Upload
july
View
375
Download
11
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Methodological Approaches
Citation preview
Assignment - MA
SUBJECT RESIT:
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
1
Assignment - MA
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
RESIT WORK
YUDY VIVIANA LOPEZ CERON
FUNDACION UNIVERSITARIA IBEROAMERICANA
MASTER IN TEACHING ENLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
COLOMBIA
2014
2
Assignment - MA
Name and surname(s): Yudy Viviana López Cerón
Login: COFPMTFL1646982
Group: 2014-06
Date: 27TH, November, 2014
3
Assignment - MA
INDEX
1. Theories about the use of tables and charts for teaching English
2. Personal opinion about the use of tables
3. Questionable statements about the use of charts
4. Personal opinion about the use of charts
5. Criticism about the point of view of a Strong communicative teacher
6. Appreciation about the point of view of teachers focused on form
1. There are various statements in this text which are extremely questionable, depending on your own personal view of language learning. For example, the text says, “...the chart....can serve as a basis for lively questions and discussions....” Why might this be ‘questionable’?
2. Criticise the approach suggested here from the point of view of a ‘strong’ communicative teacher.
3. Say what is good about the approach, from the point of view of a teacher more focused on form and a step-by-step, linear approach.
4
Assignment - MA
1. Theories about the use of tables and charts for teaching English
According to Ariza (2010) in the book Why TESOL? In chapter 18 “Meeting the Needs
of English Language Learners”, there are many ways that help to us as teachers to carry
out a class and obtain positive outcomes from students, some of these techniques are:
- To allow learners to work in groups
- To use pictures and objects for introducing vocabulary
- To work on topics and vocabulary about culture in order to immerse to them in
different ways of thinking and so respecting the likes and manners of others.
- To use charts and tables which allow learners to receive comprehensible input,
learn new concepts and to be less dependable
With regard the use of charts, Celce-Murcia, Brimton and Goodwin, in his book “Teaching
Pronunciation: a reference for teachers of English to speakers of other languages” , talk about
the different kinds of charts that can be used by teachers, according to Gattegno (1972-1976)
some of them are: Sound color chart which contains sounds of vowels and consonants, both are
represented with different colors and located in different places depending if they are vowels,
diphthongs or consonants. Another one is Fidel charts where each letter is color coded, the third
one is the large colored words charts that contains words and give the teacher the opportunity to
work on dictation. Every chart has been created for improving and acquiring pronunciation,
intonation, stress and production of not only single words but phrases. These charts were used
have been used in a Silent way environment.
According to Hogart and Crothers (2003) in their book English as a second Language, English
literacy Development: A teacher´s guide, there are many strategies for working on
pronunciation, some of them are:
- To speak naturally and pause between phrases
- To look at the learner at the moment of speaking, it is for knowing if they are
understanding or not, depending on their face expressions
- To use key visual like charts, Venn diagrams, story maps and others, this
strategy allow learners to classify information, to make comparisons and
contrasting and also, work on cause and effect. One kind of chart mentioned
here is the T chart (image below)
5
Assignment - MA
Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx
It is used for locating information in a class of listening, reading or learners can
complete it with personal information. There are other kinds of charts.
2. Personal opinion about the use of tables
In my opinion, the use of tables helps the teachers to give organized information about a
specific topic which later will be used by learners to find or deduce answers developing
different skills such as: Writing, when teacher implements an activity like “fill in the blanks”
and learners have to look at the table for finding the missing information. Speaking is worked
when the teacher or a learner asks oral questions to others. It also provides to learners
vocabulary and reading comprehension.
I use different kind of tables in my classes; one of them is the following one
Name: Lucy
Age: 19
City: Paris
Occupation: sport
woman
Name: Erick
Age: 27
City: New York
Occupation:
fireman
Name: Alice
Age: 40
City: Lima
Occupation:
Teacher
Name: Katty
Age: 9
City: Tokio
Occupation:
Student
According to this example of table, it is possible perform different activities: personal
information, vocabulary, grammar structures, questions and answers and so on.
QUESTIONABLE STATEMENTS ABOUT THE USE OF CHARTS
“The chart can serve as a basis for lively questions and discussions....” Why might this be
‘questionable’?
