidential8) Strict9) Allow

10) Obligatory

11) Recommend (ed)

12) Forbidden

13) permit (ted)

14) Require

15) Work long hours

16) Make a long journey to work

17) Peninsula bounded

18) Cosmopolitan city

19) Inhabitants

20) get chilly, foggy

21) at times

22) soaring skyscrapers

23) tourist attractions

24) extensive range

25) retail outlets

26) eating establishments

27) ethnic neighborhoods

28) boom

29) dot com industries

30) accessible

31) reasonable

32) fascinating

33) dull

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34) boring

35) outsourcing

36) advances in technology

37) to sympathize with

38) the culture gap

II. UK and US English

1. Match the words in bold in the sentences below with their US equivalent in the box.

Restroom mall subway gas high school round trip fries soccer check cell phone freeway mail movie apartment vacation

1. Can I use my mobile phone? _______2. Can we have the bill, please? _______3. Do you want chips or a baked potato? ____4. Was there any post today? _____5. We need to stop for petrol._____6. Turn left to get onto the motorway._____7. See you in the shopping centre at 4.30._____8. When did you buy your flat? ______9. Next year she`s going to secondary school.____10. How much is a return ticket? _____11. The underground is so expensive.____12. We like watching football._____13. Let`s see a film. ____14. I`m on holiday! _____15. Where`s the toilet? _____

2. A) There are some differences between UK and US spelling. Look at the table.

UK US Explanation centre center UK words ending

In –tre are usually spelled –ter in US English.

organise organize Where UK English uses –ise at the end of

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some verbs, US English generally uses –ize. There are exceptions: e.g. advertise uses –ise even in US English.

colour color UK nouns (with two syllables) ending in –our often lose the –u in US English.

B) Write these words in US English.

Neighbor criticize humour summarized theatre prioritise flavor realized metre

3. A) Work in group of three or four. Write a paragraph using one of the

following titles:

The restaurant My last big trip The best things in life

Group As: use as many Us words from Exs. 1 and 2 as possible. Group Bs: use as many UK words from Exs. 1 and 2 as possible.

III. Find the equivalents (in the box) to the words, given below:

Success, exact, accurate, talks, permit, interesting, attractive, prohibit, compulsory, mandatory, dweller, high, organization, institution, need.

Achievement

Strict

Negotiations

Allow

Fascinating

Forbid

Negotiations

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Obligatory

Inhabitants

Soaring

Establishments

Require

IV. Translate the sentences into English, use the active vocabulary and grammar of the unit:

1) Американцы считают необязательным принимать строгие манеры поведения японцев.

2) В торговых центрах города расположено огромное количество магазинов розничной торговли и точек питания, таких как Чайна-таун.

3) Система общественного транспорта (позволяет) делает все уголки города доступными, а перемещение по ним легким и удобным.

4) У японцев4) У японцев должно быть (существуют) самые строгие правила социо и бизнес - этикета. Вы должны обменяться визитками немедленно при встрече, так как необходимо определить статус и положение каждого.

5) Для британцев вполне приемлемо вести деловые переговоры во время обеда, японцы предпочитают не работать во время еды, немцы обсуждают дела бизнеса до еды, а французы предпочитают вести дела, когда они сыты.

6) Со своим уставом в чужой монастырь не ходят

7) Технологические достижения, падение стоимости международных телефонных звонков и большая разница в стоимости рабочей силы ведут к (процветанию) широкому распространению кол-центров.

8) Операторы кол-центров должны быть вежливыми, дружелюбными, готовыми помочь и им необходимо уметь давать информацию четко, точно отвечая на вопросы клиентов.

9) В кол-центрах часы установлены на время тех стран, откуда поступают звонки с тем, чтобы операторы были в курсе того, чем занимается клиент во время звонка.

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10) В соответствии с расписанием вы должны зарегистрироваться в гостинице в 10 часов.

V. Reading

1. Work in pairs. Read the following definitions, then discuss the question below.

Culture n. the customs, institutions and achievements of a particular nation, people or group

Cultural awareness n. the ability to understand the culture of the people you are meeting and behave appropriately

How important is it for business people to have good cultural awareness?

2. Read the following statements and decide which you agree with more. Discuss your ideas with your partner.

1) I Don’t think that studying different cultures is very important any more. The world is a much smaller place than it was fifty years ago. English has become an international language, and many brands are known all over the world. Cultural differences have become smaller and people become more similar to each other.

2) The fact that the world has become smaller means that it is more important to know about other cultures, not less. People still grow up within a particular culture and they are still greatly influenced by it. That hasn’t changed just because we now have international brands and an international language.

Pre-reading task

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Work in pairs.

1. What is the stereotype English man or woman?What do you think is the stereotype for your nationality? Do you believe in stereotypes?

2. Which adjectives in the box do you think go with the nationalities below?Use your dictionary to check new words.

Hard-working Easy going Punctual FriendlyReserved emotional lazy outgoingHospitable sociable formal casualEnthusiastic quiet tolerant talkativeSophisticated well-dressed fun-loving respectfulHumorous serious nationalistic romantic

American Japanese German

French Italian British

Is your nationality one of those above? If so, which adjectives did you choose?If not, choose some adjectives which you think go with your nationality.

Text 1

Good Manners

How not to behave badly abroad

By Norman Ramshaw

Travelling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live in a

global village, but how well do we know and understand each other? Here is

a simple test. Imagine you have arranged meeting at four o’clock. What time

should you expect your foreign business colleagues to arrive?

If they are German, they will be bang on time. If they are American, they

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will probably be 15 minutes early. If they are British, they will be 15

minutes late, and you should allow up to an hour for the Italians.

When the European Community began to increase in size, several

guidebooks appeared giving advice on international etiquette. At first many

people thought this was a joke, especially the British, who seemed to assume

that the widespread understanding of their language meant a corresponding

understanding of English customs. Very soon they had to change their ideas,

as they realized that they had a lot to learn about how to behave with their

foreign business friends.

For example:

The British are happy to have a business lunch and discuss business matters

with a drink during the meal; the Japanese prefer not to work while eating.

Lunch is a time to relax and get to know one another, and they rarely drink

at lunchtime.

The Germans like to talk business before dinner the French like to eat first

and talk afterwards. They have to be well fed and watered before they

discuss anything.

Taking off your jacket and rolling up your sleeves is a sign of greeting down

to work in Britain and Holland, but in Germany people regard it as taking it

easy.

American executives sometimes signal their feelings of ease and importance

in their offices by putting their feet on the desk whilst on the telephone. In

Japan, people would be shocked. Showing the soles of your feet is the height

of bad manners. It is a social insult only exceeded by blowing your nose in

public. The Japanese have perhaps the strictest rules of social and business

behaviour. Seniority is very important, and a younger man should never be

sent to complete business deal with an older Japanese man. The Japanese

business card almost needs a rulebook of its own. You must exchange

business cards immediately on meeting because it is essential to establish

everyone’s status and position. When it is handed to a person in a superior

position, it must be given and received with both hands, and you must take

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time to read it carefully, and not just put it in your pocket! Also the bow is a

very important part of greeting someone. You should not expect the

Japanese to shake hands. Bowing the head is a mark of respect and the first

bow of the day should be lower than when you meet thereafter. The

Americans sometimes find it difficult to accept the more formal Japanese

manners. They prefer to be casual and more informal, as illustrated by the

universal ‘Have a nice day!’ American waiters have a one-word imperative

‘Enjoy!’ The British, of course, are cool and reserved. The great topic of

conversation between strangers in Britain is the weather – unemotional and

impersonal. In America, the main topic between strangers is the search to

find a geographical link. ‘Oh, really? You live in Ohio? I had an uncle who

once worked there.’

‘When in Rome, do as the Romans do.’

Here are some final tips for travelers.

In France you shouldn’t sit down in a café until you have shaken

hands with everyone you know.

In Afghanistan you should spend at least five minutes saying hello.

In Pakistan you mustn’t wink. It is offensive.

In the Middle East you must never use the left hand for greeting,

eating, drinking, or smoking. Also, you should take care not to admire

anything in your hosts’ home. They will feel that they have to give it

to you.

In Russia you must match your hosts drink for drink or they will think

you are unfriendly.

In Thailand you should clasp your hands together and lower your

head and your eyes when you greet someone.

In America you should eat your hamburger with both hands and as

quickly as possible. You shouldn’t try to have a conversation until it is

eaten.

Text 2

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Outsourcing and offshoring1. Instead of outsourcing their raw materials from another company,

Chanel have their own raw materials. Work in pairs and answer the following question.

What do you understand by a outsourcing and b offshoring?2. Now read the following definitions to see if you were right.

Outsourcing n. handing over a business process like accounting or a production process to another provider

Offshoring n. when a company relocates production or a business

process to another country

3. Work with a partner and answer the following questions. Try to think of

at least two advantages and disadvantages for each.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing a

production process?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of offshoring, do you

think?

You are going to read an article about Waratah, a clothing company

based in Sydney, Australia. The company experienced problems when it

tried to outsource its production in Sydney and also when it produced the

clothes itself (in-house production). Their clothes are now made outside

Australia.

4. Skim the whole article to get a general idea of what it is about. Write the

paragraph number in the boxes below to show where you read about

following.

a. outsourcing the production within Sydney

b. in-house production

c. offshoring

Waratah

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1. Ruth and Miller grew up in a family where making clothes was common.

Their mother regularly made clothes for herself and her two daughters.

The two girls were able to design and make their own outfits by the time

they were teenagers. Now they run “Waratah”, a clothing company based

in Sydney.

2. The Waratah label started to establish itself in the mid – 1990s. At first,

the Miller sisters used a number outside manufactures to produce their

clothes. In 1995, however, they desided to bring the production in-house.

“We found the the outside suppliers very difficult to manage”, says

Eileen. “They were often unreliable and we always had problems with

getting clothes to our customers on time. We needed more control, so we

decided to do the manufacturing ourselves.”

3. In fact, the switch to in-house production led to its own set of problems.

It was hard to find new staff, and labour costs were rising. Because of

this, the Miller sisters found it impossible to raise productivity beyond a

certain level.

4. In 2003, the sisters decided to adopt a different system and closed down

the manufacturing section of the business. Now, designing and making

up samples takes place in Sydney, but the company outsources its

production to other countries. At first, they used manufacturers in India,

but now they also outsourse to China where they are developing new

production methods. “We still do all the main work in Sydney”, says

Eileen, “but offshoring has brought down our staff costs. Having the

production labour abroad can be complicated, but the quality is

excellent”,

5. The company already exports some of its clothing to the Middle East

and now they are loking to promote the brand in new markets. The

Watarah garment sizing especially suits Indonesian markets, so that will

be their next target. They are also considering going into partnership with

another established manufactured.

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Text 3

1. Work with a partner. Read the first three sentences of a text from a book

about selling and marketing in China and discuss the question.

A number of business people dream of marketing their product in China, just

because of the size of the population. After all, the country contains a billion

possible new customers. But of course, things are not as simple as this.

Why do you think it could be difficult to market your product

successfully in China? Try to think of at least three reasons.

2. Read the following questions (1-4), then scan the text to find the answers.

Task tip

Scan for the underlined words. When you find them, read the sentence to find

out the answer. (If you live in China, you probably know some of the answers,

but it is important to answer according to the text.)

1. In China is the colour red traditionally considered lucky or unlucky?

2. When did Ikea open its first store in Beijing?

3. What is the meaning of the Chinese word he?

4. What is the meaning of the number 8 in China?

Marketing in China

Firstly with many types of products, the largest producers are Chinese

firms who have already won large parts of the market. Indeed, many old

Chinese companies such as TonRen Tang, a pharmaceutical company which

dates back to 1669, are now enjoying a renewed popularity.

