Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Mariano Fernández-López Oscar Corcho
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the Meeting Point?
Artificial Intelligence LaboratoryTechnical University of Madrid (UPM)
Spain
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Index
•Methodologies
•Technology
•Languages
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
1. Presenting the most representative methodologies
- Uschold & King- Grüninger & Fox- Bernaras et alia- Methontology- Sensus
2. Performing an analysis of such methodologies against the same framework of reference
3. Out of this presentation: ontology learning methods
Methodologies
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Uschold’s Methodology
1. Identify Purpose and Scope
2. Building the ontology
•Ontology Capture
•Ontology Coding
• Integrating existing ontologies
3. Evaluation
4. Documentation
5. Guideliness for each phase
Uschold, M.; Grüninger, M. ONTOLOGIES: Principles, Methods and Applications.Knowledge Engineering Review. Vol. 11; N. 2; June 1996.
•Identify key concepts and relationships•Produce unambiguous text definitions•Identify terms to refer to such concepts and relations
•Commit to a meta-ontology•Choose a representation language•Write the code
How and whether to reuse ontologiesthat already exist
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
TOVE Methodology
Identify intuitively possible applications and solutions
Identify Queries:•Answers: Axioms
Formal definitions•Questions: Terminology
Conditions under whichthe solutions to the questions
are complete
MotivatingScenarios
InformalCompetency
Questions
FormalTerminology
FormalCQ
FormalAxioms
CompletenessTheorems
As an entailment of consistency problems
with respect tothe axioms in the ontology
Defined as a first-order sentenceusing the predicates of the ontology
Objects
AttributesRelations
Constants Variables
FunctionsPredicates
KIFUschold, M.; Grüninger, M. ONTOLOGIES: Principles, Methods and Applications.Knowledge Engineering Review. Vol. 11; N. 2; June 1996.
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Methodology used on the KACTUS project
Specification of the application
Preliminary design based on relevant
top-level ontological categories
Domain Ontology
Redefine
A botton-up approach for building ontologiesBuild a preliminary ontology for refinement and augment with new definitions
A. Bernaras; I. Laresgoiti; J. Corera. Building and reusing ontologies for electrical network applicationsECAI96. 12th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 1996. 298-302
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
SENSUS as a basis for a domain-specific ontology
Top-down approach
Linking Domain Specific Terms to a broad Coverage Ontology
To identify the terms in SENSUS that are relevant to a particular domain andthen prune the skeletal ontology using heuristics
B. Swartout; R. Patil; k. Knight; T. Russ. Toward Distributed Use of Large-Scale OntologiesOntological Engineering. AAAI-97 Spring Symposium Series. 1997. 138-148.
SENSUS SENSUS
Skeletal Ontology
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
METHONTOLOGY Framework
The world of ontologies
• To set up a life cycle
• Development process
Tools
METHODOLOGYItem 1: It is necessary…
… … .Item 2: Since …
Define-Ontology
(Imported ontologies ....)
ONTOLOGYCan be public
Gómez-Pérez, A. Knowledge Sharing and Reuse. In the Handbook of Applied Expert Systems. CRC Press. 1998.
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Ontology Life Cycle
Specification Conceptualization Maintenance
Technical activities
Support activities
Acquisition
Evaluation
Documentation
Configuration Management
Formalization
Integration
Implementation
Management activities
Planification Control
Quality control
Fernández-López, M.; Gómez-Pérez, A.; Rojas M.D.Ontology’s Crossed Life Cycle. Lectures Notes in Artificial Intelligence Nº 1937. October 2000
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Inter-dependenciesInter-dependencies refer the relationship between activities carried out when building different ontologies
O1
O3
O2
Fernández-López, M.; Gómez-Pérez, A.; Rojas M.D.Ontology’s Crossed Life Cycle.Lectures Notes in Artificial Intelligence Nº 1937. October 2000
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Monatomic Ions Ontology: Life Cycle
Knowledge Acquisition
Specification
Find and Locate Ontologies
Inspect Content and Granularity
Selection of Standard-Units and Chemical-Elements
•No taxonomic organization
•Several versions
Preliminary Evaluation of Standard Units at Ontolingua S.
