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METADATAExpanding the learning opportunities of text for the iPad

Tevin Byrd | GD 400

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The objectives of this project are to explore the affordances of theiPad for expanding the learning opportunities of text beyond the

duplication of print in pdfs.

Strategy: ELABORATION

+The expsnsion of content through greater detail, examples, or juxtaposition with differentcontent that changes how you view the original content

Source: NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC

Topic: KRILL and its coinciding food chain that exists in Antarctica.The articles display the interdependcy and survival techniques needed

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Behavior: Defense Mechanisms

The main text (highlighted part) functions and behaves like theorganism it is based upon. The main text discusses how that specificspecies co-exists with the other organisms and its situated role withinthe food chain in Antarctica.

Once interacted with, the text behaves like one of the defense mecha-nisms and reveals the secondary text, which details the survivaltechniques that species utilizes.

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*

KRILL

Direct linkage to Krill

Secondary linkage to Krill (Prey)

Secondary linkage to Krill (Predator)

Secondary linkage to Krill (Prey + Predator)

Terciary+ linkage to Krill (multiple)

Humans

Fish

Small tooth W.

Squid

Birds

Penguins

Leopard Seal

Herb. Zoo Plan.

Sperm Whale

Elephant Seal

Carn. Zoo Plan.

Baleen Whale

Bacteria

Phytoplankton

Flag.Cil.

Survival in ANTARTICA: Dependency on KRILL

In the brutally cold trenches of Antartica, beyond the icy

glaciers and mysterious skies, a foundational and vital

being maintains order, KRILL.

Krill are small crustaceans of the order Euphausiacea,

and are found in the worlds oceans. Krill averages only

about 2 inches in length, but it represents a grand-sized

link the global food chain.

The diagram below provides a snapshot of the depen-

dency upon Krill in Antartica. Krill feed on phytoplank-

ton, bacteria, and other small organisms, but are also the

diet for tons of animals, particularly fish, birds, and

whales.

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KRILL

Humans

Herbivorous Zooplankton

Carnivorous Zooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale

Elephant Seal

Sperm Whale

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

FOOD CHAIN DIAGRAM

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Functions

The King of the OceanDespitetheir size, Krill largelyimpact thefunctioning oflife underwater

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic,

single-celled plants that drift near the

oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide

and the suns rays. They in turn are the main

staple in the diets of literally hundreds of

different animals, from fish, to birds, to

baleen whales.

Simply put, without krill, most of the life

forms in the A ntarctic would disappear.

Alarmingly, there are recent studies that

show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped

by 80 percent since the 1970s.

Scientists attribute these declines in part to

ice cover loss caused by global warming. This

ice loss removes a primary source of food for

krill: ice-algae.

Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an

amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted

creature. They spend their days avoiding

predators in the cold depths of the Antarctic

Ocean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the

surface. During the night, they drift up the

water column toward the surface in search of

phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill aresometimes called "light shrimp" for their

bioluminescence. From photophores at the

base of their legs and eye-stalks, they emit

pulses of yellow-green light. The krill do not

themselves manufacture the luciferin that

fuels this luminescence; they sequester it

KRILL

Humans

HerbivorousZooplankton

CarnivorousZooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

LeopardSeal

S ma ll To ot he dW ha le S pe rm W ha le

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates F lagellates

Title

Sub-title

Diagram that shows theuser where they are inthe food chain andspecies article in thesite.

Imagery Panels that display the topicof each article. The panels then beginto document your path through thefood chain by showing all theorganisms youve viewed.

As the user continues to hold down thecall-out text, the behavior takes overand starts to reveal the secondary textabout survival methods.

Once clicked, it allowsthe user to view thenext article.Main text

Highlighted text thatdirects the user toclick and hold down.It reveals thesecondary textthrough the defensemechanism behavior.

The King of the OceanDespitetheir size, Krill largelyimpact thefunctioning oflifeunderwater

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic,

single-celled plants that drift near the

oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide

and the suns rays. They in turn are the main

staple in the diets of literally hundreds of

different animals, from fish, to birds, to

baleen whales.

Simply put, without krill, most of the life

forms in the Antarctic would disappear.

Alarmingly, there are recent studies that

show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped

by 80 percent since the 1970s.

Scientists attribute these declines in part to

ice cover loss caused by global warming. This

ice loss removes a primary source of food for

krill: ice-algae.

Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an

amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted

creature. They spend their days avoiding

predator

s in the cold depths of the Antarctic

Ocean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the

surface. During the night, they drift up the

water column toward the surface in search of

phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill aresometimes called "light shrimp" for their

bioluminescence. From photophores at the

base of their legs and eye-stalks, they emit

pulses of yellow-green light. The krill do not

themselves manufacture the luciferin that

fuels this luminescence; they sequester it

In a species so small and expendablejust fodder for

a whole ecosystem of sea mammals, seabirds,

cephalopods, and fishit is remarkable that the

individuals should live as long as they do, from five

to ten years. To escape all the hungry mouths in the

sea and live out that full span, krill resort to a

bagful of survival tricks, detailed below.

Lobstering. As a rule, euphausiid krill proceed

headfirst, rowing forward with coordinated strokes

of their swimming legs, like little oars in Roman

galleys, but in emergencies the tail-fan of the telson

provides a powerful reverse gear. In a fright

response that short-circuits the brain (such as it is)

and is mediated entirely by giant neurons in the

tail, the krill snaps its telson violently to send itself

"lobstering" backward at two feet per second, in a

nearly instantaneous escape reaction.

KRILL

Humans

HerbivorousZooplankton

CarnivorousZooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

LeopardSeal

S ma ll To ot he dW ha le S pe rm W ha le

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

The King of the OceanDespitetheir size, Krill largelyimpact thefunctioning oflife underwater

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic,

single-celled plants that drift near the

oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide

and the suns rays. They in turn are the main

staple in the diets of literally hundreds of

different animals, from fish, to birds, to

baleen whales.

Simply put, without krill, most of the lifeforms in the Antarctic would disappear.

Alarmingly, there are recent studies that

show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped

by 80 percent since the 1970s.

Scientists attribute these declines in part to

ice cover loss caused by global warming. This

ice loss removes a primary source of food for

krill: ice-algae.

Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an

amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted

creature. They spend their days avoiding

predators in the cold depths of the Antarctic

Ocean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the

surface. During the night, they drift up the

water column toward the surface in search of

phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill are

sometimes called "light shrimp" for their

bioluminescence. From photophores at the

base of their legs and eye-stalks, they emitpulses of yellow-green light. The krill do not

themselves manufacture the luciferin that

fuels this luminescence; they sequester it

KRILL

Humans

HerbivorousZooplankton

CarnivorousZooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

LeopardSeal

S ma ll To ot he dW ha le S pe rm W ha le

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

In a species so small and expendablejust fodder for

a whole ecosystem of sea mammals, seabirds,

cephalopods, and fishit is remarkable that the

individuals should live as long as they do, from five

to ten years. To escape all the hungry mouths in the

sea and live out that full span, krill resort to a

bagful of survival tricks, detailed below.

Lobstering. As a rule, euphausiid krill proceed

headfirst, rowing forward with coordinated strokes

of their swimming legs, like little oars in Roman

galleys, but in emergencies the tail-fan of the telson

provides a powerful reverse gear. In a fright

response that short-circuits the brain (such as it is)

and is mediated entirely by giant neurons in the

tail, the krill snaps its telson violently to send itself

"lobstering" backward at two feet per second, in a

nearly instantaneous escape reaction.

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Final Screens

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Survival in ANTARCTICA: The dependency on KRILL

>

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The King of the OceanDespite their size, Krill largely impact the functioning of life underwater

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic,

single-celled plants that drift near the

oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide

and the suns rays. They in turn are the main

staple in the diets of literally hundreds ofdifferent animals, from fish, to birds, to

baleen whales.

Simply put, without krill, most of the life

forms in the Antarctic would disappear.

Alarmingly, there are recent studies that

show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped

by 80 percent since the 1970s.Scientists attribute these declines in part to

ice cover loss caused by global warming. This

ice loss removes a primary source of food for

krill: ice-algae.

Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an

amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted

creature. They spend their days avoiding

predators in the cold depths of the AntarcticOcean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the

surface. During the night, they drift up the

water column toward the surface in search of

phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill are some-

times called "light shrimp" for their biolumi-

nescence. From photophores at the base of

their legs and eye-stalks, they emit pulses of

yellow-green light. The krill do not them-

selves manufacture the luciferin that fuels

this luminescence; they sequester it instead

In a species so small and expendablejust fodder for

a whole ecosystem of sea mammals, seabirds,

cephalopods, and f ishit is remarkable that the

individuals should live as long as they do, from five

to ten years. To escape all the hungry mouths in the

sea and live out that full span, krill resort to a

bagful of survival tricks, detailed below.

Lobstering. As a rule, euphausiid krill proceed

headfirst, rowing forward with coordinated strokes

of their swimming legs, like little oars in Roman

galleys, but in emergencies the tail-fan of the telson

provides a powerful reverse gear. In a fright

response that short-circuits the brain (such as it is)

and is mediated entirely by giant neurons in thetail, the krill snaps its telson violently to send itself

"lobstering" backward at two feet per second, in a

nearly instantaneous escape reaction.