Secondly, any company which tries to move into a foreign market needs to

study the situation and culture of that country. This is certainly the case with

China. Many international companies go into the market whith their usual

rangeof products but they find that, as they are, the products do not sell.

Ikea, the Swedish furniture giant, opened in Beijing in 1999 but not many

people bought the furniture. It seemed too expensive for Chinese customers

and possibly did not appeal to Chinese taste.

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Pricing is not the only issue. Companies also need to consider what ideas

customers from a different culture might have about their product; what

marketing experts call product positioning. De Beers, the diamond company,

provide an interesting example of this. In the West, diamonds are a symbol

of romantic love and appear on wedding rings. However, the idea of

romance is different in Asia and so De Beers decided to present diamonds as

a symbol of harmony and a lasting relationship rather than love. Their

Chinese TV ads showed a husband giving his wife a diamond at their

wedding and then moved forward in time to show the following years of a

long happy marriage. Harmony or a lack of conflict (he in Chinese) is a very

important value in Chinese culture and De Beers were very important in

China. Chinese society traditionally has many levels and the possession of a

particular brand can show your place within society. However, as in any

country, companies need to take advice on what their brand name sounds

like in Chinese, or if people can pronounce it.Sometimes a successful brand

name can be created by slightly changing the original name to Chinese.

Gillette razors, for example, use the Chinese name ‘jilie’. ‘ji’ in Chinese

means ‘lucky’. Chinese companies trying to export their products, of course,

have to think about this too. The Chinese refrigerator, Haier, has not been

very successful globally, partly, it seems, because Westerners find the name

difficult to pronounce.

In a country where the writing system is based on symbols, it is especially

important to have a memorable logo. A logo with a picture like Shell or

Apple is likely to be more effective than one which consists of Western

letters like BP. Companies also need to be aware of the popular ideas about

some colours. Red, for example, is traditionally a lucky colour, while white

is the colour of death and is traditionally seen as unlucky. Blue and yellow

used together can also suggest death, so this combination is best avoided on

logos. This is because at a traditional funeral, a gift of money was often put

in a yellow envelope with a blue stripe.

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There are also popular ideas relating to numbers, just as, for example, the

number 13 is thought unlucky in China as it sounds like the word for

‘death’. Eight, on the other hand, is a lucky number. When the Japanese

department store Yaohan opened in Beijing, the person selling the pens put a

price of 88,888 yuan on one expensive gold pen. This was a joke of course,

but it made a wonderful talking point for the customers.

Text 4

Is there any city in Europe, or elsewhere, like Prague? There has been a

city here for over a thousand years, and now 1,250,000 people live here. It

is most famous for its Gothic and baroque buildings. Old Town Square,

with its wonderful clock, the Charles Bridge, and Prague Castle on the hill

above the river are just a few of Prague`s famous attractions.

Getting around Prague is easy by tram or underground but it`s also a

pedestrian`s dream because much of the old quarter and many of the

streets and lanes have little or no traffic. The medieval centre is Prague

Castle and St Vitus Cathedral. An evening view of these illuminated

landmarks is one of the most memorable sights in Europe. Wenceslas

Square is in the heart of modern Prague.

Visiting Prague today, you immediately notice the lively atmosphere. The

city can be crowded during the hot summer months, but it is a delight to

visit at any time of the year, even in the snowy cold of winter. In fact,

tourism makes the largest contribution to Prague`s economy. Classical

concerts take place all through the year, though the biggest event is the

Prague spring International Music Festival in May and early June. Theatre

also has a special place in the life of the city.

The suburbs are like many in Eastern Europe with tall skyscrapers and

some light industry, but you`re very quickly in the sleepy villages and

gentle hills of Bohemia.

Many people say Prague reminds them of Vienna or Budapest. But in fact,

Prague is unique. There`s nowhere quite like it.

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READING AND WRITING

1. There is a mixture of fact and opinion in the passage. For example, it is a

fact that there are Gothic and baroque buildings, but an opinion that the

clock in Old Town Square is wonderful.

Read the passage again and write down:

- Five facts about Prague.

Over a thousand years old, ……

- Five opinions about Prague.

One of the most memorable sights in Europe.

2. Think of a town which you can twin with Prague. Write notes about the

features of the two towns. It should have as many similar aspects as

possible.

London similar age, culture

Are there any major differences?

London no trams, different architecture

3. Write a description of the twin cities, giving your reasons why they are

similar. Use the notes you made in 2 and 3 and the linking words in bold.

Give the main reason. The main reason why Prague and London are

similar is their age.

Give other reasons. Another reason is that…

Describe similarities. Both Prague and London have a lot of old buildings.

Neither Prague nor London has much heavy industry.

Describe differences. Prague has hot summers while London can be

colder.

Prague is very romantic whereas London is more reserved.

Stress similarities. But actually, they are both very cosmopolitan cities.

VI. Grammar exercises 1) Modals to express obligations1. Must expresses a strong obligation.

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All visitors must report to Reception.You mustn’t steal things! Its naughty!

2. Have to express a general obligations based on a law or a rule.Nurses have to wear a uniform.Malcolm has to drive a thousand miles a week in his job.

3. Sometimes must and have to are similar.

I must go now. Cheerio! I have to go now. Cheerio!

Sometimes there is a difference. Must is personal. We use must when we express our personal feelings, and say what we think is important or necessary.

You must work harder. (I am telling you what to do.)

I must wash my hair. It`s dirty. (I am telling myself that it`s necessary.)

Have to is impersonal. It expresses a general obligation based on what another person tells us to.

We have to wear a stupid uniform. (It`s a school rule.)

I have to take this medicine three times a day. (The doctor said.)

4. Have to is used to form the question, and the past and future.

Do you have to work full-time?

I had to get up very early when I was at school.

You`ll have to work hard if you want to go to university.

5. Should expresses what is right, or a good idea. It expresses advice, or a

mild obligation.

You should get more exercise. Why don’t you play tennis?

You shouldn’t eat so many sweets. They are bad for your teeth.

Negatives

Mustn`t and don’t have to express very different ideas.

You mustn’t take drugs. (This is a strong obligation not to do

something.)

Teenagers don’t have to go out to work. (There is no obligation, but they

can if they want.)

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2) Modals to express permission

Can, can`t, and be allowed to are used to express permission. Allowed to

is passive.

We can`t smoke or chew gum.

We aren’t allowed to buy what we want.

1. Look at the verbs in bold type in Exercises 2 and 3 in the started

activity, then complete the following table.

Verb is used to say that:

a) An action is

necessary (an

obligation)

b) An action is a good

idea (advice)

c) An action is not a

good idea (advice not

to do something)

d) A situation is

possible

e) An action is not

necessary (there is no

obligation)

f) An action is not

possible for you to do

(because it is against

the rules or for

another reason)

Example

Have to

Complete this grammar notes about describing rules:123

Must and 1 …… mustn’t and don’t have to 4………..

These have

similar

meanings. Both

refer

to something

which is

necessary.

You must switch

off your

phone in the

board

meeting.

You 2…… switch

off your

phone in the

board

meeting.

Have to is more

common

When talking

about the

law or company

rules.

These have

different meanings.

Mustn`t is used about

something which is

wrong to do.

You mustn’t smoke in

the workshop.

Don’t have to means

that something is 3……

necessary. You can do

it if you want, but there

is no rule.

You don’t have to put a

stamp on that letter.

Postage is free.

This is used for

an action which

is not possible for

you (because it is

against the rules

or for another

reason).

We 5……deliver

the goods before

Friday

3) Making comparisons

You can make comparisons in the following ways:

- Comparative adjective + than124

- More/less + comparative adjective + than

- More + countable/uncountable noun + than

- Fewer + countable noun + than

- Less + uncountable noun + than

- As many + countable noun + as

- As much + uncountable noun + as

- As + adjective + as

Prague is cheaper than London.

Rome is more beautiful than London.

London is less dangerous than New York.

Tokyo has more inhabitants than Madrid.

Berlin has more rain than Rome.

Madrid has fewer tourists than Paris.

Paris has less industry than Milan.

Milan has as many people as Barcelona.

Barcelona has as much rain as Rome.

Rome is as beautiful as Prague.

VII. Speaking

Work in pairs and discuss the following question.

Do you think it is better to use a supplier who is local to your company, or a

national supplier who is in another part of your country?

Try to think of three advantages and three disadvantages for each.

With your partner, discuss whether the statements (1-5) are usually true of

local or national suppliers. Write L for local suppliers, N for for national

suppliers or B if you think it is true for both local and national suppliers.

1. You have to pay higher transport costs.

2. They give good after-sales service.

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3. You may get a better discount.

4. You don’t have to wait a long time for delivery.

5. You business is important to them, so they will give you good service.

In the following dialogue, which person do you agree with?

A. You should always use the same supplier. That way, you build up a good

relationship with them.

B. No, you shouldn’t depend on one supplier. You should use several so that if

one can`t supply you needs, you can use another.

VIII. LANGUAGE REVIEW

Asking for descriptions

1. What`s London like? Means “Tell me about London because I don’t

know anything about it”. It is a very general question.

When it is asked about a person, the answer can refer to character or

appearance or both.

What`s Peter like?

He`s quite tall, with short blond hair.

He`s really nice, You`d like him.

2. What does she look like? Asks for a physical description.

What does she look like?

She`s very pretty. She`s got long black hair, and dark, mysterious eyes.

3. How are your parents? Asks about their health and general happiness. It

does not ask for a description.

How are your parents?

They are fine, thanks. My mother had a cold, but she`s better now.

Words that go together

126

Use your dictionaries to look up any new words.

1. Look at the following groups of words. Which four of the surrounding

words in each group cannot go with the noun in the centre?

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2. Put a suitable adjective from Exercise 1 into the gaps in the following

conversations. If necessary, use their comparative or superlative forms.

Example

Billy`s only two so he`s the youngest in the family.

a) What is Anna`s brother like?

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Well, he is certainly ___________, dark and handsome, but I didn’t enjoy

meeting him at all. He is even ______ than she is!

b) What was your meal like?

Ugh! It was awful. The pizza was ________. We were absolutely _____,but

we still couldn’t eat it!

c) Did you have a good time in Amsterdam?

Excellent, thank you. There`s so much to do. It`s a really_____ city. And

there are so many people from all over the world, it`s even______ than

London.

d) Mmm! These courgettes are _____. Did you grow them yourselves?

Yes, we did. All our vegetables are ______.

Underline the adjectives in the box below. Are there any which can also

be nouns?

Art gallery bridge busy castle cathedral cemetery coffee-house concert

hall cosmopolitan crowded dangerous district dirty hilly industrial lane

lively market museum noisy old-fashioned palace park picturesque

quay river romantic skyscraper sleepy smart square street theatre tram

unique wealthy

Think of your favorite town or city. Which of these adjectives can you use to

describe it?

What special features is your favorite city famous for? Use the nouns in the

box to help you. Are there any adjectives which go with them?

Lyon is famous for its medieval district and its picturesque rivers.

