Metals+&+AlloysMetals&+Alloys_2015

7/24/2019 Metals+&+AlloysMetals&+Alloys_2015

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INTRODUCTION

TO

METALS & ALLOYSMariyam Jameelah Ghazali,

PhD.

2!"#2!$


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LE

ARNINGOBJECTIVES

%ha i' Meal'(Ty)e' *+ Meal' -err*', N*/0

-err*' & All*y'

Pr*)erie' & Chara1eri'i1' *+ Meal'

A3a/a4e' & Di'a3a/a4e' *+ Meal'


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SIMPLE FACTS O N METALS

S*li a r**m em)erare,

e51e) Mer1ry.

6a3e hi4h meli/4 )*i/'.

Shi/y 7he/ 8ei/4 1.

G** 1*/1*r' *+ hea& ele1ri1iy.

U'ally 'r*/4 & mallea8le


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CLASSI-ICATION O- METALS


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PROPERTIES OF METALS

STRENGT6 he a8iliy * 7ih'a/ +*r1e'

7ih* e+*rmai*/

ELASTICITY he a8iliy * a8'*r8 +*r1e a/ +le5 i/

i++ere/ ire1i*/', rer/i/4 * i' *ri4i/al )*'ii*/.

PLASTICITY he a8iliy * 8e 1ha/4e i/

'ha)e )erma/e/ly.

DUCTILITY he a8iliy * 1ha/4e 'ha)e

9e+*rm:


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MALLEA;ILITY he a8iliy * 8e re'ha)e 7ih*

8rea


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FERROUS METALS


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FERROUS METALS


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FERROUS METALS Carbon & AlloySteels

All *+ he'e 'eel' are all*y' *+ -e a/ C

Plai/ 1ar8*/ 'eel' 9le'' ha/ 2> 1ar8*/ a/

/e4li4i8le am*/' *+ *her re'ial eleme/':

L*7 Car8*/ 9le'' ha/ .?> 1ar8*/:

Me Car8*/ 9.?> * .$>:

6i4h Car8*/ 9.$> * .@">:

L*7 All*y Seel

6i4h All*y Seel

Sai/le'' Seel' 9C*rr*'i*/0Re'i'a/ Seel': 1*/ai/

a lea' !."> Chr*mim


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AISI SAE CLASSIFICATION S!STEMAISI " " " "

A#er$%an Iron an Steel Inst$t'te (AISI)

1la''i+ie' all*y' 8y 1hemi'ry

i4i /m8er

!' /m8er i' he maB*r all*yi/4 eleme/

2/ /m8er e'i4/ae' he '84r*) all*yi/4 eleme/

OR he relai3e )er1e/ *+ )rimary all*yi/4

eleme/.

la' 7* /m8er' a))r*5imae am*/ *+ 1ar8*/9e5)re''e' i/ .!>:


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leer )re+i5 * e'i4/ae he )r*1e'' 'e * )r*1e he

'eel

E ele1ri1 +r/a1e

i/i1ae' )ermi''i8le 3ariai*/'

I+ a leer i' i/'ere 8e7ee/ he 2/ a/ ?r /m8er

; 8*r*/ ha' 8ee/ ae

L lea ha' 8ee/ ae

Leer '++i5

6 7he/ hare/a8iliy i' a maB*r reireme/

Oher e'i4/ai*/ *r4a/izai*/' ASTM a/ MIL


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AISI#SAE m*' 1*mm*/, al'* ha3e

U/i+ie Nm8eri/4 Sy'em 9UNS: a/

ASTM


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Pla$n Carbon Steel

L*7e' 1*'

Sh*l 8e 1*/'iere +ir' i/ m*' a))li1ai*/

C*me' i/ *RS & CRS

? Cla''i+i1ai*/'

L*7 Car8*/ 9le'' ha/ .?> 1ar8*/:

Me Car8*/ 9.?> * .$>:

6i4h Car8*/ 9.$> * .@">:


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!. L*7 Car8*/ 9le'' ha/ .?> 1ar8*/:F L*7 're/4h, 4** +*rma8iliy

