metro lab 9

7/24/2019 metro lab 9

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UNIVERSITY OFMAURITIUS

FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGMechanical & Production Enineerin

!e"art#entMetrolo$ La% or'

E("eri#ent )* Linear Mea+ure#ent andStandard+

MUNSEEA Muhammad Abdul Waheed: 1112723

CHENG SANG FONG Warren: 1119079CASSIM Muhammad Ahra! : 1119"""

MEE##OO $%&'e(n)h: 121102"

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E*+er(men, 9: -(near Meauremen, and S,andard

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Table of Contents,-. INTRO!UCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------/

,-, LINEAR MEASUREMENT------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /

,-0 Micro#eter--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

,-2 Internal Micro#eter-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

,-/ Vernier Cali"er---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

,-1 Vernier 4eiht Gaue---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

,-3 Vernier !e"th aue----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

ANALYSIS AN! CONCLUSIONS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ )

6ue+tion ,--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- )

6ue+tion 0--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- )

6ue+tion 2-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,.

6ue+tion /-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,.

6ue+tion 1-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,,

A++ara,u needed:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ,,

Cal(bra,(%n +r%'edure:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,,

#e, !%r Ou,(de $a.:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,,

#e, !%r

In(de $a.:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ,0

#e, !%r /e+,h Gau)e:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ,06ue+tion 3-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,0

6ue+tion 5-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,2

6ue+tion 7-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,2

6ue+tion )-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,2

6ue+tion ,.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,/

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 LINEAR MEASUREMENT

-(near meauremen, a++l(e ,% meauremen, %! len),h d(ame,er he()h, and ,h('ne

(n'lud(n) e*,ernal and (n,ernal meauremen, #he l(ne meaur(n) (n,rumen, hae er(e %!

a''ura,el& +a'ed l(ne mared %n ,hem e) S'ale #he d(men(%n ,% be meaured are al()ned

.(,h ,he )radua,(%n %! ,he 'ale -(near meaur(n) (n,rumen, are de()ned e(,her !%r l(ne

meauremen, %r end meauremen, In end meaur(n) (n,rumen, ,he meauremen, ( ,aen

be,.een ,.% end ur!a'e a (n m('r%me,er l(+ )au)e e,'

#he (n,rumen, ued !%r l(near meauremen, 'an be 'la(!(ed a:

1 /(re', meaur(n) (n,rumen,

2 Ind(re', meaur(n) (n,rumen,

#he /(re', meaur(n) (n,rumen, are %! ,.% ,&+e:

1 Gradua,ed

2 N%n Gradua,ed

#he )radua,ed (n,rumen, (n'lude rule ern(er 'al(+er ern(er he()h, )au)e ern(er

de+,h )au)e m('r%me,er d(al (nd('a,%r e,'

#he n%n )radua,ed (n,rumen, (n'lude 'al(+er ,rammel ,ele'%+(' )au)e ur!a'e

)au)e ,ra()h, ed)e .(re )au)e 're. +(,'h )au)e rad(u )au)e ,h('ne )au)e l(+)au)e e,'

#he& 'an al% be 'la(!(ed a

1 N%n +re'((%n (n,rumen, u'h a ,eel rule 'al(+er e,'

2 4re'((%n meaur(n) (n,rumen, u'h a ern(er (n,rumen, m('r%me,er d(al )au)e

e,'

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1.2 Micrometer

#he m('r%me,er re5u(re ,he ue %! an a''ura,e 're. ,hread a a mean %! %b,a(n(n) a

meauremen, #he 're. ( a,,a'hed ,% a +(ndle and ( ,urned b& m%emen, %! a ,h(mble %r

ra,'he, a, ,he end Ea'h re%lu,(%n %! ,he ,h(mble adan'e ,he 're. 001mm F()ure 1 )(e a

+(',%r(al de'r(+,(%n %! ,he +ar, a m('r%me,er

F()ure 1

#he M('r%me,er !%und (n ,he Me,r%l%)& -ab ha a re%lu,(%n %! 001 mm and a ran)e %! 6666666666

1. Internal Micrometer

In,ernal m('r%me,er ha ,he ame +r(n'(+le %! %+era,(%n a m('r%me,er F()ure 2 h%. a

+(',%r(al re+reen,a,(%n %! ,.% (n,ernal m('r%me,er

F()ure 2

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F()ure 3 h%. +ar, %! an (n,ernal m('r%me,er

F()ure 3

#he (n,ernal m('r%me,er !%und (n ,he Me,r%l%)& -ab ha a re%lu,(%n %! 001 mm and a ran)e %!

