MeV Technology, Inc. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ The information here is the proprietary

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The information here is the proprietary and trade secret information of MeV Technology, Inc.

San Jose, CA 95135 408-238-6351 www.MeVTechnology.com

MeV Technology, Inc.

SolarHydro Electric Powerby


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"The information contained in this presentation comprises

confidential, proprietary, and trade secret information of MeV

Technology, Inc., and is being disclosed upon the express

acknowledgement by Recipients of this claim, and their agreement to maintain this information in strict confidence and not to use

or disclose the information except as authorized by MeV

Technology, Inc."

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http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/redbook/atlas/serve.cgi

USA Typical Solar Flux

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Solar Power Density

4 KWh/meter2/day (typical average)

4 GWh/Kmeter2/day (typical average)

2.59 SqKm in a SqMile

10.4 GWh/mile2/day (typical average)

Or

1.04 GW/mile2 each hour for a 10 hr Day

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The Need to Concentrate Energy

Solar Power Density is Low

Solution

1) Very Large Arrays

2) Concentrate Photons using Mirrors/Lenses

3) An Alternate Solution to Optical Concentration

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Current Solar Concentrator Technology

http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/csp.html

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Problems with Trough Concentrators

STANWELL POWER STATION PROJECT

Graham L. Morrison1, David R. Mills2 and Stanwell Corporation

“The tendency has been to produce larger and larger scale systems to produce economies of scale and lower installation cost, but with contiguous reflectors there are limits on manageable size. Scaling up of parabolic trough or dish collectors for large solar thermal power systems is limited by wind loading problems and shading between adjacent concentrators. The aperture width of the LUZ parabolic trough collectors is 5 m and the adjacent rows were spaced by approximately 10 m. Larger units become progressively more difficult to install and clean.”

http://solar1.mech.unsw.edu.au/glm/papers/CLFR-Geelong99V6.PDF

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Problems with Dish Concentrators

Parabolic dish concentrators are similar to trough concentrators, but focus the sunlight on a single

point. Dishes can produce much higher temperatures, and so can produce electricity more efficiently. But because they are more

complicated, they have not succeeded outside of demonstration projects.

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/renewable_energy_basics/how-solar-energy-works.html

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Total SolutionTotal Solution

1) Very Large Collection Arrays

2) Concentrate Energy NOT Photons

3) Concentrate Energy NOT Heat

4) Concentrate MASS as ENERGY

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Pumping Options

• Displacement Engine

• OrganoRankine Engine

• Stirling Engine

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Coupling into Solar Energy

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The Solar Wave

Q H

eat

Q Heat Q Heat

Q H

eat A

bsor

btio

n

Day

Night

Transformer / Rectifier

Heat

Energy

Useful

Power Out

Hot Cold

6000 C

A few Degrees K

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The Absorb – Emit Engine

T (Hot)

T (Cold)

W=QHeat

Transformer

ransformer

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What is required of the “Transformer/ Rectifier”?

The system must:

1) Absorb Heat Energy during Day Light Operations

2) “Absorb Cold” (Emit Heat) Energy during Night Operations

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DisplacementDisplacement

Day Night

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Liquid / Gas Phase Transformations

Liquid to Gas - Heat is Absorbed due to Latent Heat External Work is done

( High Temperature, High Pressure)

Gas to Liquid – Heat is Emitted due to Latent

(Low Temperature, Low Pressure)

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Rectification via the Use of Gas Phase TransitionsAbsorption and Emission of Heat

Day - Liquid to Gas Phase Transition

Day

Night

Night - Gas to Liquid Phase Transition

Night Q

Em

ittedD

ay Q

- A

bsor

bed

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Work, Latent Heat EquationsW = PV = nRT