F I+ 7ear i' a )*e/ial )r*8lem, 1a/ 8e 1ar8rize

9i++'i*/ hare/i/4:

F M*' 'am)i/4' mae +r*m he'e 'eel'

F AISI !, !!, !!", !!, !2, !22,

!2"

2. Me Car8*/ 9.?> * .$>:

F 6a3e m*erae * hi4h 're/4h 7ih +airly 4** 1iliyF Ca/ 8e 'e i/ m*' ma1hi/e eleme/'

F AISI !?, !, !", !$H

?. 6i4h Car8*/ 9.$> * .@">:F 6a3e hi4h 're/4h, l*7er el*/4ai*/F Ca/ 8e e/1h hare/eF U'e i/ a))li1ai*/' 7here 'r+a1e '8Be1 * a8ra'i*/ **l',


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Trends?

Increasing carbon content tensilestrength increases, elongation decreases.


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Metals an Alloys

S*me meal' are im)*ra/ a' )re eleme/'

9e.4., 4*l, 'il3er, 1*))er:

M*' e/4i/eeri/4 a))li1ai*/' reire he

e/ha/1e )r*)erie' *8ai/e 8y all*yi/4

FThr*4h all*yi/4, i i' )*''i8le *i/1rea'e 're/4h, har/e'', a/ *her

)r*)erie' 1*m)are * )re meal'


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AlloysA/ alloy = a mi5re *r 1*m)*/ *+ 7* *rm*re eleme/', a lea' */e *+ 7hi1h i'

mealli1

T7* mai/ 1ae4*rie'

!.S*li '*li*/'

2.I/ermeiae )ha'e'


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T+o For#s o, Sol$ Sol't$ons

1.Substitutional solid solution - a*m' *+ '*l3e/eleme/ are re)la1e i/ i' /i 1ell 8y i''*l3e

eleme/

2.Interstitial solid solution - a*m' *+ i''*l3i/4eleme/ +i i/* 3a1a/ ')a1e' 8e7ee/ 8a'e meal

a*m' i/ he lai1e 'r1re

F.I/ 8*h +*rm', he all*y 'r1re i' 4e/erally

'r*/4er

a/ harer ha/ eiher *+ he 1*m)*/e/ eleme/'


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9a:'8'ii*/al '*li '*li*/,

a/

98: i/er'iial '*li '*li*/


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Ty-es o, Inter#e$ate P.ases

i.Metallic compounds 1*/'i' *+ a meal a//*/meal, '1h a' -e?C

ii.Intermetallic compounds - 7* meal' ha+*rm a

1*m)*/, '1h a' M42P8

F.I/ '*me all*y 1*m)*'ii*/', he i/ermeiae )ha'e

i'

mi5e 7ih he )rimary '*li '*li*/ * +*rm a7*0)ha'e 'r1reF.S*me 7*0)ha'e all*y' are im)*ra/ 8e1a'e hey

1a/ 8e hea reae +*r m1h hi4her 're/4h ha/ '*li

'*li*/'


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Alloy Steel (Ferro's)

A4ai/, eleme/' ae * 'eel 1a/ i''*l3e i/ ir*/9'*li '*li*/ 're/4he/i/4:

I/1rea'e 're/4h, hare/a8iliy, *4h/e'', 1ree), hi4h em)

re'i'a/1e.

All*y 'eel' 4r*)e i/* l*7, me a/ hi4h0all*y'eel'.

6i4h0all*y 'eel' 7*l 8e he 'ai/le'' 'eel 4r*)'.

M*' all*y 'eel' y*ll 'e +all /er he 1ae4*ry *+ l*7

all*y.