Unit 8

Vocabulary list

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1) sanitation2) hygiene3) sustainable4) voluntary domestic5) appeal6) sewage disposal7) access to8) to provide smth to smb9) set up10) awareness

11) rural

12) urban areas

13) data collection

14) survey

15) pay (back, by, for, off)

16) lend smth to

17) borrow smth from

18) safe and easy way

19) branch

20) withdraw

21) deposit

22) balance

23) transactions

24) overdraft

25) online statement

26) pay bills

27) foreign currency

28) direct debits

20) standing orders

30) industry-standard levels of security

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31) refund

32) pin members fraud

33) cancel

34) download

35) amend

36) traveller’s cheques

37) to host

38) lasting success

39) decaying industrial areas

40) filthy harbor

41) environmentally friendly

42) preservation

43) conservation

44) endangered …

45) recycle

I. Find the equivalents (in the box) to the words given below:

getting worse, very dirty, offensive, to use again, to organize, to change, to stop, to give back, look at, examine know, notice, to give, to get to, to enter request, to like.

appeal

access

to provide smth to smb

to be aware

survey

refund

cancel

amend

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host

recycle

filthy

decaying

II. Translate the sentences

1. WA ставит перед собой задачу обеспечить регионы с беднейшим населением чистой пресной водой, проводить санитарные мероприятия, вести просветительскую работу в области гигиены.

2. Более 70% фондовой WA получает от индивидуальных предпринимателей, бизнесменов.

3. Банковские операции по интернету – это всего лишь еще один путь доступа к существующему счету, а не необходимость открывать новый.

4. Интернет операции используют стандартный уровень защиты вкладов от мошенничества.

5. Барселона использовала Олимпийские игры 1992 года для того, чтобы претворить в жизнь план по обновлению города и превращению на находящихся в упадке промышленных районов в прекрасный приморский город.

6. Было инвестировано $8 млрд. в кольцевую дорогу, новый аэропорт, телекоммуникационную систему, канализационную систему.

7. Сидней, оказавшись столицей Олимпиады 2000 года, прочно занял свое место на туристических коробах.

8. После проведения Олимпийских игр в Сиднее возникло много экологических чистых предприятий.

9. Доход компании упал в прошлом году, но компании удалось сэкономить путем сокращения расходов.

10. Компания разорилась в прошлом году и многие кредиторы до сих пор ждут выплат.

Vocabulary money

132

1. Work in pairs. Check that you understand the meaning of the verb phrases in italics in these sentences. Then discuss the questions. Have you ever bid for something in an auction (online of traditional)? Is so,

what was it? If not, would you consider doing so? When was the last time you got a bargain? Do you know anyone who is good at

finding bargains? What’s the difference between: pay a fee, pay a fare and pay a fine? What do

you think of the cost of bus and train fares in your country/another country you know?

2. Work in two groups, A and B. Look at the words in your box and check their meaning and pronunciation. Use a dictionary if necessary.

A

B

3. Now work in pairs (o0ne from group A and one from B). Tell each other the meaning and pronunciation of the words in your box.

4. Choose the correct alternatives in each sentence.

1. You can often save money by buying a lot of things at the same time and getting a discount/freebie.

2. I’m working long hours at the moment so that I get paid quite a lot of tip/overtime – I’m saving up for my holiday.

3. If you decide not to go ahead with the booking, you will lose the £100 balance/deposit you’ve already paid.

4. I’m sorry, but we can only give you your money back if you keep the receipt/refund as proof of purchase.

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Get a freebie pay a deposit pay the balance get a receipt get a refund pay rent

Get a discount get paid overtime be in debt pay tax take out insurance leave a tip

5. You are advised to take out tax/insurance for all members of the family before you travel.

6. I would never borrow from friends because I never want to be in rent/debt.

Vocabulary

Business terms and roles

1 Match the financial terms (a-k) with the correct definition (1-11).

a creditor 1 A person of organization that owes money to the company.

b revenue 2 A person of organization that the company owes money to.

c overheads 3 To legally stop doing business and close a company because of financial losses.

d to go bankrupt 4 The money that a company earns from its sales.

e to break even

5 To earn enough money to pay for the costs of running the company but no more (no profit is made).

f debtor 6 How much a company earns before certain costs and taxes are deducted.

g net profit 7 The total amount of money that an organization spends on something.

h to overspend 8 How much a company earns after all the costs and taxes are deducted.

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i gross profit 9 To spend more than you originally planned in your budget.

j operating profit 10 The profit which comes from a company’s usual activities of providing goods or services.

k expenditure 11 The costs of running the company e.g. rent, electricity and water bills, etc.

2 The words in the box below have similar meanings to three of the words from Exercise 1. Write the word with the similar meaning next to the one in the box.

to cover costs ……….

to go into liquidation ………

turnover ………

3 Choose the correct expression from the box below to complete the definitions (1-3). You need to put the verbs in the correct form.

to chase payment to pay off a debt to write off a bebt

1. If a company pays the money that it owes to someone, then it ………… .

2. If a company tries to make a person of organization pay it the money that they owe (e.g. by sending out letters to remind them), then it ………… .

3. If a company decides to stop trying to get the money that a person of organization owes it (because, for example, the company no longer exists) then it ……… .

4. In the following sentences (1-5), TWO of the alternatives (A-C) are possible and ONE is not. Circle the two alternatives which are possible.

1. I don’t think we will make a profit next year, but we hope to at least…

A break even B go bankrupt C cover costs

2. Operating profits fell last year but the company managed to save some money be reducing…

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A expenditure B overheads C revenue

3. The company budgeted for €120,000 but the project cost them nearly €200,000. They … by nearly €80,000.

A covered costs B overspent C exceeded their budget

4. The company was very successful last year and increased their … from €29,000 to over €32,000.

A debts B revenue C turnover

5 A great many people lost their jobs when the company …

A went bankrupt B broke even C went into liquidation

5. In the following sentences (1-4) one word does not make sense. Identify the word and change it for another from Exercise 4 to make a logical sentence.

1. The company was not a success and finally went bankrupt last year. Some

creditors

debtors are still waiting for payouts.

2. The company has begun to write off its debts in instilments under a new agreement with the creditors.

3 A Profit last year was £42,000

B Do you mean gross or net?

A Oh no, I mean gross. After the production costs and overheads were deducted.

4. That company has gone into liquidation. I’m afraid we’re just going to have to pay off the money that they owe us.

1a Complete the statements with the words in the box

community competitors customer

law loss prices profit staff taxes

wages

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To succeed in business you should:

1 value your staff.

2 focus only on making a big _____.

3 pay employees low _____.

4 charge high _____.

5 never break the _____.

6 avoid paying _____ to the government.

7 believe the _____ is always right.

8 invest in the local _____.

9 put your _____ out of business.

10 be prepared to make a _____ for at least the first year.

1b Work with a partner to discuss the statements.

2 Match the people in the box with their job role.

Customer entrepreneur manufacturer

partner retailer supplier wholesaler

1 sells directly to the public

2 makes goods

3 starts new businesses

4 is one of owners of a business

5 buys large quantities of goods from producers and sells them to shop of a company

6 buys directly from a shop of a company

7 provides goods/parts to shops and businesses

3 Work with a partner to discuss the following.

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1 Which are your favourite retailers?

2 Name three large manufacturers

3 What services can a wholesaler offer a retailer?

4 Give an example of good/bad customer service you have experienced.

5 What problems can a business have with its suppliers?

6 Can you name a famous entrepreneur?

7 If you started a business, who would your partner be? Why?

1. Discuss these questions with other students.

Do you ever shop online? If so, what for? If not, why not?

What do you think are some of the most common reasons for complaining to a department store of a shopping website?

Have you ever complained about something you bought (either in a shop of through a website)? What weren’t you happy about? What did you do? What was the response? Were you satisfied in the end?

Reading. Networking

Networking is the process of making business contacts through meeting people. It can be a good way of finding clients or new staff or even a new job.

1 Work with a partner. Decide which of the following you think is the best place for networking.

Conferences private parties trade fairs training events

2 Look at the headings (a-d) for the first four paragraphs of the article. Skim the text and match each heading to the most suitable paragraph. Write the paragraph number in the box.

A The best way to find business 2

B A fixed agenda

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C An example of a meeting

D BNI’s mission and ethos

Company background BNI

Business Network International, of BNI, is an organization which began in California, USA but has now expanded into many other countries. The idea of the organizations is that members create business for each other through personal recommendations.

BUSINESS NETWORK INTERNATIONAL

1. It is 7.00 on a cold winter morning and 40 people face each other across a breakfast table in a London hotel. After some short speeches, the tables are suddenly a hive of activity as sets of business cards are passed around. After this, each person stands up for exactly one minute. They talk about their businesses and what kind of contacts they are looking for that week. John Harris is an insolvency specialist who is looking for any company with financial difficulties who could use his services. Janet Moore runs a cake-making business and is looking for customers. After the speeches, the 40 people stand up together and walk around the tables gibing out pieces of paper. These are referral slips, providing the names and details of potential customers of contacts. Janet Moore, for example, receives the names and contact numbers of several relatives with birthdays that month.2. This is a meeting of BNI of Business Network International. There are many ways for businesses to advertise, like telemarketing of mailshots but the best form of promotion is word-of-mouth recommendation through networking. Of course, networking can take place anywhere; at trade fairs and conferences of on the golf course, but the most efficient way to network is to join an organization like this. This is because the only reason for these meetings is to make contacts. The success rate of the referrals speaks for itself. According to the figures, over 75% of them turn into business.

3. BNI was originally founded by Dr Ivan Misner in the US but in has now spread to many countries in Europe such as Scandinavia, Germany and Spain and also to Australia. Its aim is to provide an environment in which business people can get together and develop the personal relationship that lead to business. When new members join, they receive a card file to hold all the new business cards, a badge and a lapel pin. With these, they also get a guidebook with instructions on ‘how to be a good member’. Members also have access to a library of networking tips, all

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recorded on tapes. BNI’s motto is ‘givers gain’, that is, if I give someone business, then they will want to give me business in return.

4. BNI meetings follow a highly structured framework. A short period of ‘open’ networking is followed by welcome speeches and introductions from the team leaders and then by the exchanging of business cards. Next, members give their 60-second speeches and after that, they introduce any visitors, who can also give speeches. Then, the referral slips are passed. If a member passes on more than three new business contacts, the group all clap. For five of more referrals, this becomes a standing ovation. The meeting winds up with a prize draw.

Text 2

Healthy finances

Talking point

1. Work in pairs. All companies have information which they do not usually give to other people. Which of the following types of information (a-g) do you think a company does not usually share with:

the public its employees?a profits and losses in the past

b future financial targets

c recipes and manufacturing processes

d ideas for new products

e information about market share

f staff qualifications and CVs of resumes

g strategies (plans to achieve success)

2. Does sharing this information depend on the type of company, do you think?

1. Work with a partner. You are going to read an article about a company which is famous for keeping information secret. Can you think of any other famous secretive companies?

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Company background H A L M A

Halma is a group of engineering companies which makes health and safety products such as fire detectors. It is based in the UK but also has companies in Europe and the USA.

2. Read the first two paragraphs to find out which two of the following activities (1-3) Halma employees do. Put a (x) in the box next to the activity which they don’t do.

1. develop ideas for future products

2. make the component parts for their products

3. put together in component parts for their products

Halma: A secretive success

1. Halma is an engineering group which specializes in products for the health and safety industry. Its financial results have been impressive, but not many people have studied the reasons for its success. (i) This is partly because the group’s original chairman did not want to talk about its management approach because he was afraid other companies might copy (ii) it.

2. Halma’s strategy is generally to produce a series of technical ideas which can then be used to create new products. In the past (iii) these devices have included a system to kill bacteria in water and another system to stop lift doors from closing on people. The group relies on suppliers to make the component parts. (iv) Its own workers are generally only concerned with the final assembly and with researching future products. The suppliers are not told what the parts that they supply do, nor how (v) they are put together, to make sure that (vi) they cannot use Halma’s ideas. ‘It is not in our interest to share this information’, says Stephen O’Shea, the chief executive officer.

Text 3

Read the text quickly. What does the article say about these things?