Calculating per Mole: n = 1 mole : R = 8.31 joule/ (K * mole):T = 60 C

Thus W = 2767.23 joules/mole

Latent Heat for Several Chemicals

Chemical Latent Heat J/g J/mole CO2 571 25124

H2O 2675 48150 NH3 1371 23307 SF6 162 23652

All Gas Data taken from: http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp?GasID=26

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Reducing the Solar Cross Section

Q H

eat

Q Heat Q Heat

Q H

eat A

bsor

btio

n

Day

Night

Transformer / Rectifier

Heat

Energy

Useful

Power Out

Hot Cold

6000 C

A few Degrees K

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The process of evaporation in a closed container will proceed until there are as many molecules returning to the liquid as there are escaping. At this point the vapor is said to be saturated, and the pressure of that vapor (usually expressed in mmHg) is called the saturated vapor pressure. Since the molecular kinetic energy is greater at higher temperature, more molecules can escape the surface and the saturated vapor pressure is correspondingly higher. If the liquid is open to the air, then the vapor pressure is seen as a partial pressure along with the other constituents of the air. The temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure is called the boiling point.

Saturated Vapor Pressure

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/vappre.html

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Ammonia PV CurveAmmonia PV Curve

Conversion Factors

150F = 66C

60F=16C

40 0.1MPa=600 PSI

6 0.1Pa = 90 PSI

http://www.airliquide.com/en/business/products/gases/gasdata/images/VaporPressureGraph/Ammonia_Vapor_Pressure.GIF

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R410A PV Table

http://www.hvacreducation.net/offerings/ariworkshopf/ariworkshop13.html

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Heat EnginesThe Stirling EngineTemperature is the Across Variable

PV = NrT : P2V = Nr(T+dT) : T+dT = T*(1+dT/T)

P2V = NrT(1+dT/T)

Which for this case where dT=7% (300-280K)

P2V = NrT*1.07 or P1*1.07V = NrT*1.07

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The Saturation EngineHeat is the Through Variable

However if the work is done at the two PV saturation Points P2 = P * 2 (Note N is not a constant at the two points in this case)

~100% Deltain P

7% Deltain K

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Two Containers

V1, P1, T1, N1 V2, P2, T2, N2

Allow V1, P1, T1, N1 = V2, P2, T2, N2

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Connect Two Containers to Make One

V1, P1, T1, N1 V2, P2, T2, N2

Because V1, P1, T1, N1 = V2, P2, T2, N2

Thus VT, PT, TT, NT = 2*V1, P1, T1, 2*N1

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Continuous Expansion atConstant Temperature and Pressure

V1, P1, T1, N1 2*V1, P1, T1, 2*N1 4*V1, P1, T1, 4*N1

Note that: ΔV = ΔN

Where the increase in N comes from the transition of the working fluid from liquid togas phase. And the number of N in the liquid is on the order of 10 to 1000 less volume than in the gas phase

Not to Scale Not to Scale

Q (Heat)

Q (Heat) Q (Heat)

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A Simple Machine

The following is a simplified example of how to apply the constant temperature, constant pressure concept.

From:

Fundamentals of Physics, Revised Printing, Halliday and Resnick, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1974 ISBN 0-471-34431-1

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Beginning of Expansion Cycle

t

Ma

Heat in to Drive Liquid to Gas

Phase TransitionVf not to scale, typically

10 to 1000 < Va

Va

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Beginning of Expansion Cycle II

t

Ma


Phase Transition

Fa

Fb

Initially (non steady state) Fa > Fb or Fnet > 0

The expansion velocity is increasing due to Fnet=Ma*a

This acceleration is allowed to continue until the expansion velocity is equal to the number of atoms driven from the

liquid to gas phase.