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M*' 1*mm*/ all*y

eleme/'Chr*mim, /i1:

i.e. !."> Cr 'ai/le'' 'eel 7here Cr

im)r*3e' 1*rr*'i*/ re'i'a/1e a/ 'a8iliy a hi4h *rl*7 em)'


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ALLO!ING ELEMENTS USE/ IN STEEL

Man0anese (Mn)

1*m8i/e' 7ih 'l+r * )re3e/ 8rile/e''

!>

i/1rea'e' hare/a8iliy

!!> * !>

i/1rea'e' har/e''

4** 1iliy

hi4h 'rai/ hare/i/4 1a)a1iy

e51elle/ 7ear re'i'a/1e

Ideal for impact resisting tools


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S'l,'r (S)

Im)ar' 8rile/e'' Im)r*3e' ma1hi/ea8iliy

O * .!"> S

E5am)le' *+ S all*y'

!!55 'l+rize 9+ree01i/4:


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N$%1el (N$)Pr*3ie' 're/4h, 'a8iliy a/

*4h/e'', E5am)le' *+ Ni all*y'

?55 Ni1:, 1hr*mim 9.>:

?!55 Ni1:, 1hr*mim 9!.>:

?? Ni1:

C. $ (C )


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C.ro#$'# (Cr)U'ally K 2>

i/1rea'e hare/a8iliy a/ 're/4h

O++er' 1*rr*'i*/ re'i'a/1e 8y +*rmi/4 'a8le *5ie'r+a1e

y)i1ally 'e i/ 1*m8i/ai*/ 7ih Ni a/ M*

? Ni1:, 1hr*mim 9.>:

"555 1hr*mim all*y'

$555 1hr*mim03a/aim all*y' !555 1hr*mim0m*ly8e/m all*y'

Molyben'# (Mo)U'ally K .?> i/1rea'e hare/a8iliy a/ 're/4hM*01ar8ie' hel) i/1rea'e 1ree) re'i'a/1e aele3ae em)'

y)i1al a))li1ai*/ i' h* 7*r


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Vana$'# (V)

U'ally .?> * .2"> i/1rea'e 're/4h

7ih* l*'' *+ 1iliy

T'n0sten (2) hel)' * +*rm 'a8le 1ar8ie'

i/1rea'e' h* har/e''

'e i/ tool steels


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Co--er (C')

.!> * .">

i/1rea'e 1*rr*'i*/ re'i'a/1eRe1e 'r+a1e aliy a/ h*07*r

i/1rea'e 're/4h 7ih* l*'' *+ 1iliy

e/ha/1e' ma4/ei1 )r*)erie'


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Boron (B)

+*r l*7 1ar8*/ 'eel', 1a/ ra'i1ally i/1rea'e

hare/a8iliy

im)r*3e'

ma1hi/a8liy a/

1*l +*rmi/41a)a1iy

Al'#$n'#(Al)

e*5iizer

.@"> *

!.?>


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CO RROS ION RESISTANT STEEL

Sai/le'' Seel' 9C*rr*'i*/0Re'i'a/ Seel': 1*/ai/

a lea' !."> Chr*mim

AISI ass$0ns a 3 $0$t n'#ber

2 a/ ? A'e/ii1 Sai/le'' Seel

-errii1 *r Mare/'ii1 Sai/le'' Seel

" Mare/'ii1 Sai/le'' Seel


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TOOL STEEL

Re+er' * a 3ariey *+ 1ar8*/ a/ all*y 'eel' haare )ari1larly 7ell0'ie * 8e mae i/*

**l'.

Chara1eri'i1' i/1le hi4h har/e'', re'i'a/1e

* a8ra'i*/ 9e51elle/ 7ear:, a/ a8iliy * h*l a1i/4 e4e, re'i'a/1e * e+*rmai*/ a

ele3ae em)erare' 9re0har/e'':.

T**l 'eel are 4e/erally 'e i/ a hea0reae 'ae.

6i4h 1ar8*/ 1*/e/ 3ery 8rile
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat-treatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat-treatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat-treatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat-treatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat-treatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon


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AISISAE tool steel 0raes

/e,$n$n0 -ro-erty AISISAE 0rae S$0n$,$%ant%.ara%ter$st$%s

2ater.aren$n0 2

Col+or1$n0

O O$l.aren$n0

A A$r.aren$n04#e$'# alloy

/ *$0. %arbon4.$0. %.ro#$'#

S.o%1 res$st$n0 S

*$0. s-ee

T T'n0sten base

M Molyben'# base

*ot+or1$n0 *

*5*567%.ro#$'# base*89*367 t'n0stenbase*:9*;67

#olyben'#basePlast$% #ol P

S-e%$al -'r-ose L Lo+ alloy

F Carbon t'n0sten


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Re3ie7 CES


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Re1all, e/'ile 're/4h a))r*5imaely "

