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7/28/2019 METPEN 3 TA 2004
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SESSION 3
Friday, 10th September 2004
RESEARCH PROPOSAL &
TYPE OF THE RESEARCH
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SESSION 3
1. Explain the components of the research
proposal
2. Describe the type of research
3. Discuss the differences betweenquantitative and qualitative research
4. Characterize basic qualitative methods
Learning Objectives
At the end of todays session, the student should beable to :
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Research Proposal
2.4 Statement ofthe Purpose of the Study
the single statement that identifies
the focus of the research what the researcher intends to do
to answer the research question
2. Introduction
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3 ways : (1) as a declarative statement
(2) as a question
(3) as a hypothesis
2. Introduction
2.4 Statement ofthe Purpose of the Study
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(1) as a declarative statement
The purpose of this study is to describe the effect
of structured individualized versus structured group
instruction on successful breast feedingby primiparas in their home setting
2.4 Statement of
the Purpose of the Study
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2.4 Statement ofthe Purpose of the Study
(2) as a question
The purpose of this study is to answer the
question : I s there a signi f icant relationship
between a method of teaching about breastfeeding and successful breast feeding by
primiparas in their home setting ?
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(3) as a hypothesis
The purpose of this study is to test the followinghypothesis:
Primiparas who receive individuali zed instruction in
breast feeding wil l have a signi f icantly more successful
breast-feeding exper ience in their home setting than
primiparas who receive structured group instruction in
breast feeding
2.4 Statement of the Purpose of the Study
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2.4 Objective
General Objective
Specific Objective
2. Introduction
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From this study those factors which are responsible
for stopping breast-feeding in urban communities
can be identi f ied and this wil l be useful for giving
feedback for promoting the breast-feeding program.
2.4 Objective
General Objective
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2.4 Objective
Specific Objective
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Research Proposal
2. Introduction
2.5 Significance of the Study
Science
Health Service / Health Policy Research
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Research Proposal
3. Review of Related Literature
Reasons to Review the Literature
To determine what has already been done Provides ideas about the kinds of studies that
need to be done
To point out research strategies To help the researcher to interpret the results
of the study
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3. Review of Related Literature
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
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The use of one theory or interrelatedtheories to support the rationale (reason)for conducting the study and provide aguide to analyzing the results
Theoretical Framework
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The use of one or more related concepts that
underlie the study problem and support therationale (reason) for conducting the study
The concepts should also be discussed in
relat ionsh ip to thevariablesbeing inv est igated
(Use diagram)
Conceptual Framework
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Recent publications
( the last 5-7 years )
3. Review of Related Literature
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Research Proposal
4. Methodology
1. Study Design
2. Location and Time
3. Study Population
4. Sampling
5. Sample size
6. Inclusion and exclusion criteria
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4. Methodology7. Informed consent
8. Procedures
9. Identifying Variables
10. Operational definition
11. Plan of data analysis and data
interpretation
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Research Proposal
5. Bibliography
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Research Proposal
Curriculum vitae of researchers
Budget Time schedule of the study
Informed consent (Form)
Statistical formulas
Instruments of the study (e.g. Questionnaire) Dummy Table
Others
APPENDIXES
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Quantitative and Qualitative
Research
1. Introduction to Quantitative and
Qualitative Research2. Comparison ofQuantitative and Qualitative
Research
3. Types ofQuantitative and QualitativeResearch
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1. Introduction
Many researchers have narrowly defined scientificresearch method to include only quantitative research.
This research method is based on the philosophy of
logical empiricism
Quantitative and QualitativeResearch
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Quantitative research is
a formal, objective, systematic process in which
numerical data are utilized to obtain information
about the world
Quantitative research ?
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Is used to- describe variables
- examine relationships among
variables- determine cause- and-effect
interactions between variables
Quantitative research
the predominantly used method of scientificinvestigation
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Qualitative research is
a systematic, subjective approach used todescribe life experiences and give them
meaning
not a new idea in social and behavioral
sciences
Qualitative research ?
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QuantitativeResearch
Hard science
Focus : concise and
narrow
Reductionistic
Objective
Qualitative
Research
Soft science
Focus : complex
and
broad Holistic
Subjective
2. Comparison of Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
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Quantitative Research
Reasoning : logistic
anddeductive
Basis of knowing :
cause-and-effect
relations.
Tests theory
Qualitative Research
Reasoning :
dialectic,
inductive
Basis of knowing :
meaning,discovery
Develops theory
2. Comparison of Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
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Quantitative Research
Control
Instruments
Basic elements of
analysis
: numbers
Qualitative Research
Shared interpretation
Communication andobservation
Basic elements ofanalysis :
words
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Quantitative Research
Statistical analysis
Generalization
Qualitative Research
Individual interpretation Uniqueness
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3. Types of Quantitative and
Qualitative Research
Types of Quantitative Research
1. Descriptive
2. Correlational
3. Quasi-Experiment
4. Experiment
1. Non-intervention
(Observational)
2. Intervention
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Types of Qualitative Research
1. Phenomenology
2. Grounded Theory
3. Ethnography
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1. Phenomenological Research
Phenomenological research is an
inductive, descriptive approach developedfrom phenomenological philosophy
The focus of phenomenological philosophy is
understanding the response of whole humanbeing, not just specific parts of behaviors
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The aim of phenomenological research is to
describe an experience as it is lived by the
person, such as describing a personsexperience of pain as it is lived by that person
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2. Grounded Theory Research
GTR is an inductive research technique. This
research approach is useful in discovering what
problems exist in a social scene and the processpersons use to handle them
GTR emphasizes observation and the
development of practice-based intuitiverelationships between variables
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The research process involves formulation,
testing, and redevelopment of propositions until
a theory evolves.
The theory developed is grounded or has its
roots in the data from which it was derived
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3. Ethnographic Research
ER for investigating cultures through an in-depth
study of the members of the culture.
ER attempts to tell the story of peoples daily
lives while describing the culture they are a part
of
ER process is the systematic collection,
description, and analysis of data to develop a
theory of cultural behavior
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Using ER different cultures are described,
compared and contrasted to add to the
understanding of the impact of culture on humanbehavior and health
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