0 30 mm

1.! "ernier Cali#er

#he ern(er (n,rumen, )enerall& ued (n .%rh%+ and en)(neer(n) me,r%l%)& hae

'%m+ara,(el& l%. a''ura'& #he l(ne %! meauremen, %! u'h (n,rumen, d%e n%, '%(n'(de

.(,h ,he l(ne %! 'ale #he a''ura'& ,here!%re de+end u+%n ,he ,ra()h,ne %! ,he beam and ,he

5uarene %! ,he l(d(n) 8a. .(,h re+e', ,% ,he beam #% enure ,he 5uarene ,he l(d(n) 8a.

mu, be 'lam+ed be!%re ,a(n) ,he read(n) #he er% err%r mu, al% be ,aen (n,% '%n(dera,(%n

F()ure " h%. ,he +ar, %! a ern(er 'al(+er

F()ure "

#he ern(er !%und (n ,he Me,r%l%)& -ab ha a re%lu,(%n %! 002 mm and a ran)e %! 0 200 mm

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1.$ "ernier %ei&'t (a)&e

ern(er he()h, )au)e a h%. (n F()ure ; bel%. ( al% a %r, %! ern(er 'al(+er e5u(++ed .(,h a

+e'(al bae bl%' and %,her a,,a'hmen, .h('h mae ,he (n,rumen, u(,able !%r he()h,

meauremen, Al%n) .(,h ,he l(d(n) 8a. aembl& arran)emen, ( +r%(ded ,% 'arr& a

rem%able 'lam+ #he u++er and l%.er ur!a'e %! ,he meaur(n) 8a. are +arallel ,% ,he bae %

,ha, (, 'an be ued !%r meauremen, %er %r under a ur!a'e #he ern(er he()h, )au)e ( ma(nl&

ued (n ,he (n+e',(%n %! +ar, and la&%u, .%r W(,h a 'r(b(n) a,,a'hmen, (n +la'e %! meaur(n)

8a. ,h( 'an be ued ,% 'r(be l(ne a, 'er,a(n d(,an'e ab%e ur!a'e H%.eer d(al (nd('a,%r

'an al% be a,,a'hed (n ,he 'lam+ and man& ue!ul meauremen, made a (, e*a',l& )(e ,he

(nd('a,(%n .hen ,he d(al ,(+ ( 8u, ,%u'h(n) ,he ur!a'e F%r all ,hee meauremen, ue %!

ur!a'e +la,e a da,um ur!a'e ( er& een,(al F()ure < h%. a +(',%r(al de'r(,+,(%n %! ,he

+ar, %! ,he ern(er he()h, )au)e

F()ure ; F()ure <

1.* "ernier De#t' &a)&e

#h( a++ara,u ( ued !%r ,he meauremen, %! ,he de+,h %! h%le a .ell a l%, .(,h re'e 'an

al% be 'al'ula,ed #h( de('e ( e*am(ned (n a (m(lar manner a n%rmal ern(er 'al(+er /e+,h

d(men(%n ma& al% be read& .(,h a de!(n(,(e ,&+e %! ern(er %r d(al 'al(+er .h('h are )(en

b& a ,h(n l(d(n) blade %r de+,h )au)e a,,a'hed ,% ,he +%r,al 8a. #he 'al(+er ( l%'a,ed er,('all&

%er ,he de+,h ,% be 'al'ula,ed and ,he end %! ,he bar ( de,a(ned ne*, ,% ,he h%ulder .h(le ,he

blade ( +u, (n (n,% ,he h%le ,% be meaured F()ure 7 h%. a ern(er de+,h )au)e

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F()ure 7

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ANAL+SIS AND CONCLUSIONS

,)estion 1. Briefly explain in your own words the following terms, and give one

example in each case:

(a). Assignable error

(b). Random error

=a> A()nable err%r ( al% n%.n a &,ema,(' err%r I, ( ,he err%r a%'(a,ed .(,h e(,her a