1. the writer’s out-of-date computer

2. the main aim of Freecycle

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3. dishonest ‘bidders’

4. giving something in return

5. freecycle’s need for money

FREECYCLE

The temptation to buy, buy, buy is hard to resist. A new outfit, a gadget, an item of furniture – someone is buying one right now. Now, guilty shoppers who are keen to get rid of a no-longer-needed purchase have a radical new option – simply giving it away.

Second-hand technology is notoriously difficult to offload. So, I never thought that my sluggish, ageing computer would generate much interest when I put it up for offer online. I was wrong. (1) On a conventional auction site, such as eBay, I doubt there would be any takers. But I’m advertising on its philanthropic cousin, freecycle.org. As the name suggests, everything advertised on Freecycle must be free – whether it’s an old sofa, unwanted CDs or even a few hours’ help in the garden. Anyone who is interested simply replies by email: deal done.

Freecycle is one of a number of websites that aim to reduce the amount of rubbish sent to landfill sites by encouraging one of the most efficient forms of recycling – simply giving things to people who want them.

(2) Today, Freecycle has 1.2 million members and is a cross between an Internet auction house and a global chain of charity shops. Mr Beal says his chief aim is to cut waste and help the environment. He recently told reporters, ‘I live in the Sonora Desert in Arizona. It’s a place where the landscape is absolutely stunning.’ (3).

On the London site, interest in my decrepit computer is led by Tung, who wants to get his sixty-seven-year-old mum on the net. Then there’s Kate, whose son wants it for his schoolwork. There’s also John, who wants it for his daughter, a nurse on a low wage. (4) My inclination is to give it to someone in need, but I have to make a difficult choice between several ‘bidders’. Some people may suggest that dishonest individuals could make up heart-tugging stories in order to get freebies, of even to make a profit by selling them on. But my requests seem genuine. (5)

Freecycle embodies some of that old charitable Internet spirit by asking that before members accept a freebie, they put something up for offer. And it’s by no means all junk; there are nearly-new toys, furniture, electrical goods, even bikes and cars. (6) She says it reflects the fact people are buying more than ever, but

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don’t want to simply throw things away when they replace them. ‘People want to feel a bit better about consuming, and so they’re happy to give things away,’ she says. Clive Brown, who won my auction, agrees: ‘I was given a bed and didn’t need the brand-new mattress, so I put it on the site and it was gone in minutes. I was delighted someone wanted it.’

Freecycle has grown rapidly around the world it countries as diverse as Mexico, Nepal, France and Romania and it seems to be on the cusp of breaking through into the mainstream. (7) Mr Beal says he needs the funds to help spread the ethos even further. In the end, it would be better if people simply stopped buying so much. But realistically, until people change their ways, green groups, guilty consumers and those with an eye for the ultimate bargain seem more than happy to make the most of Freecycle.

3. Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Read the article again and choose from sentences A-H the one that fits each gap 1-7. There is one extra sentence which you do not need.

A That such high-quality goods are on offer does Georgina Bloomfield.

B And right in the middle of this desert, you’ve got this hideous landfill half of which is full of perfectly good reusable stuff.

C The site is the creation of Deron Beal, an environmentalist from the US, who started it in mil 2003 as an automated email list.

D Money isn’t involved, but a kind of auction is taking place to see whose situation most deserves a free PC.

E Controversially, perhaps, it has recently signed up a corporate sponsor.

F Elsewhere on the site, someone is trying to shift a manual for a 1980s Ford Escort, and another has two bags of party clothes.

G I eventually choose Clive Brown, a project worker, who wants it for a client with learning disabilities.

H A bidding war quickly begins for the five-year-old machine, which is ‘past its best’ and a printer, which only ‘probably works’.

4. Discuss these questions.

What are the three main reasons for Freecycle’s success?

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Does Freecycle’s success surprise you? Why/Why not? How would you feel about using this website? Why?

Grammar exercises

Multi-word verbs

There are many examples of multi-word verbs.

She needed a nanny to look after us.

I told my parents what I was going to give it up

I wanted to be a nanny when I grew up.

1. Meaning

In the following groups of sentences one meaning of the multi-word verb is literal and two are idiomatic. Say which is which.

1 a The plane to Hong Kong Has just taken off.

b Take that vase off the table. It’s going to fall.

c He’s very famous now. His popularity really took off when he made that film.

2 a I’ll bring you up some water when I come to bed.

b Have you brought up the question of borrowing the money?

c They brought up six children with very little money.

3 a Her health has really picked up since she moved to a sunny climate.

b Can you pick up my pen for me? It’s under your chair.

c I picked up a little Italian when I was working in Rome.

4 a It took me a long time to get over the operation.

b Mario doesn’t speak much English so it was difficult to get over to him what I wanted.

c Can you help me get over this wall? The gate is closed.

5 a I looked up Bob’s number in the phone book.

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b The new manager is very good. Sales have really looked up since he came.

c We looked up the tree and there was the cat on the top branch.

Will and going to future forms

The present continuous is not the only way to talk about the future in English. If something is not a fixed arrangement, you use different future forms.

Underline the correct future forms in these sentences (1-6). More than one answer is sometimes possible.

1. Do you have any plans for this evening?

Yes, I will read / I'm going to read /'m reading all those reports for tomorrow's meeting.

2. The phone's ringing.

I'll answer / I'm going to answer / I'm answering it.

3. Oh dear, I don't seem to have the agenda for this meeting.

Am I making / Shall I make / Am I going to make you a copy?

4. The Bank of England has forecast that gross domestic product is going to reach / is reaching / will reach 55 per cent by the end of the year.

5. I'd like to keep in touch.

OK, I'm going to give / I'm giving / I'll give you my card.

6. Have you made an appointment to see the bank manager? Yes. I 'm seeing / ‘ll see / shall see him tomorrow morning.

Role-play

Work in groups of four or five. Read the following role card and follow the instructions on it. When speaking, try to use all the future forms you have practiced in this unit (present continuous, going to, will and shall). The Useful language box will help you.

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You are members of the sales team of a company Useful language which produces soft drinks.

You have recently developed a new product which is aimed at sportspeople or young adults who are interested in keeping fit. You want to organise an event to launch the product. Decide:

what kind of event to use to launch your product (presentation, road show, etc.)

who to invite (retailers, distributors, famous people, etc.)

Decide in your team what each person should do to prepare for the event Then report your plans back to the class.

Useful language

Making an offer or suggestion

Shall I send invitation to…? Shall we invite…?

I’ll write to…

Reporting your plans to the class

Is going to write… We’re going to organize a roadshow.

Making a prediction

It will be a great success, I'm sure.

Talking point

1. Work is pairs. If you are working, discuss whether you think networking meetings would be good for your company. If you are studying, discuss whether you think networking could help you find a job.

2. Read the role card and prepare what you are going to say.

You are attending a meeting of BNI and have to give a one-minute speech to introduce your company. Students in work should talk about their own company. Students who are still studying should ask their teacher for some informations

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about an imaginary company. In addition to your company’s main activities, decide which of the following you should include in your speech: staffing needs; examples of satisfied clients; future projects.

Remember you have only one minute exactly, so think carefully about what to include. Work in groups of three or four and take it in turns to listen to each other’s speeches. When you are listening to the other members of your group, make notes on ways they could improve their speech.

Unit 9.

Vocabulary list

1. depend on2. source3. generate4. energy supplies5. consequence6. traffic gridlock7. essential8. solar energy9. wind power10. nuclear power11. pipelines12. riots13. to abandon collapse14. agree15. bring up16. get promotion17. top politician18. compromise19. disappear20. to plug in21. sockets22. turn on23. come up24. find out25. set up

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26. log on27. work smth out28. write up 29. to print off30. set up31. sort out32. break down33. look up34. real estate35. insist on36. get a foot on37. tiny pod38. storage space39. interiors40. fortnight 41. attractive42. onlookers43. afford

I. Vocabulary exercises 1) Find the equivalents (in the box) to the words given below:

to interest somebody, pleasant to leave, stop, to have the some opinion, be decided by something, follow from, break, fall down result, effect, importance, provide something, be able to do, necessary, indispensable, fundamental, to produce success, progress, demand forcefully

1) attract, attractive2) generate3) depend on4) essential5) to abondone6) to collapse7) to agree8) promotion9) insist on10) to afford11) consequence

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2) Translate the sentences, use the active vocabulary and grammar of the unit:

2. 1) Как только трубопроводы подвергнутся террористической атаке, обеспечение энергией упадет на 40%.

2) Если бы мы установили солнечные панели только на части пустыни Сахара, они бы вырабатывали энергию для всего мира.

3) Я согласен, что если бы женщины управляли миром, они бы покончили с войнами, и было бы меньше конфликтов.

4) Проект будет проводиться в течение двух недель, а затем главного участника проекта сменит следующая участница.

5) Один из жителей Нью-Йорка настаивает на том, что если бы во всех городах Америки были бы законы как в Нью-Йорке, то Америка бы была лучшим местом на земле.

6) Если бы вы захотели выпить бутылку вина в центре парка, вы не могли бы себе этого позволить – это запрещено.

7) Если вас привлекает городская жизнь, не забывайте о необходимости противостоять его соблазнам.

8) Если мы не выполним задачу по обновлению источников энергии (солнечная, ветровая) к 2030 году, нам придется использовать либо ядерную энергию, либо импортировать уголь, газ, нефть.

9) Есть вероятность, что правительство повысит налоги значительно, и это может вызвать беспорядки, даже мятежи.

10) Правительство должно искать альтернативные источники трудовых ресурсов, если они хотят избежать конфликтов между поколениями.

II. Grammar exercises

Active grammar1) Phrasal verbsThere are different types of phrasal verbs:1. The verb takes no object (intransitive).I turned up late.2. The verb takes an object (transitive) and the verb and particle can split.*I called off the wedding. I called the wedding off. I called it off.*When the object is a pronoun (he/she/it, etc.) the verb and particle must split.NOT: I called off it.

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3. The verb takes an object but the verb and particle cannot split (transitive, inseparable).He’s going through a difficult time.NOT: He’s going a difficult time through.4. The verb has two particles and doesn’t split (transitive, inseparable).We came up with a new idea.NOT: We came up a new idea with.

1) Put the words in order to make sentences.1. girlfriend I up split my with2. We until out didn’t later find.3. back When you coming are?4. carry couldn’t I tired because I was on.5. always She late up turns.6. with good they up Did any ideas come?7. going is here on What?8. match because rain The called off was of.9. period is company going The a difficult through.10. more I him up can’t any with put.

2) Use words from Box 1 and Box 2 complete the sentences below. Don’t forget to change the verb tenses.

Box 1

Box 2

The concert was called off because the singer was sick.

1. I will not ___ ___ ___ this noise! If it continues, I’ll call the police!2. If you want to ___ ___ ___ the history of science, you’ll need to look in the

library.3. I don’t need a break. I’m going to ___ ___ working.4. It was a quiet party. There were only six of us, though more people ___ ___

later.150

find come (x2) go (x2) turn split carry call put

up (x4) on (x2) with (x2) off through back about out

5. Can someone explain? I have no idea what’s ___ ___.6. She ___ ___ a difficult period when she lost her job, but she’s OK now.7. Couples usually ___ ___ because of jealousy or boredom, or because they

find other partners!8. My best friend is ___ ___ from her holiday tomorrow, so K’m going to the

airport to meet her.9. You need to ___ ___ ___ a plan to improve your business, because you are

losing money.

3) Work with a partner. What is a phrasal verb? What makes it different from other verbs?

1. Circle the correct alternatives to complete the sentences.1. I grew up/down in Brazil.2. The children were brought down/up by their aunt.3. My brother always told me off/on for borrowing his records.4. You really take before/after your father. You are always complaining.5. My sister looked after/before me when I was ill.6. I don’t get on/off very well with my mother.7. I still look down/up to my older brother, and ask him for advice.8. We carried off/on arguing until they left home.