;6N

O O S S


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NONFERROUS METALS


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Pro-ert$es o, Al'#$n'#

F6i4h ele1ri1al a/ hermal 1*/1i3iy

FC*rr*'i*/ re'i'a/1e i' e51elle/ e * +*rmai*/ *+ a har hi/

*5ie 'r+a1e +ilm

F=ery 1ile meal, /*e +*r i' +*rma8iliy

FPre almi/m i' relai3ely l*7 i/ 're/4h, 8 i 1a/ 8e all*ye

a/ hea reae * 1*m)ee 7ih '*me 'eel', e')e1ially 7he/

7ei4h i' a


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/es$0nat$on S%.e#e ,or

Al'#$n'#-*r0i4i 1*e /m8er * ie/i+y 1*m)*'ii*/T7* e'i4/ai*/' * i'i/4i'h 7r*4h almi/m'

+r*m

1a' almi/m'

Di++ere/1e i' ha a e1imal )*i/ +*ll*7' he hir i4i+*r 1a' almi/m', /* e1imal )*i/ +*r 7r*4h

)r*1


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Pro-ert$es o, Ma0nes$'#

FA' a )re meal, ma4/e'im i' relai3e '*+ a/

la1


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/es$0nat$on S%.e#e ,or Ma0nes$'#

Three0*0+i3e 1hara1er al)ha/meri1 1*e-ir' 7* 1hara1er' leer' ha ie/i+y )ri/1i)al

all*yi/4 eleme/' 9) * 7* eleme/':-*ll*7e 8y a 7*0i4i /m8er ha i/i1ae', re')e1i3ely,

he am*/' *+ he 7* all*yi/4 i/4reie/' * /eare'

)er1e/

E5am)le A$?A almi/m $>, zi/1 ?>, ma4/e'im

@?>


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Co--er

O/e *+ he *le' meal'


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Co--erAlloys

FSre/4h a/ har/e'' *+ 1*))er i' relai3ely l*7Q * im)r*3e

're/4h, 1*))er i' +ree/ly all*ye.

FBronze - all*y *+ 1*))er a/ i/ 9y)i1ally @> C, !> S/:,7iely 'e *ay a/ i/ a/1ie/ ime' 9i.e., he Bronze ge!

Aii*/al 8r*/ze' i/1le almi/m 8r*/ze' a/'ili1*/ 8r*/ze'

FBrass - all*y *+ 1*))er a/ zi/1 9y)i1ally $"> C, ?">/:.

F6i4he' 're/4h all*y i' 8eryllim01*))er 9*/ly a8* 2> ;e:,

7hi1h 1a/ 8e hea reae * hi4h 're/4h' a/ 'e +*r

')ri/4'.


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/es$0nat$on S%.e#e ,or Co--er

;a'e */ he U/i+ie Nm8eri/4 Sy'em +*r Meal' a/ All*y'9UNS:, 7hi1h 'e' a +i3e i4i /m8er )re1ee 8y he leer

C 9C +*r 1*))er:

I/1le' 8*h 7r*4h a/ 1a' 1*))er a/ i' all*y'

FE5am)le'

C!! @@.@@> )re 1*))er

C! @> C, !.> ;e 98eryllim0

1*))er: C2 > C, 2> / 98ra'':C"2! @2> C, > S/ 98r*/ze:


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T$tan$'# an Its Alloys

A8/a/ i/ /are, 1*/'ii/4 !> *+ earh' 1r'9almi/m i' >:

De/'iy *+ Ti i' 8e7ee/ almi/m a/ ir*/

FIm)*ra/1e ha' 4r*7/ i/ re1e/ e1ae' e * i'

aer*')a1e a))li1ai*/' 7here i' li4h 7ei4h a/

4** 're/4h0*07ei4h rai* are e5)l*ie

P $ , T$ $


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Pro-ert$es o, T$tan$'#

C*e++i1ie/ *+ hermal e5)a/'i*/ i' relai3ely l*7 am*/4

meal'