I consider that it depends on the type of chart we use in our class, there exist some kind of charts
that allow us to carry out questions and discussions about one topic or more, some of them can
allow us to discuss deeper than others. Other ones only provide information where learners give
6
Assignment - MA
a short answer as “yes or no” and there isn´t discussion, there is not a real process of
communication, it is ended or cut after a short answer. the example of chart given in the
illustration 1 is not ready for lively questions or discussions; I think that this chart can be used
for asking questions with closed answers, learners are exposed to limited answers. If we look for
a class discussion, the type of chart or table to be used would be one completed with different
points of view of different learners, and not with precise information. The chart given gives the
learner the opportunity of correcting another one if he or she gives an incorrect answer, for
example, Question: “What does Jim do on Saturday?” Incorrect Answer: “He has baseball
practice,” due to this is not the correct answer, the mate can raise his or her hand and correct it,
“He works in a supermarket” but not a discussion. It is known as feedback. But it is true that
another kind of chart or table could allow learners to ask and answer different types of questions
depending on his/her level.
The table above is a those where we can perform Wh Questions, they are not close questions
where people only answer yes or not, but people give specific information about the question,
for example: How old is Erick? – He is 27 years old. In this case, if the teacher or learner 2
wants to continue a lively dialogue, or discussion, he or she can make questions like “Is Nancy a
nurse? So learner 1 needs to look for the information in the correct place and explain with the
appropriate answer, both them can have a short discussion with short questions. One of the
skills expected to perform are speaking, reading, writing, we can too, carry out a kind of debate
or a discussion about different manners and activities in each country and city. In fact, they can
become autonomous by asking and answering learners to learners. A table allows us “to kill two
or more birds with one stone”. Tables are part of the tasks suggested by Prabhu (1980) in
Methodological Approaches, Chapter 4 who talked about the use of diagrams, maps, stories,
dialogues, personal details developing so, Communicative Language Teaching and
Communicative Language Learning.
In my opinion, Charts are useful in a class based on the Silent way method founded by
Gattegno. They are interesting in the sense of improving leaners pronunciation and creating
phrases with a correct intonation and stress but I think that leaners are not going to participate in
a discussion by using a chart. We can also work on syntax and phonological structures as we
could read in Chapter 3, Methodological Approaches, it stresses the fact that learners look at the
pointed information on the chart instead of listening to the teacher, in this way and according to
Gattegno, learner becomes more independent and autonomous in some skills but they are not
ready to make lively questions or discussions.
7
Assignment - MA
Image taken from:
http://www.pronunciationscience.com/pronsci-approach/products-and-training/silent-way
as it is said in the page Pronunciation Science the PronSci approach started by Messum and
Young who based on the Silent way (Gattegno) that the improvement of pronunciation in both
practice and theory is achieved by means of charts, one of them is the Word chart, these word
chart contains dots which indicate the weak or strong pronunciation of each word. (Image
above).
This is another type of chart commonly used in my English classes. Other kinds of charts are:
Rectangle chart, Spelling chart and Word Chart.
Image taken from: http://www.elcivics.com/esl/charts-graphs/lesson-1.html
Criticise the approach suggested here from the point of view of a ‘strong’ communicative teacher.
I consider that a strong communicative teacher would accept to use charts and tables in order to
develop communicative skills and independence on learners, but not this type given here. It
would be effective if we ask leaners to work in pairs about a specific topic and complete a chart
taking into account both points of view and opinions and as we just saw, we are facilitators and
guides, if a learner make a mistake, we have to correct it for avoiding it happens again, this is
8
Assignment - MA
the similarity with Silent way, the teacher listens more and speak less and the activities should
be creative and motivating. The charts are useful for a strong communicative teacher in the
sense of presenting organized information to the learners
Astong teacher makes use of charts about only pictures from different places, the task of
learners is to describe the activities and the event they find in the picture and others with
another answer discuss the opposite answer, later they are prepared for writing about the given
answers if he or she doesn´t agree, they need to say why, they also have to present a sheet of
paper including ideas about the class and their own ideas related to the picture presented. They
also take advantage of the charts of pronunciation for improving and being understood, it
happens with that kind of teachers because one of their goals is improve output leaners and
perform them in communication with a correct pronounciation
According to Mcleskey, Valdron, Spooner and Algozzine (2014) in their handbook of effective
Inclusive Schools, Research and Practice, name five Instructional practices that help learners to
learn English as follows: 1. To build vocabulary, 2. To use visual representations, 3. To use
explicit instructions, 4. To use native language and, 5.To provide opportunities of language
between learners, assisted by the teacher (Gersten & Baker, 2000).