4. Use the sentences in Ex.3 to help you match the phrasal verbs from A with the definitions from B.

A B

1. grow up2. bring up3. tell (someone) off4. take after (someone)5. look after (someone of

something)6. get on with (someone)7. look up to (someone)8. carry on (doing something)

a) admire and respect someoneb) continue (doing something)c) develop from being a child to being an

adultd) take care of (someone or something)e) talk angrily to someone because they

have done something wrongf) have a friendly relationship with

someoneg) look or behave like another member of

your familyh) care for children until they are adults

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5. Complete the text using the correct form of the phrasal verbs in Ex.4.

I was brought up in a small town near Paris. My parents are English, so I (1)______ speaking English and French. A young English student lived with us during the school holidays, and she (2)______ me when my parents were away on business. I remember my father always (3)______ us ______ if he heard us speaking in English, because she was studying French. Usually we changed to French for a few minutes, and then (4)______ in English when he couldn’t hear us, because it was easier for both of us. She was an artist, and we (5)______ very well. I (6)______ her, and later tried to become a painter myself. Unfortunately, I (7)______ my father, who wasn’t artistic, and so I was never successful.

6. Answer the questions in groups.

1. Where did you grow up?

2. When you bring up a child, what do you think is the most important thing to teach him/her?

3. As a child, did anyone tell you off? Why? Did this make you stop of did you carry on anyway?

4. Which member of your family do you get on with best?

5. Who in your family do you take after?

6. Who looks after you when you are ill?

7. As a child, who did you look up to?

Lifelong learning

The one rule!

Revise new vocabulary after one hour. Revise it again after one day. And again after one week. Most people need to see or hear new vocabulary at least six times before they can remember it!

Tell your classmates about the different ways that you revise vocabulary.

II. Modal verbs

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Certain

+ New technology ____ ____ / definitely change our lives.

– New technology certainly/definitely won’t solve all our problems.

Probably

+ It ___ ___ arrive in Japan first.

– It ___ ___ be cheap.

Possible

+ Customers may/___/could it difficult to use.

– They may not/might not understand it.

1. Choose the correct alternatives.

1. She might/definitely/may to arrive tomorrow. It depends on her work.

2. I’ll probably/Probably I will/I won’t probably see you later. My class has been cancelled.

3. I mayn’t/may not/could not be able to check my emails. I’m having some problems with my computer.

4. Real Madrid will win probably/win definitely/probably win the competition again. They have a strong team.

5. David won’t probably/probably won’t/will not probably come to the party. He’s sleeping as usual.

6. They may come/may to come/come may to the cinema with us if they have time.

2. Decide if these things will certainly, probably of possibly happen in the next twenty years. Then complete the sentences.

Computers will definitely get faster.

1. People ____ stop using CDs and DVDs. They ____ download all music and films from the Internet.

2. Mobile phones ____ become smaller.

3. People ____ get bored with new technology.

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4. There ____ be robots in every house.

5. People ____ be able to take holidays in space.

6. China’s economy ____ become much bigger.

1. a. Write seven predictions for people in your class. Don’t write their names.

She’ll probably move to the USA.

He might become a famous musician.

b. Exchange your predictions with other students. Guess who the predictions are about.

4. Draw conclusions using must or can’t and the words in brackets.

1. He drives a very expensive car and owns a private plane. (rich)

He must be very rich

2. He spends all day walking around the town. (job)

3. They are asking the way to the city centre. (tourists)

4. She works for a daily newspaper. She goes to all the big football matches. (sports reporter)

5. I thought he studied medicine, but he’s got an outdoor job now. (doctor)

6. She teaches maths at the university. (stupid)

5. Say what people could or might do. Choose from the jobs in the list.

teacher librarian guide shop assistant

carpenter professor coach driver nurse sculptor

manager

1. Fred works with wood.

He could be a carpenter, but might also be a sculptor.154

2. Janet works with children

3. Healther works in a shop.

4. Greg works with tourists.

Write two or three sentences about the people in the photos.

She looks very smart and efficient.

He’s got a dog so he must like animals.

Reading

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1. Yourhome-Myhome.com is a website where families can exchange homes with other families for a holiday. Read the property descriptions below. Yourhome-Myhome.comProperty 1A beautiful apartment in the centre of Seville. It is on the third floor and is very quiet all day. All you can hear is the sound of the church bells. The apartment is light and sunny with large windows. The kitchen is new and opens onto the balcony. The bathroom is spacious. There are two bedrooms, one double and one single, and there is a sofa, bed in the living room.The areaThe apartment is in the historical centre of Seville, two minutes’ walk from the cathedral and fifty meters from the commercial centre. There are plenty of local bars and restaurants serving ‘tapas’ (typical Spanish dishes).

Property 2We have a large semi-detached house with a garden, one hour from the centre of London. The house has four bedrooms, each with an en-suite bathroom, a large kitchen/eating area, a sitting room, a formal dining room and a study. The house is old and has a sense of history, and that makers it special.The areaThere is a daily market and a high street full of shops just ten minutes walk from the house. We are also close to a tube station, which can take you into central London, where you will find all the museums, theatres, shops and restaurants you could wish for.

Text 2.

Discuss.

1. Why is New York City famous? Think about the people, the lifestyle, how New York City appears in films, etc.

2. What was New York City like a few years ago/a hundred years ago? How do you think it has changed?

3. Have you ever been to New York City? Would you like to go/go back? Why/Why not?

4. Do you know any other names for New York City?

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2. Read about some changes in New York City. Which of your ideas from question 2 above are mentioned? Find the sentences in the 2 conditionals.

New York used to be the city that never sleeps. These days it’s the city that never smokes, drinks of does anything naughty (at least, not in public). The Big Apple is quickly turning into the Forbidden Apple.

If you wanted a glass of wine with your picnic in Central Park, could you have one? No chance. Drinking alcohol in public isn’t allowed. If you decided to feed the birds with the last crumbs of your sandwich, you could be arrested. It’s illegal. If you went to a bar for a drink and a cigarette, that would be OK, wouldn’t it? Er… no. You can’t smoke in public in New York City.

What’s going on” Why is the city that used to be so open-minded becoming like this? The mayor of New York is behind it all. He has brought in a whole lot of new laws to stop citizens from doing what they want, when they want.

The press are scandalized1. Even the New York police have joined the argument. They recently spent $100,000 on a ‘Don’t blame the cop2’ campaign. One New York police officer said, ‘We raise money for the city by giving people fines for breaking some very stupid laws. It’s all about money.’

The result is a lot of fines for minor offences. Yoav Kashida, an Israeli tourist, fell asleep on the subway. When he woke up, two police officers fined him because he had fallen asleep on two seats (you mustn’t use two seats in the subway). Elle and Serge Schroitman were fined for blocking a driveway with their car. It was their own driveway.

The angry editor of Vanity Fair magazine, Grayson Carter, says, ‘Under New York City law it is acceptable to keep a gun in your place of work, but not an empty ashtray.’

But not all of New York’s inhabitants are complaining. Marcia Dugarry, 72, said, ‘The city has changed for the better. If more cities had these laws, America would be a better place to live.’ Nixon Fatotkis, 38, a barman, said, ‘I like the new laws. If people smoked in here, we’d go home smelling of cigarettes’.

Recent figures show that New York now has fewer crimes pre 100,000 people than 193 other US cities. And it’s true – it’s safer, cleaner and more healthy than before. But let’s be honest – who goes to New York for its clean streets?

Glossary157

1 scandalized (adj) = shocked/angry

2 cop (noun) = police officer (US English)

Vocabulary / adjectives describing places

4. The words in the box can be used to describe cities. Find pairs of words that mean the opposite.

unspoilt – touristy

b. Think of a town or city for each adjective.

Tokyo is enormous.

b. Discuss.

1. Are you surprised by any of the results?

2. Do you think the survey is unfair?

3. Have you been to any of the cities in the list? What did you think of them?

VOCABULARY

1. Which of the words below can you use to describe:2. the buildings and architecture of a town?

_skyscraper__________________

___________________________

___________________________

3. the atmosphere of a town?_lively______________________

___________________________

___________________________

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unspoilt modern ugly tiny clean noisy peaceful dull enormous touristy picturesque lively historical polluted

Text 3

Read the text about top cities.

Top Cities

Have you ever walked around a city and thought, ‘this is Paradise’? Or maybe, ‘this is the ugliest, most polluted, dangerous, frightening place I’ve ever been to and I can’t wait to get out’?

Most of us have. And that’w why most of us like to know about the place before we go there. One thing we can do is read a good guide book. Another is to look at a new survey conducted by William Mercer, one of the world’s largest Human Resources consultancies.

Mercer decided to judge some of the world’s great cities. They produced their results by giving marks for various criteria. These included political, economic and social environment, healthcare, educational provision, recreation and transport infrastructure.

So, which are the best cities to live in, and which should we avoid? In joint first place were Vancouver, Berne, Vienna and Zurich while Sydney, Geneva, Auckland and came second. Swiss cities occupied there of the top ten places, making it the single most successful country of all those surveyed.

New York was used as the base city with a score of 100, which put it in 50th place. Overall, US cities suffered because of high crime rates. The highest ranked US city was Honolulu with 104 points.

For Londoners, the news was not too bad. London was slightly ahead of New York with 101.5. The report named London’s good international relations as a positive

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skyscraper noisy romantic bridge concrete picturesque cathedral landmark lively fountain exciting square old-fashioned sophisticated church baroque modern busy dirty palace sleepy skyline dangerous industrial wealthy vertical suburb smart low cosmopolitan gothic town hall tall tower block glass big

point. Its poorest scores – six out of ten – were awarded for its climate and traffic. Bottom of the list was Brazzaville, in the Congo, where there has been a civil war for many years.

Ken Livingstone, Mayor of London, last night said it was unfair to compare large international cities with small cities since the smaller ones were far easier to run. ‘You have to look at cities of five million people plus. On that basis we’re much better than Tokyo and New York’, said Mr. Livingstone.

IV. WRITING

1. Think of three people you know professionally but not personally. For example, your dentist, a waitress in a café you visit regularly, your hairdresser, a shop assistant.

Write a few sentences describing the sort of people you think they are.

2. Thank you letters

1. Read the letters and answer the questions.

1. Why is Liliana writing?

2. What did they do during Liliana’s visit?

3. Why is William Dabbitt writing?

4. Did Ms Jenkins and her team do a good job? How do we known?

7 Waverley Close,

Briston

Hi Andrea,

Thanks a lot for letting me stay with you this week. I had a wonderful time. It was great to visit the city and see so many

Mygrave-Babus and Associates

43 Blomfield Row

London EN2 7BT

Conference co-ordinator,

Cheadle Manor Hotel,

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things. I’m sure I’ll be back next year. Enjoy the rest of the summer and I hope to see you soon. Keep in touch! Best wishes,

Liliana

Cheadle Park,

Hertfordshire CM43 4ES

20 July 2006

Dear Ms Jenkins,

I am writing go thank you for hosting our conference this year. It was a great success. Your efforts were appreciated by all, and several participants commented on the excellent organization. Please also pass on my thanks to your team. I look forward to working with you in future.

King regards,

Willian Dabbit

Writing skill / formal/informal

2. a. Which letter is formal? How do you know? Are these features normally formal or informal? Write (F) or (I).

1. full verb forms (e.g. We are) ___

2. contractions (e.g. I’m) ___

3. the passive ___

4. exclamation marks (!) ___

5. abbreviations (e.g. thanks) ___

b. Underline examples of these features in the letters.

