METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS

PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011

UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA

DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA

DIRK GODENAU

MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS: CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS

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MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLANDS:ISLANDS:

THE CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDSTHE CASE OF THE CANARY ISLANDS

DIRK GODENAUOBSERVATORY OF IMMIGRATION IN TENERIFE

UNIVERSITY LA LAGUNA, CANARY ISLANDS, SPAIN





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1. Particularities of migration in islands1. Particularities of migration in islands

• Insularity and social sciences

• About small open systems

• Volatility and resilience

• Actors matter

• Positionality and institutional membership

• Outermost regions (EU) as border regions

Source: Frontex





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Migration in islands: ¿different?Migration in islands: ¿different?

• Islands as stepping-stones and/or final destinations

• Routes: Easier to get to islands? Maritime areas more difficult to control? (Carling 2007)

• Land = line / Maritime = area?

• Air space control: even more difficult?

• Grouping, organization, visibility

• Other determinants of control costs: technology, other uses, remote control

• Natural impermeability

• High detection probability after arrival, no irregular way out





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2. The context of the Canary Islands2. The context of the Canary Islands

• 2 million inhabitants, 10 million tourists, high population density and growth ()

• Conquered during 15th century, net immigration in the long run

• Historically some traits of an “plantation island”, with exceptions

• Active part of “transatlantic economy”

• Mass tourism as the new mono-crop

• Migration episodes induced by drastic economic changes

• Long-running migration chains and networks (America, not Africa)

• Internal heterogenity: 7 islands – 7 places (worlds) ()

• Institutional setting: Canaries as outermost border region

Bananas and tomatoes from the Canaries in Hamburg 1900-1905





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3. External and internal migrations3. External and internal migrations

• Immigration and outmigration periods ()

• The recent immigration boom 1998-2007 ()

• Irregular migrant population (stocks): not related to boat people

• Irregular immigration (flows): cayuco crisis 2006 ()

• Link between internal and external mobility: vacuum hypothesis

• Low migration intensities between islands, high within islands ()

• External migration to booming local labor markets (tourism) ()

• Geographical matching through immigrants

• Explaining immobility of locals ()Tourists witnessing immigrant arrival





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4. Discourse about migration4. Discourse about migration

• New migration flows (low skilled labor) and new discourses

• Pro- and Anti-immigration discourses

• Carrying capacity hypothesis

• Insularity-vulnerability hypothesis

• Identity hypothesis (“we islanders”)

• Labor market hypothesis (30% unemployed)

• Law-and-order hypothesis (outermost region)

Islands 1991 2001 2010CANARIAS 201 239 284

Lanzarote 77 122 167

Fuerteventura 22 40 62

Gran Canaria 427 484 542

Tenerife 307 366 446

La Gomera 43 51 62

La Palma 111 119 123

El Hierro 27 35 41

Population densities





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Thank you for your attention and see you in Thank you for your attention and see you in the Canary Islands!the Canary Islands!

www.obiten.netwww.obiten.net





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Figure 1. Population Canary Islands 1590-2011 (*)

(*) 1590-1991 census data, 2001 and 2011 population estimates INESource: INE. Census and population estimates.





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Islands

% of total population

Canary Islands 2010

% of total foreign

population

% of total foreign tourists

2010

% of regional

GDP 2008

Lanzarote 6,7 12,9 17,2 7,4

Fuerteventura 4,9 10,9 17,0 5,5

Gran Canaria 39,9 26,4 28,6 41,2

Tenerife 42,8 45,2 35,1 41,4

La Gomera 1,1 1,3 1,2 0,9

La Palma 4,1 3,0 0,8 3,3

El Hierro 0,5 0,5 0,1 0,4

Table 1. Island shares in population, immigration, tourism and GDP

Source: ISTAC. Own calculations.





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Figure 2. Intercensus net migration 1900-2000 (until 1900 "población de hecho", 1990-2000 "población de derecho")

Source: INE. Population Census. Own calculations.





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Figure 3. Total external net migration Canary Islands 2000-2010

Source: INE. Statistics on Residential Variations.





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Nationality 1998 2009Annual growth

rate

% of total foreign

population in 1998

% of total foreign

populatioin in 2009

European 30.454 169.003 41,4% 55,2 56,1

African 6.770 30.664 32,1% 12,3 10,2

American 10.984 86.502 62,5% 19,9 28,7

Asian 6.586 14.910 11,5% 11,9 5,0

Total 55.218 301.204 40,5% 100,0 100,0

Table 2. Foreign resident population in the Canary Islands by nationality, 1998 and 2009

Source: INE. Padrón Municipal. Own calculations.





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Figure 4. Immigrants arriving in the Canaries through illegal entry points between 1994 and 2010

Source: Government Office in the Canaries





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Figure 5. Internal net migration in the 7 islands of the Canaries, 2006 and 2008

Source: ISTAC. Own calculations.





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Figure 6. Local Labor Markets in the Canary Islands

TF Sur

FV Norte

GC Sur

FV Sur

LZ Único

GC Norte

TF Noreste

TF NorteLP Este

EH Único

LP Oeste

LG Este

LG Sin Adsc

TF Sin Adsc

LP Sin Adsc

LP Sin Adsc

Municipios CentralesTipo A

Source: Own estimates based on 2001 census data about daily mobility between residence and work.





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An institutionalist approach to mobility

Sistema familiar

Mercado de trabajoMercado de

vivienda

Personas

CapitalesBienes

Fronteras

• Social institutions in demographic theory (Bruijn 1999)

• Towards the integral analysis of agency and structure (micro-meso-macro)

• Social institutions in mobility analysis

• Links between daily mobility, internal migration and external migration

• Implications for mobility analysis in islands

Documents

METROPOLIS 2011 CONFERENCE WORKSHOP ISLAND MIGRATIONS PONTA DELGADA, AZORES, SEPTEMBER 2011 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA DEPARTAMENTO DE ECONOMÍA APLICADA