Preliminary Evaluation of Chemicals at ODE
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Monatomic Ions Ontology: Life Cycle
Integration
Specification
Knowledge Acquisition
Conceptualization
Reuse of Chemical and Standard Units
Standard UnitsOntological Reengineering
Merge
Revision ofChemical Elements
Evaluation
C. Management
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Monatomic Ions Ontology: Life Cycle
Integration
Specification
Knowledge Acquisition
Conceptualization
Reuse of Chemical and Standard Units
Standard UnitsOntological Reengineering
Evaluation Redesing
C. ManagementEvaluation
Reverse Engineering
Implementation
Merge
Revision ofChemical Elements
Evaluation
C. Management
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Monatomic Ions Ontology: Life Cycle
Integration
SpecificationKnowledge Acquisition
Conceptualization
Standard UnitsOntological Reengineering
Evaluation Redesing
C. ManagementEvaluation
Reverse Engineering
Implementation
Merge
Revision ofChemical Elements
Evaluation
C. Management
DocumentationEvaluation
Implementation
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Ontology’s crossed life cycles
Version 2
Version 3
Version 1CHEMICAL-ELEMENTS
Development
ODE
Development
STANDARD UNITS
Ontolingua Server
Evaluation of v.1
Evaluation of v.2
Evaluation of v.3
Merge + Evaluation + Configurationmanagement
Reengineering + Configuration management
ODE
Maintenance of Stanford versionEvaluation
CONCEPTUALIZATION
•Conceptualization•Acquisition•Evaluation•Documentation•Integration
SPECIFICATIONPhases
Intra-dependencies
•Specification•Acquisition•Evaluation•Documentation
MONATOMIC IONS
ODE
IMPLEMENTATION
•Implementation•Acquisition•Evaluation•Documentation•Integration
Maintenance
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Uschold& King
Grüninger& Fox
Bernaraset alia
Methontol.
Sensus
Man
agem
ent
proc
esse
s Development-oriented processes
Pre-de
velop
.Development
Requi-rements Design
Imple-mentation Post
-devel
op.
Inte
gral
proc
esse
s
Methodology compliance withMethodology compliance with IEEE Standard.IEEE Standard.
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Recomen-ded
life cycle
Compliancewith
IEEE Std.
Recommen-ded
techniques
Ontologiesand
applications
Uschold& KingGrüninger& Fox
Bernaraset alia
Methontol.
Sensus
Detail ofthe
methodology
1 domain
1 domain
1 domain
SeveraldomainsSeveraldomains
Very little
Little
Very little
A lot
Medium
Not known
Not known
Not known
Not known
Maturity of the Methodologies
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
1. None of the methodologies are fully mature if we compare them with theIEEE Standard
- METHONTOLOGY- Grüninger & Fox- Uschold & King- SENSUS- Bernaras et alia
2. The proposals are not unified
3. Methodologies should be supported by tools.
Maturitydegree
Conclusions about methodologies
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Index
•Methodologies
•Technology
•Languages
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Technological dimension.
• Several ontology editors
– Ontolingua (KSL, Stanford)
– Ontosaurus (ISI)
– OILed (University of Manchester)
– OntoEdit (Ontoprice, Karlsrhue Univ)
– Protégé2000 (SMI, Stanford)
– WebOnto (KMI, Open University)
– WebODE (UPM)
• Some ontology-based services :
–Merge: Chiamera, OntoMorph, ProtégéPromp
–Translation: Protégé2000, WebODE, .....
–Machine learning (knowledge acquisition)
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Main Dimensions of this comparative study
– General description features (developers, releases, current uses, etc.)
– Sw architecture and tool evolution
– Interoperability (with other tools & information systems, translations, etc.)
– Underlying knowledge model
– Libraries
– Inference services
– Methodology support
– Cooperation
– Usability aspects: Help system, edition & visualization
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
General description of tools
EU tools USA tools
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Architecture and Evolution
– We are moving into a new generation of Java based Ontology Tools
– WebOnto, OILed, OntoEdit, WebODE, Protégé2000
– Just few tools using databases for storing ontologies:
– Protégé2000, WebODE and OntoEdit (comercial)
– Only backup management in WebODE
– Extensibility facilities in OntoEdit, WebODE and Protégé-2000
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Knowledge Model & Inference Engine
Most of the tools have the same expressiveness
•Metaclasses are allowed on Ontosaurus and Protégé-2000
•Most of the tools allow to represent axioms
•Ontolingua and Protégé do not have an inference engine
•OntoEdit, WebODe, Ontosaurus provide evaluation facilities
•Only DL language (OILed and Ontosaurus) allows automatic classifcations
•No exception handling
INFERENCE ENGINE
Knowledge Model
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Methodology Support
– Only WebODE gives support to a methodology.
– No project management facilities, no (semi)automatic acquisition facilities, no maintenance and a little suport for verification
– Conceptualization is only included in Ontoedit, Protégé2000 and WebODE
InteroperabilityNew tools export and import to ad-hoc XML and other markup languagesBut..., what is the quality of all these exports?what about the interoperability between tools?