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Useful phrases

GreetingInformal: Hi/Hello/Dear Enzo

Formal: Dear Sir/Madam or Dear Mr BrownOpening lineInformal: Thanks a lot for letting me stay.

Formal: Your efforts were appreciated by all.CommentInformal: I had a great time.

Formal: Your efforts were appreciated by all.Final messageInformal: I hope to see you soon.

Formal: I look forward to working with you …GoodbyeInformal: Best wishes,/Love,/Lots of love,

Formal: Kind regards,/Yours sincerely,

3. Informal emails

1. Read the email and answer the questions.

1. Why hasn’t Mark written recently?

2. What are Fernando’s hobbies?

3. How does Mark know about Fabio’s mews?

4. What is Felicity studying?

5. What does Mark invite Fernando to do?

Informal greeting

Hi Fernando,

1. Thank for your email. It’s great to hear from you. It’s great to hear from you. I’m sorry I haven’t been in touch for a while, but I’ve been very busy with work. I’m travelling a lot at the moment. I’ve been to Germany, Spain, Brazil, China and Japan in the last four months!

2. How are things with you? Are you still doing karate and running every day? Have you found a girlfriend yet? Do you remember Fabio? I saw him the other day and he’s married now and has four children!

3. Anyway, life here is pretty good. Felicity is enjoying her course, and is very excited about becoming a teacher. We would love to see you sometime. Why don’t you come and visit us next time you are in the UK?

4. Look forward to hearing from you again soon.

All the best,

Mark

Informal language for ending, e.g. Love, Mark, Lots of love, Mark, All the best, Mark.

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Report on use of emails

Rosana Mendes, human resources manager, requested a survey about use of emails at work in order to improve office communication and identify training needs.

Procedure

Staff were given a questionnaire to be returned by 8 March.

1. Number of emails received per day

2. Use of email technology

3. Stress caused by ‘email overload’

Results

Out of 48 members of staff, 40 returned the questionnaire.

1 Number of emails

Staff were asked to indicate how many emails they received per day on average. Results were:

5 members of staff receive between 1 and 5

8 members of staff receive between 6 and 10

14 members of staff receive between 11 and 15

3 members of staff receive more than 15

Staff were also asked how many of these emails they felt were unnecessary. Results were:

16 members of staff receive between 1 and 5 unnecessary emails

22 members of staff receive between 6 and 10

2 members of staff receive between 10 and 15

2 Technology

38 staff members check their email more than once a day

36 staff members know how to organize folders163

20 members of staff know how to use the meeting schedule

6 members of staff know how to use voting buttons

3 Stress

32 members of staff feel that emails are a major cause of stress. The most common reasons for this are:

- being copied into emails which do not concern them (given by 30 members of staff)

- unclear wording (given by 23 members of staff)

- overuse of the ‘urgent’ icon (given by 14 members of staff)

32 members of staff think that the problem will get worse in the future.

3. You need to pick out some of the most important figures in order to present them at a staff meeting. Scan the text and complete the notes below with the correct number of staff in each gap (1-7).

Did not give the questionnaire: 1 8

Receive over 5 unnecessary emails each day:

2…

Feel stressed because of emails: 3…

Check their email twice a day of more: 4…

Think that emails are often not very clear:

5…

Think that people use the urgent icon too much:

6…

Feel that the problem will continue to grow:

7…

Writing

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Reports usually end with a conclusion which gives the most important points about the figures and some recommendations about what the company should do.

1. Look at the sentences (1-4) below, which draw conclusions from the report. Underline the correct alternative in italics for each.

1. A majority/minority of staff members said they received too many emails.

2. This is always/often/never because messages are copied to them unnecessarily.

3. Although most/not many staff know how to create folders, most of them/few of them can use often aspects of the software such as the voting buttons.

4. A majority/minority of staff members felt that emails were a major source of stress.

2. Work with a partner. Write two possible recommendations for the end of the report. If you need help, look at the list below.

reminder to staff training session external trainer have a ‘no emails’ day each week

Unit 10

Vocabulary list

1. cooperative

2. Entrepreneur

3. devaluation

4. eicence

5. emerge

6. wages

7. encourage

8. remarkable165

9. currently

10. asset

11. challenge

12. sociable environment

13. peer

14. initially

15. contribution

16. to reach a goal

17. exceed a target

18. to impose

19. reward

20. public plaise

21. senior role

22. pay bonus

23. feedback

24. to define

25. achieve

26. relevant

27. salary

28. fair

29. appraise

30. dismiss

31. promote

32. assist

33. adventure

34. profit

35. value166

36. wealth

37. flexible

I. Find the equivalents (in the box) to the words given below:

Initially, to define, remove, benefit, dismiss, assist, profit, to value, advantage, encourage, to achieve, exceptional, remarkable wages, originally, at the beginning state clearly, outline to have a high, to staminate opinion

1) at first – 2) explain – 3) reject – 4) help – 5) gain –6) estimate –7) encourage –8) give support –9) accomplish –

10) unusual –

11) payment –

II. Translate the sentences, use the active vocabulary and grammar of the unit:

1. При исследовании самых богатых людей в возрасте до 40 было выяснено, что 5 из 10 происходят из России.

2. Реальные зарплаты упали, что способствовала росту опалых предприятиях.

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3. Импортные товары стали слишком дорогими для среднего Россиянина, поэтому внутреннее производство выросло.

4. В 90-е годы миллион молодых россиян уехали за границу в поисках новых возможностей.

5. Мотивированная (трудовые ресурсы) рабочая сила – ценные достижение для бизнеса, которое может во многом способствовать конкурентоспособности.

6. Чтобы быть эффективными, цели должны быть четко определены, достижимы, но не слишком просты.

7. В целом, работники должны верить, что заработные платы, выплачиваемые или справедливы.

8. Я хочу сделать карьеру, поэтому мне нужна работа с возможностью продвижения.

9. Иногда мне не хватает уверенности, поэтому любой совет моих коллег очень ценен для меня.

10. Оливки собирают в конце осени и затем подвергают их отжиму, перед этим промывая их и очищая от листьев.

III. a Read the questions and check the meaning of the words in bold.

1. Are there many unemployed people in your country?2. Would you like to be self-employed? What are the

advantages/disadvantages?3. What qualifications do you have for your job/future job? How experienced

are you?4. When you apply for a job, do you normally send a CV? Do you need to

include references?5. How do you hear about job vacancies in your (future) profession?6. Do you do a 9-5 job? Would you like to work flextime?7. Do you work long hours? How often do you work overtime?8. What are the perks of your job/being a student?9. Is your work of subject rewarding? What do you like about it?10.What are the biggest challenges in your job/studies?11. How often do you expect to get a pay rise in your job/future job? Is it easy

to get promoted?12.Would you like to work on commission? Why/why not?

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b Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions.

IV. SPEAKING

1 a Read the quotes. Write A (agree), D (disagree), of M (maybe).

‘People who work sitting down get paid more then people who work standing up.’ (Orgen Nash)

‘The longer the title, the less important the job.’ (George McGovern)

‘Most workplaces have too many rules. Employees aren’t children, and the office isn’t a junior school.’ (Araba Green)

‘Most managers spend their time making it difficult for workers to work.’ (Paul shorter)

b Compare your ideas with other students.

V. READING

1. Text one. Read the text.

Which workers normally do these things?

Write answers, then compare with a partner.

Type letters – secretaries

3 a Read the introduction to the text. Who is Ricardo Semler? What problem did he have?

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Wear uniforms meet guests in reception decide start/finish times/working hours set salaries fix equipment do the photocopying type letters

At 21, Ricardo Semler became boss of his father’s business in Brazil, Semco, which sold parts for ships. Knowing his son was still young, Semler senior told him, ‘Better make your mistakes while I’m still alive.’

Semler junior worked like a madman, from 7.30 a.m. until midnight every day. One afternoon, while touring a factory in New York, he collapsed. The doctor who treated him said, ‘There’s nothing wrong with you. Yet. But if you continue like this, you’ll find a new home in our hospital.’ Semler got the message, He changed the way he worked. In fact, he changed the way his employees worked too.

b What changes do you think Semler made? Discuss with other students and write a list. Read the rest of the text to find out.

‘Everyone at Semco, even top managers, meets guests in reception, does the photocopying, sends faxes, types letters and dials the phone.’

He let his workers take more responsibility so that they would be the ones worrying when things went wrong. He allowed them to set their own salaries, and he cut all the jobs he thought were unnecessary, like receptionists and secretaries. This saved money and brought more equality to the company. ‘Everyone at Semco, even top managers, meets guests in reception, does the photocopying, sends faxes, types letters and dials the phone.’

He completely reorganized the office: instead of walls, they have plants at Semco, so bosses can’t shut themselves away from everyone else. And the workers are free to decorate their workspace as they want. As for uniforms, some people wear suits and others wear T-shirts.

Semler says, ‘We have a sales manager named Rubin Agater who sits there reading the newspapaer hour after hour. He doesn’t even pretend to be busy. But when a Semco pump on the other side of the world fails and millions of gallons of oil are about to spill into the sea, Rubin springs into action. He knows everything there is to know about our pumps and how to fix them. That’s when he earns his salary. No one cares if he doesn’t look busy the rest of the time.’

Semco has flexible working hours; the employees decide when they need to arrive at work. The employees also evaluate their bosses twice a year. Also, Semco lets its workers use the company’s machines for their own projects, and makes them take holidays for at least thirty days a year.

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It sounds perfect, but does it work? The answer is in the numbers: in the last six years, Semco’s revenues have gone from $35 million to $212 million. The company has grown from eight hundred employees to 3,000. Why?

Semler says it’s because of ‘peer pressure’. Peer pressure makes everyone work hard for everyone else. If someone isn’t doing his job well, the other workers will not allow the situation to continue. In other words, Ricardo Semler treats his workers like adults and expect them to act like adults. And they do.

Text 2

Chanel No.5

Vocabulary

The flow chart below shows the process used to extract scent from flowers. This is used to make Chanel No.5.

Study the flow chart and then complete the description with the verbs in the box in the passive form.

Chanel No. 5 is the world’s best’selling

perfume. Its main ingredients are roses, jasmine and musk. On the Chanel farm, the flowers 1 are picked and the petals 2 …… into sacks. Then, within half an hour, they 3 …… to the production plant. At the plant, the petals 4 …… and then they 5 …… into 50 kg vats. Next, an extraction solvent 6 …… . The petals 7 …… three times in this solution so that the natural oils and resins come out.

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Eventually, the flowers 8 …… from the vats and the remaining solvent 9 …… . This leaves a solid material known as the ‘concrete’, which can be stored for several years until the perfume 10 …… .

VI. Grammar exercises

Word building

1. Add some examples of prefixes to the table below.

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE YOUR EXAMPLES

over- too much overcook

under- not enough/below

underdeveloped

dis- not/separate dishonest

in-/im- not inhuman

2. Complete the text using prefixes.

Life CHANGE

Many people dislike their job. Maybe hey are (1) ______ worked or (2) ______ paid. Maybe they feel (3) ______ valued in the company or they (4) ______ agree with the company’s methods. If you are one of these people, why not change things? LifeCHANGE workshops show you how to be (5) _____ dependent. You will see (6) _____ credible differences in your life as your problems (7) _____ appear. Change is never (8) _____ possible, but you have to make the first move.

Call us on 0879 997 5543 for an (9) _____ formal chat.

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add evaporate load pick put remove require transport wash weigh

3. Add some examples of suffixes to the table below.

SUFFIX EXAMPLE RULES YOUR EXAMPLES

-tion/-ation Creation, civilization

If the verb ends in –e, cut the –e. If the verb ends in –se, the suffix is usually –isation.

