“Mexico, mother of foreigners and stepmother of Mexicans.”

Popular Mexican saying towards the end of Diaz’s regime

US watching over the Mexican revolution Chicago Tribune 1913

Year President1876-80; 1884-1911 Porfirio Díaz1911-1913 Francisco I. Maderol913 Francisco León de la Barra (interim)

1913 Pedro Lascuráin (interim)

1913-14 Victoriano Huerta (interim)1914 Francisco S. Carbajal (interim)

1914 Eulalio Gutiérrez (interim)

1914 Roque González Garza

1915 Francisco Lagos Chazaro

1915-20 Venustiano Carranza1920 Adolfo de la Huerta (interim )

1920-24 Alvaro Obregón1924-28 Plutarco Elías Calles1928-30 Emilio Portes Gil (interim)

1930-32 Pascual Ortíz Rubio

1932-34 Abelardo L. Rodríguez (interim)

1934-40 Lázaro Cárdenas

During the first 10 years of the revolution Mexico had 10 PresidentsIt took the U.S. 55 years before we had 10

Presidents

Progress being 'unattainable' for Mexico San Francisco Examiner 1913

Political cartoon from the Chicago Tribune from 1914, expressing how the US was presented as liberating former Spanish colonies.

Porfirio Diaz

Were his policies good or bad for the United States and other foreign powers?

* Encouraged foreign investment* Provided stability to protect investments

* Diaz had American support

What did the U.S. get in return?At the turn of the 20th Century: * United States companies held 27 percent of Mexican land* Of the over 1000 mining companies – 85% U.S.

owned* The oil industry boomed-1911 Mexico world’s 3rd largest oil producer* By 1910 – U.S. controlled 45% of Mexican

Industry

Porfirio Diaz

Why did U.S. support for Diaz change towards the end?

* Growing unrest – Remember Dollar Diplomacy* Favoring European companies at times over U.S. corporations

- Railroads as an example

* Initially Taft did not want to intervene

Why support Madero?

* Could stabilize country* U.S. allows Madero to operate within our borders

- Propagandizes and purchases arms

Francisco I. Madero

The short reign of Francisco Madero 1911-1913

* Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson - appointed by Taft December, 1909 - Feared the leftist tendencies of Madero

* Madero did not provide reform and stability- Loses support of Zapata as a

result

- Presumed to help in the overthrow by Huerta

* Madero assassinated By Huerta

* Woodrow Wilson replaces Ambassador Wilson - priority to destabilize Huerta regime

- Remember Moral Diplomacy

Victoriano Huerta

* Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta regime- Illegal government

- Huerta won’t be able to stabilize Mexico, protect US interests

* Huerta suspends payments of foreign debt

US Intervention

* Wilson provides arms to Carranza

* German supplying arms to Huerta

- Wilson ordered troops to the port of Veracruz to stop the ship from docking

* The Tampico Affair April 9th, 1914

- U.S. ships already in the area

*April 14th Wilson orders Atlantic Fleet to Veracruz

Victoriano Huerta

US Intervention

* April 21, 1914 US attacks - anti US sentiment grows

- Carranza denounced US action

* Argentina, Brazil and Chile mediate (ABC Powers) conference at Niagara

- Carranza refuses to recognize mediation

* Obregon, Villa, Zapata, Carranza continue fight against Huerta

- Wilson continues to supply arms* Huerta leaves for Europe July 15.

Obregon takes Mexico City Aug. 15th.

* US leaves Veracruz Nov. 1914

* Carranza becomes president shortly after

Fighting amongst Revolutionaries

* Conflicts between Villa and Carranza

* Zapata refused to recognize Carranza as leader

* October 1914 Convention of Aguascalientes

* Villa and Zapata occupy capital

* Carranza adopts reforms

*Jan 1915, Obregon’s troops hold Mexico City* 1915, Wilson acknowledges Carranza* 1920, Does not run for re-election

Obregon 1920-24

* Favors article 3 of the constitution

* Favors article 27 of the constitution

- U.S. Pres. Warren G. Harding refused to recognize Obregon as legitimate president

* U.S. finally recognizes Obregon in 1923 after the Bucareli Agreement- Article 27 not retroactive

- Compensation for losses during the Revolution

* Obregon essentially forced into agreement

Calles 1924-1928* Rejects Bucareli agreement

* 1925 new law drafted regarding article 27* 1926 U.S. appeared to be moving towards war * Oil Companies decrease oil production

* Late 1927 U.S. negotiate an agreement

Cardenas 1934 - 1940* Favored Mexican Industry

* 1937 – Labor disputes

* March 1938 expropriates oil properties* U.S. and British enact Economic sanctions

Plutarco Elias Calles

Lazaro Cardenas