Expansion Velocity

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Middle of Expansion Cycle

t

Ma



10 to 1000 < Va

Va

Gas at Ta and Pa

Work = Force * Distance = Pa * Va/2

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Middle of Expansion Cycle II

t

Ma


Phase Transition Nt , Vt

Steady State

The expansion velocity is constant, Fa = Fb

and ΔNt = ΔVt

ΔNt is driven by the heat input

Fa

Fb

Expansion Velocity

Note: Neglecting second order effects such as the mass of the gas

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Top of Expansion Cycle

t Ma



10 to 1000 < Va

Va

Gas at Ta and Pa

Work = Force * Distance = Pa * Va

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Ma Moved to Static Position and Va Locked at Top

tMa

Cooling in to Reduce Gas Temperature

Vf not to scale, typically 10 to 1000 < Va

Va

Gas at Tb and Pb

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Condensation Cycle at Top of Cycle

tMa-b

Cooling in to Drive Gas to Liquid Phase

TransitionVf not to scale,

typically 10 to 1000 < Va

Va

Gas at Tb and Pb

Tb<< Ta and Pb << Pa

Mb

Note: Mb << Ma

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Condensation Cycle at Mid Cycle

tMa-b




Va

Gas at Tb and PbMb

Work = Force * Distance = Pb * Va / 2

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Condensation Cycle at End of Cycle

tMa-b




Va

Liquid at Tb and Pb

Mb

Work = Force * Distance = Pb * Va

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Work Equation is the Area Defined by Temperature and Pressures

Pa

Pb

Vb Va

Work = (Pa * Va)-(Pb * Vb)

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Energy Generation Top of Cycle

Ma-b

Potential =Force*Distance = Ma * Height * g

Generator

Height

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Energy Generation Mid Cycle

Ma-b

Work = Force*Distance = Ma * Height / 2 * g

Generator

Height

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Energy Generation End of Cycle

Ma-b

Work = Force*Distance = Ma * Height * g

Generator

Height

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Low-temperature systems (unglazed) operate at up to

18 F° (10 C°) above ambient temperature, and are most often used for heating swimming pools. Often, the pool water is colder than the air, and insulating the collector would be counter-productive. Low-temperature collectors are extruded from polypropylene or other polymers with UV stabilizers. Flow passages for the pool water are molded directly into the absorber plate, and pool water is circulated through the collectors with the pool filter circulation pump. Swimming pool heaters cost from $10 to $40/ft² [2004].

Low Temperature Collection Systems

http://www.wbdg.org/design/swheating.php

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Mid Temperature “Flat Plate Collectors”Mid-temperature collectors are usually flat plates insulated by a low-iron cover glass and fiberglass or polyisocyanurate insulation. Reflection and absorbtion of sunlight in the cover glass reduces the efficiency at low temperature differences, but the glass is required to retain heat at higher temperatures. A copper absorber plate with copper tubes welded to the fins is used. In order to reduce radiant losses from the collector, the absorber plate is often treated with a black nickel selective surface, which has a high absorptivity in the short-wave solar spectrum, but a low-emissivity in the long-wave thermal spectrum. Mid-temperature systems range in cost from $90 to $120/ft² [2004] of collector area.

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High Temperature Evacuated TubeHigh-temperature systems utilize evacuated tubes around the receiver tube to provide high levels of insulation and often use focusing curved mirrors to concentrate sunlight. High temperature systems are required for absorption cooling or electricity generation, but are used for mid-temperature applications such as commercial or institutional water heating as well. Due to the tracking mechanism required to keep the focusing mirrors facing the sun, high-temperature systems are usually very large and mounted on the ground adjacent to a facility. Evacuated tube collectors themselves cost about $75/ft², but use of curved mirrors and economies of scale get this cost down for large system sizes to a relatively low cost of $40-70/ft² [2004].