-ence/-ance Intelligence, ignorance

There are no clear rules about which words end in –ence of –ance. You have to learn them!

-ment Movement Add –ment to the verb.

-ness darkness If the word ends in –y, change the –y to –i. happy - happiness

Work adjectives

1. Each speaker is describing a job. Match the adjective to the description. There is one extra adjective.

1.

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glamorous exciting rewarding challenging flexible stressful repetitive

I get a lot of satisfaction from helping people in my work and the pay is good too! rewarding

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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Every day presents a new problem which I like to solve. ________

When I say I’m an actor everyone thinks I must have an amazing lifestyle of champagne, meeting celebrities and appearing in magazines. And they’re right. I love it! ______

My wife’s job involves long hours and people constantly complaining. ______

Every day is the same. I start at 9. I finish at 5. I meet the same people. I answer the same phone calls. It’s so boring. ______

My friend works for a company where you choose what hours you work and when you take a holiday. ______

Prepositions

4. Underline the correct preposition in these adverts.

We are looking 1 on/for/to an experienced individual who is able to work alone. You will be responsible 2 for/in/of the running of our new Madrid office whilst reporting 3 for/to/on a manager in south-east of England.

Fluency 4 in/for/on Spanish is essential and a good knowledge 5 of/in/with Portuguese is preferred for dealing with our Latin American clients, as well as the ability to communicate with people from all cultural backgrounds.

Salary will depend 6 on/of/in experience.

The post comes with excellent long-term prospects 7 of/to/for a candidate with a proven track record, preferably with experience 8 in/for/on planning budgets.

Present perfect simple and continuous

5. Underline the correct form of the verb.

1. I’ve done/’ve been doing my essay and handed it in.

2. I’ve done/’ve been doing my essay and I still need to write the conclusion.

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3. They’ve replied/’ve been replying to all one hundred people so that’s an end to it.

4. He’s talked/’s been talking on the phone since 10 o’clock so I haven’t been able to see him yet.

5. How much money have you spent/have you beet spending since last week?

6. How long have you waited/have you been waiting for their decision? Why don’t you give them a call and ask for their answer?

7. We’ve always used/been using this type of computer.

8. No-one has ever complained/been complaining before.

9. The photocopier’s broken/’s been breaking down again. That’s the fifth time this month.

10. How many people have applied/have been applying so far?

6. Underline the correct phrase.

1 I’ve been writing and sending letters already/all day.

2 We’ve employed twenty new workers in the last three weeks/for months.

3 You’ve answered five questions in the last hour/for an hour.

4 I’ve been asking them about this for days/three times.

5 They asked me really difficult questions at the interview/over the interview.

6 She’s had lots of interviews over the years/hour.

7 They’ve interviewed 10 people in three hours/all day long.

8 He/s been waiting since over two hours/8 o’clock this morning.

7. Write the verbs in this conversation in the present perfect continuous.

F: Hi Sandy.

S: Hi Frieda. Sorry I’m late. How long 1 have you been waiting (wait)?

F: Not long. I’s OK. I2 ______ (read) my book. It’s about a detective. He3 ______ (chase_ this bad guy for months. I’ve just got to the final chapter. Anyway, what4 ______ you ______ (do) today?

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S: I was with a friend. We5 ______ (study) for our exams.

F: What do you think you’ll do after university?

S: I haven’t spent any time on that yet. I just want to pass these exams first. What about you? How’s the job?

F: Well, my company6 ______ (promise) me a promotion for months but nothing’s happened.

S: Well. You7 ______ (work) there a long time. Maybe it’s time to move on…

8. Complete each sentence with since or for.

1. I’ve been working here ______ 2003.2. He’s been in charge ______ Kasia left.3. I’ve been waiting for a reply ______ over a fortnight.4. Maria has been out of work ______ June.5. We’ve only been here ______ a few minutes.6. Lisa hasn’t seen her family ______ she was a child.7. There have been a lot of changes ______ they arrived.8. My friend and I have been trying to solve this problem ______ a week now.

9. Look at these mini-dialogues. Write full questions using the present perfect simple of continuous form.

1. Q: How long/you/write/that report?

A: About 6 hours.

2. Q: How many reports/you/write?

A: Six in total.

3. Q: Have/you/wait/a long time?

A: Yes, about an hour.177

4. Q: Where/he/live?

A: In five different countries.

5. Q: Where/they/live?

A: In France since last year.

6. Q: Who/she/interview/all morning?

A: Candidates for the post of receptionist.

7. Q: How many/they/interview/this morning?

A: Two people. One of them was from Vietnam.

READING

1. Read the information leaflet about interviews. Choose the correct heading, a-f, for each paragraph.

a) Show you are interested

b) The handshake

c) Make every second count

d) First impressions

e) The eyes and the month

f) Use your body

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1. ____________From the moment an interviewer meets you, he or she forms an idea about what sort of person you are, and what kind of employee you would make.

So how can you appear more confident, even if you are feeling nervous?

2. ____________When we are nervous, we tend to walk more slowly and look indecisive. Alan Powers, an expert in body language, says that when an interviewee walks into the interview room, he or she should pause at the door and then walk confidently.

3. ____________When you shake hands, hold it with a strong grip but also be friendly. A weak grip means a weak character whereas if you are too strong, you won’t impress the interviewer either.

4. ____________It’s important to look interested and attentive but don’t stare at your potential boss. And SMILE from time to time! It also helps you to relax.

5. ____________Sit up and be interested. Lean forward and avoid crossing your arms or legs. According to Powers, it can also be helpful to ‘copy’ the interviewer’s movements. Copying, or what Powers calls ‘mirroring’, is a way for us to tell others that we think in the same way.

6. _____________‘You never get a second chance’, says image consultant Jane Chapman: ‘Interviews only give you a short time to show who you are. By using body language and dress, you can start as soon as you get through the door.’

2 Read the leaflet again and decide if these statements are true or false.

1 Interviewers usually don’t form an opinion about you until you start answering their questions. ___

2 The speed at which you walk will tell the interviewer how you feel. ___

3 When you shake someone’s hand, a really strong grip is always best. ___

4 Don’t stop smiling and when you talk, make sure what you say is interesting. ___

5 Try to copy what the interviewer says and always agree with him or her. ___

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6 Think about how you can use every moment of the interview to make sure you get that job. ___

EXTRA VOCABULARY:

Noun combinations

3 Match a word from each column to make noun combinations about work and interviews.

shock details

contact tactics

survey agency

past experience

killer results

customer question

recruitment appearance

smart services

4 Complete sentences 1-8 with noun combinations from Exercise 3.

1 Can you tell me if these contact details are correct? For example, is your telephone number still 0207 859 6877?

2 ______ ______ show that 68 percent of employers rate real life experience more highly than qualifications.

3 Interviewer was awful. She asked me a ______ ______ about which famous celebrity I would invite to dinner.

4 At an interview, I like to ask simple questions and then I use ______ ______ to throw the candidate off guard.

5 Tell me a little about your ______ ______ with your previous employer. Did you enjoy working there?

6 Hello. ______ ______ . How can I help you today?

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Writing/letter of application

1. Read the advert and this letter of application. Do you think it is a good letter? Does it have any problems? If so, what are they?

English-speaking Tour Guide Wanted

Our client is an English family with two young children who would like to spend two weeks travelling around the country, visiting all the most important tourist sites.

The successful applicant for this position will spend two weeks accompanying the family, ensuring they have a comfortable and informative trip.

You will have a good level of English and a good knowledge of the major tourist sites.

There is very generous remuneration for this position and all (first-class) travel and living expenses will be paid.

Please apply in writing to Marsha Thorpe, LuxHolidays.

15 Cavendish Square, London W1 3PN.

Dear Ms Thorpe I am writing to apply for the position you advertised in ‘english Language Weekly’ on 14th June.

I am twenty-one years old and in the third year of a degree in tourism Im also studying English as a subsidiary subject. I have a good knowledge of all the major Tourist sites and can communicate well in English Last summer I worked as a tour guide for Thomas Holidays in addition I have two younger brothers and have always enjoyed being with and looking after children I am available during the months of july and august and would very much value the opportunity to work with this English family.

I can be contacted and the above address of by phone on 07941 127123 if you have any further questions please don’t hesitate to call me. I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely,

(Silvia Nero)181

Premium plus 58

2. You are going to reply to this advert with a partner. Decide how many paragraphs you will have. Make notes of what you will put in each paragraph.

Get Away From It All!

We have a few limited places for volunteers to join our round-the-world sailing expedition, which will carry out scientific research in various remote islands and other parts of the world. You can be part of this unforgettable experience for three months. No experience of working on boats is necessary, but it is important that you are flexible, hard-working and can be an enthusiastic member of a team. Food and accommodation provided.

Apply to Voyage International, PO Box 294, Croydon, Surrey.

4. Write your letter in 120-18- words. Pay careful attention to your punctuation.

Premium plus 59

Roleplay

Work in groups of three.

Students A and B

You are the parents of C. One of you is a doctor and the other a lawyer, and you would like C to follow one of these professions, but C has other ideas. Explain to C why yours are such good careers.

Student C

A and B are you parents. They want you to become a lawyer of a doctor, but you have different ideas! You want to be one of the following (or choose one of your own):

a dancer a musician a poet an explorer a model a jockey an astronaut …

Talk together, and try to persuade each other to see your point of view.

TRANSLATION

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5. Do these jobs exist in your country? Can you translate them into your language?

1 Personal assistant

2 Sales manager

3 Finance director

4 Chief administrator

5 Marketing executive

6 Chief executive officer

What is your job title (or what job would you like to do in the future)? Cam you translate it into English?

Unit 11

I. Vocabulary list

1. to compete for2. superior 3. confident4. to be keen5. showroom6. subsidiary7. multinational company8. to insert9. upside down10.entire11.batch12.insist on13.to take responsibilities14.to give a public working15.trustrated16.culture

cultural

cultured

multicultural

culture shock

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17.dress code18.salary wage

earnings

19.recruit20.trainee21.feed back22.work force

II. Find the equivalents (in the box) to the words, given below:Staff, employees, answer, reply, student, pupil, employ, apply, to add, to put into, annoyed, unhappy, a number, of things, a quantity of substance needed or produced, branch, very interested in, certain

1) work force2) feedback3) trainee4) recruit5) insert6) frustrated7) batch8) subsidiary9) keen (on, to do)

III. Translate the sentences, use the active vocabulary and grammar of the unit:

1. Ошибка произошла в Японии на дочернем предприятии американской транснациональной компании.

2. Во время производства деталь машины была вставлена неправильно, вся партия была испорчена.

3. Если бы руководитель головного предприятия не сделала бы выговора в присутствии всего персонала человеку, совершившему ошибку, производство стало бы менее эффективным.

4. Если бы сотрудники фирмы не были бы так заинтересованы в получении контракта и не произвели бы такого хорошего впечатления своей презентацией, они бы не выиграли контракт.

5. Если бы сотрудники фирмы установили бы основные антивирусные программы и не относились бы так легко мысленно к загрузке файлов и программ из интернета, у них не было бы столько проблем с поломкой систем и потерей времени.

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6. Деловые встречи и переговоры в Финляндии очень официальные и деловые. Если бы финны тратили больше времени на личные разговоры, то они бы проводили свои встречи скорее в ресторанах, а не в офисах.

7. Финны очень неразговорчивы, их не смущают паузы в разговоре, они не испытывают необходимости в заполнении их.

8. Главной целью компании является предложить работникам интересную работу и хорошие условия труда.

9. Развитие и поддержание тесных партнерских отношений, производство высококачественной продукции по конкурентоспособным ценам – все это ключ к успеху компании.