The K-W-L chart is a kind of visual representation that helps teachers and learners organize new
information and relate concepts (Hoover, Klinger, Vaca & Patton, 2008)
The handbook stresses that when a teacher uses a K-W-L chart, he or she is able to assess the
knowledge a learner has about a given topic by asking him/her about his/her prior knowledge,
they also punctuate that this type of chart allows learner to organize information in the
following way:
(Fisher, Frey & Williams, 2002). It is useful for a strong teacher.
Image taken from:
http://thirdgradedoodles.blogspot.com/2013/05/reading-across-multiple-non-fiction.html
9
Assignment - MA
Phonemic Chart is another kind of chart used by strong teachers as mine at the university, this
tool helps to us to acquire and improve the sounds of symbols consonants and vowels, so we get
a better pronunciation. Adrian Underhill, editor of the Macmillan Books for teachers and author
of Sound Foundations and advisor in the development of Macmillan English Dictionary,
provides us advices through some videos in the web page
http://www.macmillanenglish.com/pronunciation-skills/ for taking advantages and being
successful in the use of this kind of chart
Say what is good about the approach, from the point of view of a teacher more focused on form and a step-by-step, linear approach.
In the case of a teacher more focused on form, I can say that they take advantage of tables in text books where grammar is explained, it is a means of clarification of rules, they only focus on structures, so they are not interested in giving a chart or table about lively communication or at least not before giving a step by step explanation to the learner about forming or making correct sentences, utterances or phrases, according to them, this is the principal step in order to perform correctly in communication, I share in a part this view because can help us to be successful in our interaction taken into account Ellis et Al (2001) who states that form is not only grammar but also phonology, vocabulary, grammar, discourse, and even spelling. An example of tables used for me in the classromm that focus on form and maybe these kinds of teachers would use in their classes is The table for playing STOP, which allows to learners to improve and add vocabulary and correction of words pronunciation at the moment of naming them.
It can be very useful and recommended for a teacher more focused on form; a table about the
use of DO and DOES as an auxiliary.
DO + I, you, we, they + verb + complement
DOES + He, she ,it + verb + complement
10
Assignment - MA
These kinds of tables are habitual on the English textbooks. They make learners to understand
grammar; they are complemented with examples of the grammatical rule given. The true is that
these charts provide desirable input, what it is not really true is that all charts and tables provide
learners output. So leaners can use their tables or charts in order to help themselves to use
correct grammatical structures and improve input and aoutput, it help them to be more
understandable.
11
Assignment - MA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ariza, E. et al (2010) Why TESOL? Theories and Issues in Teaching English to Speakers of
Other Languages in K-12 Classrooms. Chapter 18: Meeting the Needs of English Language
Learners. P.66. Kendall Hunt Publishing Co.
Celce-Murcia, M., Brimton, D. & Goodwin J. (1996). Teaching Pronunciation: a Reference for
Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Mcleskey, J., Valdron, N., Spooner, F. & Algozzine, B. (eds) (2014) Handbook of Effective
Inclusive Schools, Research and Practice. Routledge. Taylor & Francis Group.
Prabhu, N.(1980). Methodological Approaches. Chapter Four. FUNIBER.
Webography
Hogart, B. & Crothers, B. (2003). English as a Second Language, English Literacy
Development: A Teacher´s guide. Retrieved from:
https://www.tcdsb.org/ProgramsServices/SchoolProgramsK12/ESL/ELL%20Documents/ESL
%20MEDIA%20KIT%20-%20Opt.pdf.
Messum, P. & Young, R. (2010). The PronSci Approach. Pronunciation Science. Retrieved
from: http://www.pronunciationscience.com/pronsci-approach/
Underhill, A. Pronunciation Skills. Macmillan Ed. Retrieved from:
http://www.macmillanenglish.com/pronunciation-skills/
http://www.novitasroyal.org/Vol_4_1/baleghizadeh.pdf
12