Cooperation
– WebOnto has the most advanced features on collaborative construction
– Tools need more features to ensure a successful collaborative building of ontologies
All help systems must be improved
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Technological dimension. Problems• No interoperability between tools
– Different knowledge models
– Different technology
– Difficult integration
• No specialized modules for evaluation, configuration management, automatic
construction of ontologies, upgrades of ontologies, ....
• Translation services between tools
OntoEdit
WebODE
Protégé2000
OILEd
Translation services
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Ontology Development Tools
Ontology-Based Applications
Ontology Middleware
Ontology library
Ontologies
Metricsservices
Administrationservices
Ontology selectionservices
Queryservices
Ontology accessservices
...
Ontologyeditor
Ontologymerge
Ontologytranslation
SemanticPortals
KnowledgeManagementBrokers ...
OntologyDevelopment
Suite
Component-basedEasy integrationRAD...
Ontologyacquisition
Ontologybrowser
Ontologymapper
Ontologyevaluation
Ontologyconf. man.
Ontologydocum.
Ontologyevolution
Towards an workbench for ontologies
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-PérezOntology Development Tools
Ontology Middleware
Ontology library
Ontologies
Administrationservices
Ontology selectionservices
Queryservices
Ontology accessservices
...
Ontologyeditor
Ontologymerge
Ontologytranslation
Ontologyacquisition
Ontologybrowser
Ontologymapper
Ontologyevaluation
Ontologyconf. man.
Ontologydocum.
Ontologyevolution
done
In progress
WebODE Workbench Status
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Index
•Methodologies
•Technology
•Languages
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Motivation (I)
I must develop an ontology.What language do I use to code it???
• The one(s) I like the most?• The one(s) I know the best?• The one(s) supported by an ontology tool?• The one(s) that best fit(s) my needs?
Corcho, O; Gómez-Pérez, A.; A RoadMap on Ontology Specification LanguagesLectures Notes in Artificial Intelligence Nº 1937. October 2000
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Motivation (II)
Most decisions are based on the preferences of the developer
But they should be taken on the basis of...- the needs of expressiveness- the needs of reasoning features- ...
of the application which will use the ontology
A deep study of existing languages is needed in order to avoid blind decisions
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
RDF(S), OIL, XOL, OML/CKML, ...
Ontolingua, OKBC, FLogic, LOOM, OCML, ...
Evaluation Framework (EKAW-00, Corcho and Gomez-Perez)
Prototype of e-commerce ontology
Comparison & Assessment
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Evaluation Framework
KR(Expressiveness)
Classes: MetaclassesAttributesFacets
Taxonomies and partitions
Procedures
Relations/FunctionsInstances/Individuals/Facts/Claims
Axioms
Production Rules
Inference mechanisms(Reasoning)
ExceptionsAutomatic Classifications
InheritanceMonotonic, non-monotonicSimple, Multiple
Execution of procedures
Constraint Checking
Reasoning with rules
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Ontology Specification Languages (I)
Traditional ontology languages
•Ontolingua/KIF
•OKBC
•OCML
•LOOM
•Flogic
Standards & Recommendations of W3C
Ontology specification languages
•XML
XML
•RDF(S)
RDF(S)
•OIL
OIL
•DAML+OILDAML+OIL
•OML/CKML
OML
•XOL
XOL
•SHOE
SHOE
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Language
Ontolingua/KIF
OKBC
OCML
LOOM
FLogic
SHOE
XOL
OIL
DAML+OIL
OML/CKML
RDF(S)
Formalisms and languages
Formalism
FramesFrames
Description LogicDescription Logic
Semantic NetsSemantic Nets
Conceptual GraphsConceptual Graphs
First order LogicFirst order Logic
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Comparison & Assessment (II)
• Assessment: Which language should I choose???
– High expressiveness needs Traditional languages
– Automatic Classifications Description logic
– Ontology exchange Web-based languages
– Agent-based architectures
• Ontology exchange Web-based languages• Reasoning Traditional languages
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Methodologies
Uschold y King
Grüninger y Fox
Bernaras et alia
SENSUS
Tools
Oiled
OntoEdit
WebODE
Protégé-2000
Ontolingua Server
Ontosaurus
WebOnto
METHONTOLOGY
Languages
KIF
Ontolingua
OKBC
LOOM
OCML
Flogic
CARIN
DAML+OIL
OIL
RDF (S)
RDF
XML
Conclusion Methodologies, tools and languages
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the meeting point? Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Asunción Gómez-Pérez
Mariano Fernández-López Oscar Corcho
Methodologies, Tools and Languages.Where is the Meeting Point?
Artificial Intelligence LaboratoryTechnical University of Madrid (UPM)
Spain