MetalsMetalsUnderstanding the left Understanding the left

side of the periodic tableside of the periodic table

Properties of MetalsProperties of Metals

Metals typically are Metals typically are good conductors of good conductors of both electricity and both electricity and heat. They also heat. They also tend to be shiny tend to be shiny and bendable. The and bendable. The majority of the majority of the elements of the elements of the periodic table are periodic table are metals.metals.

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties There are four major There are four major

properties of metals.properties of metals. 1) Luster- metal shines1) Luster- metal shines 2) Malleability- metals can 2) Malleability- metals can

be hammered flat or be hammered flat or shaped through pressure.shaped through pressure.

3) Ductility- ability to be 3) Ductility- ability to be formed into a wire.formed into a wire.

4) Conductivity- the ability 4) Conductivity- the ability to conduct or transmit to conduct or transmit both heat and electrical both heat and electrical energy. energy.

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties Reactivity- The ease and speed Reactivity- The ease and speed

which metal reacts with other which metal reacts with other elements.elements.

Not all metals react at the same Not all metals react at the same rate.rate.

Metals on the left side of the table Metals on the left side of the table tend to react very fast and tend to react very fast and violently, while other metals violently, while other metals found near the center of the found near the center of the periodic table react slowly.periodic table react slowly.

Examples of the variety of Examples of the variety of chemical reactions are rust chemical reactions are rust (corrosion) found in iron, and gold (corrosion) found in iron, and gold which reacts very little with either which reacts very little with either water or salt.water or salt.

What are the three basic properties What are the three basic properties of metals.of metals.

Malleability- soft metals Malleability- soft metals have this basic have this basic characteristic. An example characteristic. An example is silver and gold coins.is silver and gold coins.

Magnetism- some metals Magnetism- some metals are attracted to magnets. are attracted to magnets. The most common metal The most common metal attracted to magnets is attracted to magnets is iron.iron.

Corrosion- the gradual Corrosion- the gradual wearing away of a metal wearing away of a metal from a chemical reaction.from a chemical reaction.

Group 1, Alkali MetalsGroup 1, Alkali Metals The group one metals from Lithium The group one metals from Lithium

to Francium are called the Alkali to Francium are called the Alkali Metals.Metals.

These metals react by losing one These metals react by losing one electron.electron.

This group is on the far left side of This group is on the far left side of the periodic table.the periodic table.

The alkali metals are the most The alkali metals are the most reactive elements in the table and reactive elements in the table and always found in a compound always found in a compound because these elements react with because these elements react with everything, so finding them in everything, so finding them in nature in a pure form is very rare.nature in a pure form is very rare.

Alkali metals also are some of Alkali metals also are some of softest metals in the periodic table. softest metals in the periodic table. These can be cut in a lab setting These can be cut in a lab setting with only a plastic knife.with only a plastic knife.

Two important Alkali MedalsTwo important Alkali Medals The two most important The two most important

medals in the Group one are medals in the Group one are sodium and potassium.sodium and potassium.

Sodium helps the human body Sodium helps the human body retain water which prevents retain water which prevents dehydration. dehydration.

Potassium helps the bodies Potassium helps the bodies cells keep calcium in the cells keep calcium in the cardiovascular spaces. A diet cardiovascular spaces. A diet high in potassium can lead to high in potassium can lead to heart arrhythmias.heart arrhythmias.

Lithium is used in batteries Lithium is used in batteries and medications. and medications.

Melting points of alkali metalsMelting points of alkali metals(Melting points reported in C)(Melting points reported in C)

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

Li Na K Rb Cs Fr

Group 2, Alkaline MetalsGroup 2, Alkaline Metals The group two metals are The group two metals are

called alkaline metals and called alkaline metals and represent the second represent the second column in the periodic column in the periodic table.table.

This group extends from This group extends from Beryllium to Radium.Beryllium to Radium.

This group reacts by losing This group reacts by losing two electrons.two electrons.

Most of the alkaline metals Most of the alkaline metals are fairly hard and are grey are fairly hard and are grey to white in color.to white in color.

Calcium and MagnesiumCalcium and Magnesium Calcium is an important part of Calcium is an important part of

the human body.the human body. Calcium is deposited in the teeth Calcium is deposited in the teeth

and the bones which helps make and the bones which helps make these structures hard.these structures hard.

Calcium also is crucial in making Calcium also is crucial in making muscles contract.muscles contract.

Magnesium is used in aircraft Magnesium is used in aircraft parts and in the automotive parts and in the automotive industry. Magnesium does not industry. Magnesium does not corrode, nor oxidize and can be corrode, nor oxidize and can be shined to a high luster (it is shined to a high luster (it is mixed with aluminum to make mixed with aluminum to make wheels and rims for cars). wheels and rims for cars).