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Solar Collector EfficienciesSolar Collectors—Solar collector efficiency is plotted as a straight line against the parameter (Tc-Ta)/I, where Tc is the collector inlet temperature (C ), Ta is the ambient air temperature (C ), and I is the intensity of the solar radiation (W/m²). Notice that inexpensive, unglazed collectors are very efficient at low ambient temperatures, but efficiency drops off very quickly as temperature increases. They offer the best performance for low temperature applications, but glazed collectors are required to efficiently achieve higher temperatures.

http://www.wbdg.org/design/swheating.php

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Distributed Collection

Concentrated Power Generation

SolarHydro Electric PowerSolarHydro Electric Power

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Existing Technology

Pumped StorageRaccoon Mountain Pumped Storage Plant is located in

southeast Tennessee on a site that overlooks the Tennessee

River near Chattanooga.

The plant works like a large storage battery. During periods of low demand, water is pumped from Nickajack Reservoir at the base of the mountain to the reservoir built at the top. It takes 28 hours to fill the upper reservoir. When demand is high, water is released via a tunnel drilled through the center of the mountain to drive

generators in the mountain’s underground power plant.

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Why have pumped storage?

Electrical energy cannot be stored. Therefore the energy taken from an electrical power supply grid must always be equal to the energy being delivered by the electrical power plants. If this were not the case, the frequency and voltage of the supply grid would deviate from standard values. Following severe disturbances of the supply/load balance, the supply system could collapse.

Pumped storage plants solve this problem by storing electrical energy as potential energy: They pump water to an upper reservoir at times of surplus energy on an electrical supply grid-typically, at night. This potential energy is then released through a hydro-electrical generator at times of high demand. Figures 1a and 1b show a typical pumped-storage scheme configuration.

http://www.hydropower.org/PSD/Articles/Benefits1.htm

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Solar Hydro Electric PowerSolar Hydro Electric Power

Use Distributed Solar Collector/Pumps

to

PUMP Water up Hill

Thereby Concentrating the ENERGY

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Generalized Displacement Chamber

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Direct Energy to AC Power

Use of hydroelectric turbines allows direct energy conversion to AC Power.

DC to AC conversion (used in other Solar Solutions)

not required thereby reducing the complexity and cost of construction and

maintenance.

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SolarHydro Electric PowerSolarHydro Electric Power

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Energy Concentration by Summation

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SolarHydro as a Peaker Production PlantNo Upper Storage

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Energy Concentration ViaPixilization

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Artist Rendition --- 0.5MW Plant

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Green Issues1) The System is “Closed Loop”

This allows existing dam infrastructure to be used as upper and lower pools while allowing the river to return to the wild state.

2) In all cases the system is at the minimum CO2 Neutral And may actually consume and bind CO2 when CO2 is used as the pumping fluid.

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CO2 Sequestering

Hydro Equation Let Q=KwH*11.8/(h*E*t)KwH=Qh/11.8*E*t Q = unknown 2E3 cfs Q = Flow in cfs h = 600 FeetofHead 8E6 cfh h = Height E = 90% 1E6 gallons/hr E = Efficiency t = 1 hr 8E6 gallons/8hrs t = Time KwH = 100 MwH 2E5 gallons of CO2

3E7 = sqft/sqmile Sequestered per 100MwH

3E7 kg of CO2 / 100 Mwh Sequestered

840 Vol/Vol @ Atmospheric Pressure

46.5 = Expansion Factor @300 PSI

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Work, Latent Heat EquationsW = PV = nRT

Calculating per Mole: n = 1 mole : R = 8.31 joule/ (K * mole):T = 60 C

Thus W = 2767.23 joules/mole

Latent Heat for Several Chemicals

Chemical Latent Heat J/g J/mole CO2 571 25124

H2O 2675 48150 NH3 1371 23307 SF6 162 23652

All Gas Data taken from: http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp?GasID=26

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Artist Rendition of the Invention installed at the

San Luis Reservoir near I-5 and Hwy 152

San Luis

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Summary

Distributed pumping of water powered by Solar Energy can be used to Concentrate the energy as

mass at a higher potential energy so that conventional hydroelectric systems can be used to

convert the energy into electricity.

Documents

MeV Technology, Inc. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ The information here is the proprietary