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C
H
H
H
H methane CHmethane CH44
less repulsion between the less repulsion between the bonding pairs of electrons bonding pairs of electrons
1095deg1095deg 90deg90deg
C
H
H
H
H
NH H
H
C
H
H
H
H
less repulsion between the bonding pairs of electrons less repulsion between the bonding pairs of electrons
ammoniaammonia
NHNH33
C
H
H
H
H NH H
H
OH H
1095deg (1095deg)1095deg (1095deg) 1095deg (107deg)1095deg (107deg) 1095deg (1045deg)1095deg (1045deg)
water Hwater H22OO
H
CH H
HN
H HH
OH H
O OO
Ozone
O3
FormaldhydeH2CO
C O
H
H
HydrogenCyanide
HCN
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
CC
HH
HH
HH
HH
C OHH
s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals
ppzz orbital orbital
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
NH H
H
C
H
H
H
H
less repulsion between the bonding pairs of electrons less repulsion between the bonding pairs of electrons
ammoniaammonia
NHNH33
C
H
H
H
H NH H
H
OH H
1095deg (1095deg)1095deg (1095deg) 1095deg (107deg)1095deg (107deg) 1095deg (1045deg)1095deg (1045deg)
water Hwater H22OO
H
CH H
HN
H HH
OH H
O OO
Ozone
O3
FormaldhydeH2CO
C O
H
H
HydrogenCyanide
HCN
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
CC
HH
HH
HH
HH
C OHH
s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals
ppzz orbital orbital
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
C
H
H
H
H NH H
H
OH H
1095deg (1095deg)1095deg (1095deg) 1095deg (107deg)1095deg (107deg) 1095deg (1045deg)1095deg (1045deg)
water Hwater H22OO
H
CH H
HN
H HH
OH H
O OO
Ozone
O3
FormaldhydeH2CO
C O
H
H
HydrogenCyanide
HCN
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
CC
HH
HH
HH
HH
C OHH
s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals
ppzz orbital orbital
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
H
CH H
HN
H HH
OH H
O OO
Ozone
O3
FormaldhydeH2CO
C O
H
H
HydrogenCyanide
HCN
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
CC
HH
HH
HH
HH
C OHH
s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals
ppzz orbital orbital
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
O OO
Ozone
O3
FormaldhydeH2CO
C O
H
H
HydrogenCyanide
HCN
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
CC
HH
HH
HH
HH
C OHH
s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals
ppzz orbital orbital
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
FormaldhydeH2CO
C O
H
H
HydrogenCyanide
HCN
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
CC
HH
HH
HH
HH
C OHH
s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals
ppzz orbital orbital
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
HydrogenCyanide
HCN
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
CC
HH
HH
HH
HH
C OHH
s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals
ppzz orbital orbital
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
CC
HH
HH
HH
HH
C OHH
s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals
ppzz orbital orbital
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
H
C
HHH
C OHH
H C N
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
CC
HH
HH
HH
HH
C OHH
s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals
ppzz orbital orbital
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
s orbitals orbital 3 p orbitals3 p orbitals
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
CC
HH
HH
HH
HH
C OHH
s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals
ppzz orbital orbital
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
xx
yy
zz
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
CC
HH
HH
HH
HH
C OHH
s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals
ppzz orbital orbital
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
CC
HH
HH
HH
HH
C OHH
s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals
ppzz orbital orbital
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to Are there atomic orbitals on C Si N and O to accommodate the bonding electrons of the accommodate the bonding electrons of the shapes predicted by VSEPRshapes predicted by VSEPR
4 sp4 sp33 orbitals orbitals
xx
yyzz
CC
HH
HH
HH
HH
C OHH
s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals
ppzz orbital orbital
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
C OHH
s + ps + pxx + p + pyy = 3 sp = 3 sp22 orbitals orbitals
ppzz orbital orbital
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
C OHH
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
C OHH
OOCC
HH
HH
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
C OHH
CC OOHH
HH
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
H C N
s + ps + pxx = 2 sp orbitals = 2 sp orbitals
PPyy orbital orbital PPzz orbital orbital
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
H C N
CC NN
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
H C N
CC NNHH
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
VSEPRVSEPRshapeshape
bondingbondinghybridhybridorbitalsorbitals
tetrahedraltetrahedral
trigonal trigonal planarplanar
linearlinear
spsp33
spsp22
spsp
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Review EthaneReview Ethane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Hybrid atomic orbitalsHybrid atomic orbitals
Why are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bondingWhy are hybrid orbitals used in chemical bonding
s orbitals orbital
andand
s - s - p p xx
++--
p orbitalp orbitalxx p p
xxs + s +
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
molecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bondmolecular orbitals a C-C bond
energyenergy
CspCsp33 CspCsp33
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==C bondC bond
energyenergy
CspCsp22 CspCsp22
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
A model of ethene using hybrid A model of ethene using hybrid and atomic orbitalsand atomic orbitals
HH
HHCC
HH
HHCC
CC CCHH
HH HH
HH
σ-bond
π-bond
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
HH
HHOOCC
molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbondmolecular orbitalsmolecular orbitalsa Ca C==O O bondbond
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the In contrast to the rotation about single bonds the rotation about double bonds is very difficultrotation about double bonds is very difficult
energyenergy
12 kJ12 kJ
C
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
x
y
z
2px
2pz
2py
2s
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Important consequences of Important consequences of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics
The locations of the electrons are describedThe locations of the electrons are described by atomic orbitalsby atomic orbitals
A given orbital can contain only 2 electronsA given orbital can contain only 2 electrons(Pauli exclusion principle)(Pauli exclusion principle)
Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to Atomic orbitals on different atoms will can combine to give molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matchesgive molecular orbitals but only if their symmetry matches
Each orbital has an associated energy and electrons willEach orbital has an associated energy and electrons willoccupy the lowest energy orbitals first occupy the lowest energy orbitals first
good good bond bondbad ndash wrong symmetry bad ndash wrong symmetry No bondingNo bonding
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
C N OC N O
s orbitals orbital p orbitalsp orbitals
HH
xx
yy
zz
These atomic orbitals These atomic orbitals and their hybridsand their hybrids will be used will be used extensively in our models of chemical bondingextensively in our models of chemical bonding
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp
xx
yy
zz
2s2s 2p2pzz2p2pxx2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsphybrid orbital angle 180deghybrid orbital angle 180deg
spsp spsp
ppzz
ppyy
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp22
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 120deghybrid orbital angle 120degppzz
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of Common hybrid orbitals used in bonding of carbon nitrogen and oxygencarbon nitrogen and oxygen
spsp33
2s2s2p2pzz2p2pxx
2p2pyy
hybrid orbital angle 1095deghybrid orbital angle 1095deg
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
MethaneMethane
spsp33
HH
C
H
H
H
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33H
HH
C H
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33
H
C
HH
H
HH
C
CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3
EthaneEthane
spsp33 CCsp3sp3-H-Hss
CCsp3sp3-C-Csp3sp3