Group three through twelve,Group three through twelve,The transitional metalsThe transitional metals

These groups carry many of the These groups carry many of the common metals on the Earth.common metals on the Earth.

Some examples are Iron, Some examples are Iron, Copper, Silver, and Gold.Copper, Silver, and Gold.

Transitional metals have a Transitional metals have a variety of reactivity related to variety of reactivity related to them.them.

An example is the difference An example is the difference between iron and gold.between iron and gold.

Iron will rust (oxidize) while gold Iron will rust (oxidize) while gold reacts very little to most other reacts very little to most other elements.elements.

Common uses for transitional Common uses for transitional metals is pigments in paint.metals is pigments in paint.

An example is Cd (Cadmium) is An example is Cd (Cadmium) is used for red paint. Zn (Zinc) is used for red paint. Zn (Zinc) is used for white paint.used for white paint.

Metals in a mixed groupMetals in a mixed group Only some of the elements in Only some of the elements in

groups 13 through 15 of the groups 13 through 15 of the periodic table are metals. These periodic table are metals. These metals are never found metals are never found uncombined in nature.uncombined in nature.

The familiar metals in these groups The familiar metals in these groups are aluminum, tin, and lead.are aluminum, tin, and lead.

Lead is used for automotive Lead is used for automotive weights on car tires and in car weights on car tires and in car batteries. Lead has also been used batteries. Lead has also been used for dishes and pipes hundreds of for dishes and pipes hundreds of years ago in Rome to move water. years ago in Rome to move water.

Tin is a light weight metal which is Tin is a light weight metal which is used to harden combinations of used to harden combinations of metals when they are used metals when they are used together. Examples are Tin frames, together. Examples are Tin frames, cups, and some art projects cups, and some art projects (stained glass), and bullets.(stained glass), and bullets.

LanthanidesLanthanides The two rows of elements placed The two rows of elements placed

below the periodic table are below the periodic table are removed in order to make the removed in order to make the periodic table more compact.periodic table more compact.

Lanthanides are usually mixed with Lanthanides are usually mixed with other metals in order to make alloys.other metals in order to make alloys.

Alloys are metals which are a Alloys are metals which are a combination of at least two combination of at least two elements. Many of the metals used elements. Many of the metals used in cars, everyday materials, and in cars, everyday materials, and construction are alloys. Many times construction are alloys. Many times an alloy is used to reduce the weight an alloy is used to reduce the weight of an object, or to make an object of an object, or to make an object stronger, or more resistant to stronger, or more resistant to corrosion and heat.corrosion and heat.

Some Lanthanides are used to make Some Lanthanides are used to make magnets.magnets.

An example is Neodymium which is An example is Neodymium which is used to make magnets for used to make magnets for earphonesearphones. .

ActinidesActinides These are the elements in the These are the elements in the

period below Lanthanides.period below Lanthanides. Many of these elements are Many of these elements are

made only in a laboratory made only in a laboratory setting.setting.

The elements found in nature The elements found in nature are Actinium, Thorium, are Actinium, Thorium, Protactinium, and Uranium.Protactinium, and Uranium.

The most common use for The most common use for Uranium is in fuel for nuclear Uranium is in fuel for nuclear reactors which heat water and reactors which heat water and produce steam to make produce steam to make electricity. electricity.

Synthetic ElementsSynthetic Elements Elements above the atomic Elements above the atomic

number 92 are usually called number 92 are usually called synthetic elements.synthetic elements.

These elements are not found in These elements are not found in nature, instead they are made, or nature, instead they are made, or synthesized.synthesized.

Synthetic materials are made by Synthetic materials are made by crashing nuclear particles into one crashing nuclear particles into one another.another.

An example is plutonium which is An example is plutonium which is made by bombarding nuclei of made by bombarding nuclei of Uranium-238 with neutrons in a Uranium-238 with neutrons in a nuclear reactor.nuclear reactor.

The heaviest synthetic elements The heaviest synthetic elements are made in a particle accelerator.are made in a particle accelerator.

Particle AcceleratorsParticle Accelerators These are large tubes which These are large tubes which

use magnets to accelerate a use magnets to accelerate a particle faster and faster and particle faster and faster and when it hits another element when it hits another element it hits it with enough energy it hits it with enough energy to fuse or combine the nuclei to fuse or combine the nuclei to form synthetic elements.to form synthetic elements.

The first synthetic particle The first synthetic particle made in a particle accelerator made in a particle accelerator is Curium which was made in is Curium which was made in 1940, in Chicago by colliding 1940, in Chicago by colliding Helium and Plutonium.Helium and Plutonium.