Si++er a/ 'r*/4er ha/ Al

FReai/' 4** 're/4h a ele3ae em)erare'

FPre Ti i' rea1i3e, 7hi1h )re'e/' )r*8lem' i/

)r*1e''i/4, e')e1ially i/ m*le/ 'ae

FA r**m em)erare Ti +*rm' a hi/ ahere/ *5ie

1*ai/4 9TiO2: ha )r*3ie' e51elle/ 1*rr*'i*/ re'i'a/1e


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S'-eralloys

6i4h0)er+*rma/1e all*y'e'i4/e

*mee

ema/i/4

reireme/' +*r 're/4h a/ re'i'a/1e *'r+a1e

e4raai*/ a hi4h 'er3i1e em)erare'.

FMa/y ')erall*y' 1*/ai/ '8'a/ial am*/' *+ hree *rm*re meal', raher ha/ 1*/'i'i/4 *+ */e 8a'e meal )l'

all*yi/4 eleme/'FC*mmer1ially im)*ra/ 8e1a'e hey are 3ery e5)e/'i3eFTe1h/*l*4i1ally im)*ra/ 8e1a'e *+ heir /ie )r*)erie'


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2.y S'-eralloys are I#-ortant=

R**m em)erare 're/4h )r*)erie' are 4** 8 /*

*'a/i/4.

F6i4h em)erare )er+*rma/1e i' e51elle/ e/'ile

're/4h, h* har/e'', 1ree) re'i'a/1e, a/ 1*rr*'i*/

re'i'a/1e a 3ery ele3ae em)erare'.

FO)erai/4 em)erare' *+e/ i/ he 3i1i/iy *+ !! C.

FA))li1ai*/' 4a' r8i/e' 0 Be a/ r*1


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T.ree Gro'-s o, S'-eralloys

1. Iron-based alloys - i/ '*me 1a'e' ir*/ i' le'' ha/

"> *+ *al 1*m)*'ii*/.

2. "ic#el-based alloys - 8eer hi4h em)erare're/4h ha/

all*y 'eel' Oher eleme/' Cr, C*Qal'* Al,Ti, M*, a/ -e.

?. $obalt-based alloys 0 > C* a/ 2> 1hr*mim Oher all*yi/4 eleme/' i/1le Ni, M*, a/ %.

I/ 3irally all ')erall*y', i/1li/4 ir*/ 8a'e,

're/4he/i/4

i' 8y )re1i)iai*/ hare/i/4


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N$%1el an Its Alloys

F

Similar * ir*/ i/ '*me re')e1' Ma4/ei1 M*l' *+ ela'i1iy % for iron and steel

FDi++ere/1e' 7ih ir*/

M1h m*re 1*rr*'i*/ re'i'a/ 0 7iely 'e a'9!:a/ all*yi/4 eleme/ i/ 'eel, e.4., 'ai/le''

'eel, a/

92:a' a )lai/4 meal */ meal' '1h a' )lai/ 1ar8*/

'eel 6i4h em)erare )r*)erie' *+ all*y' are

')eri*r


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Met.os to En.an%e Me%.an$%al


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Met.os to En.an%e Me%.an$%alPro-ert$es $n Metals

Alloying 0 im)*ra/ e1h/ie * 're/4he/ meal'

FCold working 0 'rai/ hare/i/4 ri/4 e+*rmai*/ *i/1rea'e 're/4h 9al'* re1e' 1iliy:

Sre/4he/i/4 *+ he meal *11r' a' a 8y)r*1*+ he +*rmi/4 *)erai*/

FHeat treatment 0 heai/4 a/ 1**li/4 1y1le' )er+*rme

*/ a meal * 8e/e+i1ially 1ha/4e i' me1ha/i1al)r*)erie'

They *)erae 8y aleri/4 he mi1r*'r1re *+

he meal, 7hi1h i/ r/ eermi/e' )r*)erie'

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Metals+&+AlloysMetals&+Alloys_2015