10. Если бы мы не проводили ежеквартальных собраний штата, сотрудники не были бы так информированы о деятельности компании.

IV. Reading

Corporate culture

Getting started

(1) Read the following dictionary definition.

Corporate culture n. the values, beliefs and traditions in a company which influence the behaviour of its staff. It is important for job-seekers to know about the culture of an organization before accepting a job.

(2) Work in pairs and discuss the following.How do you think cultures might be different in different companies? Consider:

- the relationship between staff and management- the relationship between colleagues- company traditions- how the staff dress- how the office space is organized.

(3) Discuss your ideas in pairs.

Corporate culture

Reading

1 Read this quiz to find out what kind of company culture is best for you. Circle A for agree or D for disagree.

What kind of company culture would suit you?185

SECTION A1 I like taking time to have a chat with colleagues even if this means spending more time at work. A/D

2 It’s nice when people at work celebrate birthdays or special occasions. A/D

3 I prefer people to fix a time to meet me rather than come to my office or my desk at any time. A/D

4 I don’t like working in an open space with everyone’s desk in the same area. I work better in an office of my own. A/D

5 I like to put photos and personal objects in my workspace. A/D

SECTION B6 If I disagree with my boss, I can tell him/her. A/D

7 I prefer to receive a formal report about my work, not just casual comments. A/D

8 When my boss gives me something to do, I like to get detailed instructions that I can follow. A/D

9 It’s important for me to feel I am involved in the decision-making process at work. A/D

10 A company should have standard procedures and policies that everyone must follow, not ones which change with people’s situations or personalities. A/D

SECTION C11 A company must keep up with the times. A/D

12 I need to take on challenges to make my job interesting. A/D

13 When planning a strategy, it is useful to look at what has worked well in the past. A/D

14 A company should be proud of its traditions. A/D

15 Finally, which of these proverbs do you prefer?

a Better safe than sorry.

b Nothing ventured, nothing gained

Add up your scores for sections A, B and C.

Section C

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SCORES

Section A1 A=1 2 A=13 A=0 4 A=0 5 A=1 D=0 D=0 D=1 D=1 D=0

Questions 1 to 5 are about your relationship with colleagues. A score of higher than 2 suggests that you like to work for a company where employees are friends and can talk about personal matters. A score of 2 or less means that you prefer to keep your work life separate from your personal life.

Section B6 A=1 7 A=08 A=0 9 A=1 10 A=0 D=0 D=1 D=1 D=0 D=1

Questions 6 to 10 are about your relationship with your managers. A score of higher than 2 suggests you like to work in a company where roles between managers and staff are flexible. A score of 2 or less means that you like to work in a company where people have clearly defined roles and there is more distance between staff and managers.

11 A=1 12 A=1 13 A=0 14A=0 15A=0 D=0 D=0 D=1 D=1 D=1

Questions 11 to 15 are about your attitude to tradition. A score of higher than 2 means you like to work in a company which values new ideas and takes serious risks. A score of less than 2 means you prefer the security of a company with strong traditions.

3 Compare your scores with a partner to see if you would like to work in the same sort of organization.

VocabularyWhen recording vocabulary, it is

not always enough to write down single words. It is much more useful to record which words are often used together. These are called collocations. Usually the words are

2 Find adjective-noun collocations in the quiz with these meanings.1 the normal way of doing something ________2 (in the scores analysis) big danger

_________

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from different parts of speech.Verb-noun collocations like

these are very useful:reach a target launch

a product1 Look at the questions in the

corporate culture quiz again. Find verb-noun collocations with these meanings.1 talk informally have a chat 2 make an appointment _______3 change things to be modern _______4 agree to do something difficult _______5 decide the way to do something in the future _______

There are other types of collocations like these:

adjective-noun noun verbWe only use highSales increase

in thequality materials summer

We offer a wide range The market is

of services. expanding quickly

verb-adverbStaff are allowed to dress casually.I have to work closely with my

colleagues.

Sometimes you may want to record more than two words. For example, you might add the verbs that often go before adjective-noun collocations. The collocation wide range is often preceded by the verbs offer or provide.What verbs would commonly come before the two adjective-noun collocations you found for questions 1 and 2? Look in the quiz to find out.3 Now use these verbs (1-7) and nouns (a-g) to make common collocations. You can use some of the words more than once. Use a dictionary if necessary.

1 pay a a proposal2 create b a meeting3 pool c our ideas4 put forward d a solution5 hold e attention (to smth)6 reach f an opportunity7 come up g your full potentialwith

4 Do the same with these adjectives (1-6) and nouns (a-f). Again, you can use the adjectives more than once.

1 challenging a atmosphere2 rewarding b work3 close c resource4 friendly d partnership5 competitive e contact6 valuable i price

Text 2

Olympus

Olympus are an international company who produce goods for the notepad computer market.

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They have published the following statement of their corporate culture on their website.

About OLYMPUS

People talk a lot about corporate culture these days but at Olympus we really pay attention to it. We aim to offer people challenging and rewarding work in a pleasant environment. Employees dress casually on days when there is no customer contact and this helps to create a friendly atmosphere.Developing and maintaining close partnerships with our customers is one of the keys to our success. Our customers appreciate that we offer high quality products at competitive prices and a high level of customer care. They rely on us to come up with solutions for their needs. And of course, customer care is not just about external customers. It is also about how we relate to each other and work together to pool our ideas.

We also work in close contact with other Olympus employees around the worked. This interaction creates many opportunities to travel and to learn from other offices. We realize that our most valuable resource is our employees. This is why we strongly support the professional and personal development of our staff through workshops, classes and short courses. We aim to help all our employees reach their full potential.Our management style is open door and staff have access to management at all levels at all times. We pride ourselves on our good communication. We hold quarterly meetings where employees can put forward any new proposals and we have regular communication meetings to inform employees about all company activities.In short, Olympus is a great place to work.

Describing attitudes

I think their attitude to the company is very warm.

I think they sound enthusiastic about the company they work for.

To me, they seem very dissatisfied with the corporate culture.

They sound angry about the changes.

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Text 3

Business in Finland1 Texts are easier to read if you think about the content first. The following text is from a guidebook about doing business in Finland. Work with a partner and make a list of what you already know about Finland, thinking about the following.

Country and climate Leisure activities Famous companies (hint: mobile phones!)

2 Skim each section of the text quickly and choose the correct heading (a-g) from the list below. There is one heading that you don’t need. Write the correct heading in each gap (1-6) 3 Now write some similar pieces of advice about doing business in your country, using at least three of the headings (a-g).

Doing business in Finland

1 Level of familiarityMost Finnish people will

introduce themselves officially and give their first and last name as they shake hands. After this, they are likely to be informal and use your first name.

2 ____________________Business meetings and

negotiations in Finland tend to be direct and to the point. Not much time is spent on small talk or building personal relationships, so Finnish business people may feel impatient if overseas clients spend a long time on this. Negotiations are

4 ____________________They usually speak directly

and clearly. Unlike in some cultures, ‘yes’ and ‘no’. they are also not embarrassed by silence and do not necessarily feel the need to fill a gap in a conversation.

5 ____________________People in Finland are generally

comfortable with silence so there does not always have to be conversation. However, safe topics would be the weather, sport, travel and hobbies.

6 _______________

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generally held in offices, not in restaurants.

3 ____________________Finnish people tend to be very

punctual and also expect it of others. Visitors should avoid arriving late, as this is considered impolite.

Visitors are normally taken to restaurants, although in business life, long lunches are not common. Finnish hosts may also invite their guests to the sauna (men and women go separately) and it is polite to accept.

a Small talk e Communication style

b Task or relationship focused? f Pastimes in Finland

c Level of familiarity g Attitudes to time-keeping

d Entertaining

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V. Grammar exercises

Second Conditional

To talk about an unreal/imaginary/ hypothetical situation and its consequences, use:

If + Past Simple + would(‘d)/ wouldn’tIf I had a car, I would drive to work.I’d live in Jamaica if I could live anywhere.The ‘if clause’ cam come first or second in

the sentence. If it is first, there is a comma before the result clause.

We can use would, could or might in the result clause.

If he had a change of heart, I might forgive him.

When the subject is / and the verb is to be, we can say if I was or if / were.

If I were you, I wouldn’t wear that dress again!

! Use the First Conditional to talk about possible/real situations (if + Present Simple + will(‘ll)/won’t).

If I go to France, I will visit the Louvre.

Third Conditional (for unreal past situations)

Use this form to talk hypothetically about past situations, and imagine different consequences.

If there hadn’t been so much traffic on the motorway, I would have got to the meeting on time.

Form: If + past perfect + would have + past participle

To indicate possibility, rather than certainty, we can use might have/could have instead of would have.

If she had studied harder, she might have passed her exams.

These unreal past situations have unreal past results.

If I had studied Art I would have been happier.

If she hadn’t left work early she might have finished the report.

Would you have been happier if you had stayed in England?

Sometimes the hypothetical past situation has

Use the Third Conditional to talk about a real/hypothetical situation in the present/past.

Form the Third Conditional with:

If + subject + past perfect + would(n’t) have/could(n’t) have + past participle.If I had stayed at work, I wouldn’t have spent time with Jack

Past condition Past result (hypothetical)

or

I would’ve cooked dinner, if I’d known you sere coming.

Past condition Past result (hypothetical)

In spoken English, have and had are usually contracted to ‘ve and ‘d (see example above).

Write Third Conditional sentences using the prompts.

I didn’t know Mary was ill.

I didn’t send her any flowers.

If I had known Mary was ill, I would have sent her flowers.

1 Taxis were very expensive.

We didn’t take one.2 They didn’t ask anyone

for directions. They got lost.3 The weather wasn’t

very good. We didn’t enjoy the holiday very much.

4 It was raining. They crashed the car.

5 I didn’t see you when you passed me in the street. I didn’t say ‘hello’.

6 I wasn’t hungry. I didn’t eat lunch.

7 I didn’t know that Eva had to get up early. I didn’t

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wake her.8 I didn’t like my History

teacher. I gave up History.

Speaking Draw two large circles in your notebook and

label one of them ‘Now’ and the other ‘Ten years ago’. Read the questions and write short answers in the ‘Now’ circle.1 Where are you living?2 Who is your closest friend?3 What do you do?4 How do you spend your time?5 Do you spend much time with your family?6 Are you studying?7 Do you play any sports?8 What music do you enjoy?9 What are your dreams/ambitions?

Change the questions in Ex. to make questions in the past. Write short answers for these questions anywhere in the ‘Ten years ago’ circle.

Show your circles to a partner. Tell them about how much your life has changed in the past ten years. Ask questions to find out as much information as possible.

Discuss.1 What have been the important turning points (important moments or events which have changed things) in your life?2 How might your life have changed if these turning points had been different?3 Do you think you have always made the right decisions?

Writing Write a paragraph describing an important

turning point in your life and the effect this had. Think about what happened before/after the event, and how things might have been different.

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Key vocabulary

Expressions with changechange (your)

mind/clothes/hairstyle/career/ password change an arrangement/some money/ the subject it’s time for a change makes a change have a change of heart (do something) for a change

Global issuesDeveloped/developing countries

security/crime lifestyle/standard of living famine/starvation war/peace disease/cure problems/solutions the environment/pollution

Life decisionsChoose subjects leave

school/home/your country go to university buy/sell a house/flat have a baby/start a family start/change your career start your own business retire/give up work take up/give up a hobby/sport leave a job

Prefixes and suffixes Overcook underdeveloped

dishonest inhuman creation civilization intelligence ignorance movement darkness education employment accommodation treatment punishment importance independence government direction difference

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