!la. (n ,he e5u(+men, %r ,he de()n %! ,he e*+er(men, and 'ann%, be e,(ma,ed b& re+ea,(n) ,he

e*+er(men, .(,h ,he ame e5u(+men,

An e*am+le ( .hen ,(m(n) ,he %'(lla,(%n +er(%d %! a (m+le +endulum u(n) ,%+.a,'h

Su++%e ,he ,%+.a,'h ( runn(n) l%. ,h( .%uld lead ,% undere,(ma,(%n %! all ,he ,(me

meaured

=b> ?and%m err%r ( 'aued b& an& !a',%r ,ha, rand%ml& a!!e', meauremen, %! ,he +arame,era'r% ,he am+le ?and%m err%r uuall& reul, !r%m ,he e*+er(men,er@ (nab(l(,& ,% ,ae ,he

ame meauremen, (n e*a',l& ,he ame .a& ,% )e, e*a', ,he ame number

E*am+le: err%r (n 8ud)men, %! an %berer .hen read(n) ,he 'ale %! a meaur(n) de('e ,% ,he

malle, d(((%n

,)estion 2. xplain with the help of a practical occurrence of the following types oferror:

(a). !ressure error

(b). Angular error

(c). rror due to yielding

=a> 4reure err%r %''ur .heneer ,%% mu'h !%r'e ( a++l(ed .h(le meaur(n) a ma,er(al

reul,(n) (n a de(a,(%n !r%m ,he a',ual alue I, 'an d(,%r, ,he ma,er(al ,% be meaured %r

dama)e ,he meaur(n) (n,rumen, (,el! F%r e*am+le .h(le meaur(n) ,he he()h, %! a .%r+(e'e

%n a he()h, )au)e (! ,%% mu'h !%r'e ( a++l(ed .h(le ad8u,(n) ,he 'r(ber ,he alue read 'an be

l%.er ,han ,he a',ual alue

=b> When 8%(n(n) ,.% me,al +ar, +er+end('ular ,% ea'h %,her (! ,he +ar, are n% l%n)er a, 90

de)ree (, (m+l(e ,ha, ,here ( an an)ular err%r #he err%r an)le ( ,he d(!!eren'e be,.een ,he real

an)le .h('h ( 90 de)ree and ,he a',ual an)le

='> Err%r due ,% &(eld(n) 'an %''ur (n ma +r(n) &,em F%r e*am+le (! .e are d%(n) an

e*+er(men, ,% 'al'ula,e H%%e la. and ,he +r(n) ued ha alread& e*'eeded (, ela,(' l(m(,

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#he read(n) .h('h .(ll be ,aen .(ll n%, be a''ura,e and ,he 'al'ula,ed alue .(ll n%, %be&

h%%e la. I, ( a &,ema,(' err%r

,)estion . "hat are the main sources that can be associated with the use of a heightgauge# xplain your answer.

/(!!('ul,& (n read(n) ,he e*a', alue ,ha, ( be(n) ,aen #he ern(er 'ale ( er& mall and a

u'h man& d(((%n a++ear ,% '%(n'(de (n,ead %! %nl& %ne .h('h ( ,he e*a', alue Hen'e een

,he malle, +aralla* err%r .h('h ma& %''ur '%uld b(a ,he alue .h('h ( be(n) n%,ed

,)estion !. xplain the responsibilities and services of the $egal %etrology &ervice of

the 'ommerce ivision of the %inistry of ndustry, 'ommerce and 'onsumer !rotection,

Republic of %auritius.

?e+%n(b(l(,(e:

1 Cal(bra,(%n and ma(n,enan'e %! meauremen, ,andard .h('h are ,ra'eable ,%

In,erna,(%nal S,andard

2 C%n,r%l %! .e()h(n) and meaur(n) e5u(+men, ued (n #rade ,% enure ,ha, ,he

(n,rumen, are a''ura,e and ued '%rre',l&

3 C%n,r%l %! )%%d ,% enure ,ha, ,he& are +r%+erl& labelled and '%n,a(n ,he 5uan,(,&

de'lared %n ,he +a'a)e

Ser('e:

Ae(n) %! (n,rumen,B

On ?e5ue, Cal(bra,(%nB

Su+er((%n %! ue %! .e()h(n) and meaur(n) (n,rumen,B

C%n,r%l %n )%%d =4re+a'ed C%mm%d(,(e>B

Cer,(!('a,e %! Su(,ab(l(,&B

Ine,()a,(%n %! '%m+la(n,B

In!%rma,(%n and ad('e

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,)estion $. xplain how a vernier caliper is calibrated#

Apparatus needed:

1 Gau)e bl%'

2 Cal(bra,ed m('r%me,er 3 ?e!eren'e ur!a'e =e) Gran(,e +la,e >

'alibration procedure:

• Clean ,he ern(er Cal(+er meaur(n) ur!a'e ,he )ran(,e ur!a'e and ,he )au)e bl%'

,% be ued

• er% ,he ern(er Cal(+er a, ,he ,ar, and ad8u, a re5u(red b& ,he manu!a',urer

+e'(!('a,(%n I! 'ann%, be er%ed (, ( ,hen mar a a !a(l

• #em+era,ure h%uld be a, 23DC ;DC and hum(d(,& a, "; 10

• Mae a (ual and ,%u'h (n+e',(%n In+e', ,he (n(de and Ou,(de $a. /e+,h Gau)eand l(d(n) 8a. !%r m%%,h m%emen, #here h%uld n%, be an& dama)e n(' %r burr

I, h%uld hae ,ra()h, and +arallel !a'e .(,h n% !ree +la& %er ,he .h%le len),h

*est for +utside aws:

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1 U(n) )au)e bla' meaure ; d(!!eren, len),h

2 ?e'%rd alue %b,a(n %n ern(er 'al(+er

3 C%m+are read(n) .(,h ,he(r re+e',(e )au)e bl%'" ?ead(n) h%uld be .(,h(n l(m(, 00;mm ,% be a''e+,able

*est for nside aws:

1 U(n) a 'al(bra,ed m('r%me,er meaure )au)e bl%' %! a++r%+r(a,e len),h and l%' ,he

m('r%me,er a, ,ha, len),h2 Meaure ,he d(,an'e be,.een ,he m('r%me,er an(l u(n) ,he (n(de 8a. %! ,he ern(er

'al(+er

3 ?e'%rd read(n) %n ern(er 'al(+er " C%m+are read(n) .(,h ,he(r re+e',(e )au)e bl%'

; ?ead(n) h%uld be .(,h(n l(m(, 00;mm ,% be a''e+,able

*est for epth -auge:

1 #.% e5ual ,a' %! )au)e bl%' are made %n ,he )ran(,e ur!a'e ,% a he()h, (n ,he m(d

ran)e %! ,he de+,h )au)e

2 #he he()h, %! ,he ,.% ,a' %! )au)e bl%' .(,h ,he r%d be,.een ,he ,.% ,a' (

re'%rded and ,he !la, +ar, %! ,he (n,rumen, !luhed a)a(n, ,he ,%+ %! ea'h %! ,he ,.%

,a'3 ?ead(n) %n ern(er 'al(+er ( re'%rded

" C%m+are read(n) .(,h ,he re+e',(e )au)e bl%'

; ?ead(n) h%uld be .(,h(n l(m(, 00;mm ,% be a''e+,able

,)estion *. xplain one instrument which is used for end measurement and one used for

line measurement.

An end meaur(n) (n,rumen, '%n(, %! ,.% ur!a'e A d(men(%n ( de,erm(ned b& +la'(n) (,

be,.een ,he meaur(n) ur!a'e One %! ,he ur!a'e '%n,(,u,e ,he bae %! a (n)le un(, ,ha, (n'lude

a rule ,he %,her ur!a'e ( %n a head ,ha, l(de al%n) ,he rule #he rule ( d((ded (n,% a m(ll(me,er

and a ern(er 'ale ( (n,alled %n ,he l(d(n) head E*am+le: ern(er Cal(+er

-(ne meauremen, ( ued !%r d(re', meauremen, %! +e'(!(' d(,an'e .(,h(n ,he(r 'a+a'(,& ran)e

E*am+le: -(ne )radua,ed rule and ,a+e#hee are ued !%r d(re', len),h '%m+ar(%n and

,he& hae n% au*(l(ar& de('e #hee are aa(lable (n .(del& d(!!eren, de)ree %! a''ura'& ,%

u(, d(ere re5u(remen, !%r +la(n len),h meaur(n) ,%%l

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,)estion -. A distance of /0 mm has to be accurately verified between two vertical

planes. xplain with 1ustification a proper measurement process that can be used.

