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8/16/2019 Methods of Research Chapter 3 Research at Philosophical Level .ppt
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Prof. ir . Panchito M. Labay
8/16/2019 Methods of Research Chapter 3 Research at Philosophical Level .ppt
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What is a positivist, a
post-modernist and a
feminist point of view?
What is qualitative,
quantitative & mied
methods of research?
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• help the researcher to refine
and specify his or herresearch point of view or
philosophical underpinnin!s• enable the researcher to
evaluate different methodolo-
!ies and methods to avoid
inappropriate use and
unnecessary wor" by
identifyin! the limitations of
particular approaches at an
early sta!e• help the researcher to becreative and innovative in
either selection or adaptation
of methods that were
previously outside his or her
eperience.
Its me when I was assigned to do a research work
in John Hopkins University with my Ugandan
classmate.
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#here are three ma$or philoso-
phical schools that affect theconduct of doin! research%
P'(#()('# *cornerstone of
traditional science+stresses thatscience as ‘knowledge’ is
ascertained by empiricalobservations & experimentations. It
has an objectivist view that ‘acts’ or
‘realities’ are not the res!lts o
h!man cognition or thinking or
created in one’s mind. "hey are
external to the observer and areimposed on the observer’s
conscio!sness rom witho!t.
It preers meas!rement and
replicability and making generali#
sations rather than speciicobservations.
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(t follows the scientific method%
Problem
#heory
ypothesis
perimentation/ata !atherin!
Provin!
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0hallen!es to the positivist 1 scientific 1ob$ectivist views%
2. #ruth or reality is a social construct*sub$ectivism+, created by human bein!s& the ob$ects of thou!ht are merelywords *nominalism+ produced by thelan!ua!e we spea" *a narrative,discourse, etc.+.
3. 4ealities are comple, which cannot bereduced to measurable 5simplevariables6 and therefore inappropriate tocome up with !eneral !overnin! theory.Lo!ocentrism is not truethere is nosuch absolute truth.
7. periments conducted in laboratoriesare becomin! redundant, because onecannot really capture the essence of thenatural world. #hou!h positivist is!uided by rationality, but rationalityitself is a product of social fabrications.
8. Positivism is a he!emonic idea thatsuppresses other forms of "nowled!es.
$!perman is a creative social constr!ct%
which pres!med can be made in the
laboratories thro!gh the science o cloning
or genetics engineering
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• scientific fraud is etremely
widespread, even in most
industrialised countries.
• biased and sub$ective nature of
scientists as human bein!s
• material need for !lory and honour,!ainin! more !rants and pressure to
publish outputs
• doin! the eperimentation over and
over a!ain to !et the 5desired6 results
• the nature of some researchers that
there is 5no presti!e in re-doin! other
researcher6s eperiments. #herefore
the ris" of doin! fraudulent wor" is
very little.
History reveals that greatscientists like Ptolemy,Galileo, Newton, Daltonand Mendell all tamperedsome of their researchdata.
Source Sutherland, !"#"
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Post-positivist believes that pure
empiricism, e.!., derivin! "nowled!eonly throu!h observation and
measurement, is not enou!h. #hus, post-
positivism is built on the concept of
critical realism, that there is a real world
o!t there independent o o!r perceptiono it.
(t posits that 9data are not inherently
'!antitative and cannot be bits and
pieces o almost anything :.
#he metaphysical as being beyond the
scope o science% it was increasingly
accepted by post#positivists that
althou!h a real world driven by natural
causes eists, it is impossible for
humans to truly perceive it with theirim erfect sensor and mental ca acit .
(instein is not only a positivist b!t also
a post#positivist & post#modernist
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#he post-positivist approaches
assume that reality is m!ltiple%s!bjective, and mentally
constr!cted by individuals. #he
use of fleible and multiple
methods is desirable as a way of
studyin! a small sample in depthover time that can establish
warranted assertability as
opposed to absolute truth. #he
researcher interacts with those
bein! researched, and findin!s
are the outcome of this
interactive process with a focus
on
‘)ntipo’ is a c!lt!ral practice d!ring *enten
$eason% which is a good s!bject or research
ollowing the post#positivist mode o in'!iry.
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Letourneau and ;llen *2
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(t follows the inductive method%
Problem
0ontetualisin!(ntrospection
#heory@ieldwor" 1
/ata !atherin!
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P'#-M/4A('#'!estions the
belie in reason & rationality o the positivist. It arg!es that ‘reality’ is a
social constr!ct in the orm o words
lang!age% stories% narratives% disco!rses%
etc.
It avo!rs observation rom the inside in
avo!r o ‘vision’% in which the researcher
and the observed are not clearly
disting!ished. "h!s% the researcher is the
‘prime instr!ment’.
It preers an introspective% s!bjective
interpretation.
It dissolves the bo!ndaries between
disciplines% since ‘realities’ can be drawn
rom dierent angles +relativism &
methodological pl!ralism,. -reativity will
grow i this will not be p!t inside the‘black box’.
rokeback /o!ntain speaks abo!t reality
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Buestions to the post-modernist
views%
2. 4ise of 5"nowled!e anarchy6, a
disorder world of eplainin! a
social, natural, physical, etc.
phenomena. 4e$ects meta- and
!rand narratives of the world andreinforces our sensitivity to
differences.
3. #he rules of lo!ic are nothin!, but
all social construct that are
prescribed for ways of thin"in!.7. (t is a counter he!emonic concept
to positivism that demystifies the
rhetorical acceptance of modern
science."he problem o traditional science in solving some o
o!r present problems gives rise to post#positivist and post#modernist points o view.
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'CMDL(0 (A#4;0#(A('#
ollows the post#modernistview’% both in theory and practice%
b!t is more concerned on
explaining society in terms o its
overall str!ct!re.
It believes that we are living in a
‘semiotic world’% whereinsymbols and comm!nication
+ling!istic & gest!ral, are created
and given with ‘meanings’ &
identities in all o!r daily
interactions with o!r
environments.
It !pholds the ca!se & eect
analysis to describe social reality
rom within% like in interpreting
the views% eelings and actions o
those involved in a givensit!ation or liestyle.
0e live in a world o words% lang!ages% signs andstr!ct!res which we give them identities and meanings.
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@M(A('#ollows ‘tradi#
tional science’% both intheory and practice b!t
sho!ld be air to women.
It is an emerging philoso#
phical school g!ided by
eminist theory. It is reallynot a method% b!t a
perspective that recog#
nises diversity% open to
cross discipline% so as to
avoid the ‘marginalisation’
o women.
0omen need not be conined only in
ho!sehold chores% b!t m!st also a part
o social change
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#he scientific ethos of research prevails
as of today and still survives due to
the followin! ideals%
Eniversalism. (deas and bodies of
"nowled!e must be evaluated on thebasis of merit that it established.
0ommunalism. Fnowled!e is not
"nowled!e if it is not shared, because
the search for "nowled!e is a human
act for public use.'"epticism. ne6s wor" must be
scrutiniGed and challen!ed. 'cientific
authority must be appraised and
reappraised re!ularly.
mpiricism. bservations of the natural
and social worlds are based on facts
that can be apprehended by human6s
senses.
(mpartiality. 'cientists must have a
sense of impartiality and open-
mindedness.
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#han" you, because we have $ust
finished 0hapter 7
#E#4 M;4F/ ;0#()(#C
@or the inte!ration of all concepts, please do the followin! activities%
2. (n the internet *www.!oo!le.com+ , search for two published
research papers that applied the concepts of a positivist, a post-modernist or a feminist.
3. (n no more than HH words describe their peculiarities.
/ate of submission%
http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/