F%r ,h( meauremen, a -aer In,er!er%me,er 'an be ued I, ue ,he '%n'e+, %! .ae (n,er!eren'e

and )u(de ,hem (n,% a ,ra()h, beam #hee .ae are em(,,ed u(n) a l()h, %ur'e and re!le',ed and

re'e(ed b& a de,e',%r #he alue %! ,h( +r%'e ( m%re a''ura,e a ,he .ae hae reall& mall

.aelen),h ,hu +r%du'(n) a re%lu,(%n %! 01 m('r%me,er I, ( al% era,(le and 'an be ued !%r

l%n) d(,an'e n%, e*'eed(n) <0 me,er

,)estion . xplain the main difference between a voluntary and mandatory

standard. n each case, provide and example to support your answer.

A %lun,ar& ,andard ( a ,andard e,abl(hed )enerall& b& a +r(a,e6e',%r b%d& and .h('h (

aa(lable !%r ue b& an& +er%n %r %r)an(a,(%n +r(a,e %r )%ernmen,

A manda,%r& ,andard %n ,he %,her hand ( a ,andard .h('h re5u(re '%m+l(an'e be'aue %! a

)%ernmen, de'ree %r re)ula,(%n an %r)an(a,(%n (n,ernal +%l('& %r '%n,ra',ual %bl()a,(%n

Fa(lure ,% a', (n a''%rdan'e .(,h a manda,%r& ,andar& uuall& reul, (n a an',(%n u'h a '((l

%r 'r(m(nal +enal,(e %r l% %! em+l%&men,

,)estion /. xplain the following terms:

2ational &tandard

Fr%m an %!!('(al +er+e',(e na,(%nal ,andard ( ad%+,ed b& na,(%nal ,andard and made aa(lable ,%

,he +ubl(' 4ra',('all& +ea(n) h%.eer a na,(%nal ,andard ( an& ,andard ,ha, ( .(del& ued and

re'%)n(ed .(,h(n a '%un,r&

&econdary &tandards

I, ( made nearl& a 'l%e a +%(ble ,% ,he +r(mar& ,andard .(,h .h('h ,he& are '%m+ared a,

(n,eral and re'%rd %! ,he(r der(a,(%n !r%m (, I, ued %''a(%nall& !%r '%m+ar(%n .(,h ,he

,er,(ar& ,andard

"or3ing &tandards

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#hee ,andard are ued (n lab%ra,%r(e and (m(lar (n,(,u,(%n #he& are der(ed !r%m ,he

!undamen,al ,andard #he& are re!erred ,% a ,he re!eren'e ,andard and 'al(bra,(%n ,andard

,)estion 10. xplain the calibration chain for the linear measurement in order to

provide traceability to international standards.

#he de!(n(,(%n %! ,ra'eab(l(,& 'an be !%und (n ,he In,erna,(%nal %'abular& !%r Me,r%l%)& a

+r%+er,& %! a meauremen, reul, .hereb& ,he reul, 'an be rela,ed ,% a re!eren'e ,hr%u)h a

d%'umen,ed unbr%en 'ha(n %! 'al(bra,(%n ea'h '%n,r(bu,(n) ,% ,he meauremen,

un'er,a(n,& #he d(a)ram bel%. (nd('a,e ,he a''ura'& %! len),h meauremen, ,ha, 'an bea'h(eed a, ar(%u leel (n a ,&+('al en)(neer(n) meauremen, 'ha(n

/e!(n(,(%n %! ,he

un(, %! len),h

J 1 (n 10"

J 1 (n 10;

J 1 (n 10<

J 1 (n 107

J 1 (n 109

M('r%me,er ,randu'er e,'

S,ab(l(ed laerS+e',ral lam+ N4- .%r(n)

,andard

-ab%ra,%r& ,andard

)au)e bl%'

?e!eren'e )rade

)au)e bl%'

I%d(ne ,ab(l(edhel(um ne%n laer

-ab%ra,%r&

,andard

Indu,r(al me,r%l%)&

,andard

Sh%+ !l%%r

N4- +r(mar&,andard

Un'er,a(n,&Cal(bra,(%n 'ha(nS,andard

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metro lab 9