KRILL

Humans

Herbivorous Zooplankton

Carnivorous Zooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale Sperm Whale

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

8/13/2019 METADATA for the iPad

10/22

The King of the OceanDespite their size, Krill largely impact the functioning of life underwater

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic,

single-celled plants that drift near the

oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide

and the suns rays. They in turn are the main

staple in the diets of literally hundreds ofdifferent animals, from fish, to birds, to

baleen whales.

Simply put, without krill, most of the life

forms in the Antarctic would disappear.

Alarmingly, there are recent studies that

show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped

by 80 percent since the 1970s.Scientists attribute these declines in part to

ice cover loss caused by global warming. This

ice loss removes a primary source of food for

krill: ice-algae.

Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an

amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted

creature. They spend their days avoiding

predators in the cold depths of the AntarcticOcean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the

surface. During the night, they drift up the

water column toward the surface in search of

phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill are some-

times called "light shrimp" for their biolumi-

nescence. From photophores at the base of

their legs and eye-stalks, they emit pulses of

yellow-green light. The krill do not them-

selves manufacture the luciferin that fuels

this luminescence; they sequester it instead

In a species so small and expendablejust fodder for

a whole ecosystem of sea mammals, seabirds,

cephalopods, and f ishit is remarkable that the

individuals should live as long as they do, from five

to ten years. To escape all the hungry mouths in thesea and live out that full span, krill resort to a

bagful of survival tricks, detailed below.

Lobstering. As a rule, euphausiid krill proceed

headfirst, rowing forward with coordinated strokes

of their swimming legs, like little oars in Roman

galleys, but in emergencies the tail-fan of the telson

provides a powerful reverse gear. In a fright

response that short-circuits the brain (such as it is)

and is mediated entirely by giant neurons in the

tail, the krill snaps its telson violently to send itself

"lobstering" backward at two feet per second, in a

nearly instantaneous escape reaction.

KRILL

Humans

Herbivorous Zooplankton

Carnivorous Zooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale Sperm Whale

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

8/13/2019 METADATA for the iPad

11/22

The King of the OceanDespite their size, Krill largely impact the functioning of life underwater

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic,

single-celled plants that drift near the

oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide

and the suns rays. They in turn are the main

staple in the diets of literally hundreds ofdifferent animals, from fish, to birds, to

baleen whales.

Simply put, without krill, most of the life

forms in the Antarctic would disappear.

Alarmingly, there are recent studies that

show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped

by 80 percent since the 1970s.Scientists attribute these declines in part to

ice cover loss caused by global warming. This

ice loss removes a primary source of food for

krill: ice-algae.

Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an

amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted

creature. They spend their days avoiding

predators in the cold depths of the AntarcticOcean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the

surface. During the night, they drift up the

water column toward the surface in search of

phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill are some-

times called "light shrimp" for their biolumi-

nescence. From photophores at the base of

their legs and eye-stalks, they emit pulses of

yellow-green light. The krill do not them-

selves manufacture the luciferin that fuelsthis luminescence; they sequester it instead

In a species so small and expendablejust fodder for

a whole ecosystem of sea mammals, seabirds,

cephalopods, and f ishit is remarkable that the

individuals should live as long as they do, from five

to ten years. To escape all the hungry mouths in thesea and live out that full span, krill resort to a

bagful of survival tricks, detailed below.

Lobstering. As a rule, euphausiid krill proceed

headfirst, rowing forward with coordinated strokes

of their swimming legs, like little oars in Roman

galleys, but in emergencies the tail-fan of the telson

provides a powerful reverse gear. In a fright

response that short-circuits the brain (such as it is)

and is mediated entirely by giant neurons in the

tail, the krill snaps its telson violently to send itself

"lobstering" backward at two feet per second, in a

nearly instantaneous escape reaction.

KRILL

Humans

Herbivorous Zooplankton

Carnivorous Zooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale Sperm Whale

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

8/13/2019 METADATA for the iPad

12/22

The King of the OceanDespite their size, Krill largely impact the functioning of life underwater

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic,

single-celled plants that drift near the

oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide

and the suns rays. They in turn are the main

staple in the diets of literally hundreds ofdifferent animals, from fish, to birds, to

baleen whales.

Simply put, without krill, most of the life

forms in the Antarctic would disappear.

Alarmingly, there are recent studies that

show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped

by 80 percent since the 1970s.Scientists attribute these declines in part to

ice cover loss caused by global warming. This

ice loss removes a primary source of food for

krill: ice-algae.

Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an

amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted

creature. They spend their days avoiding

predators in the cold depths of the AntarcticOcean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the

surface. During the night, they drift up the

water column toward the surface in search of

phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill are some-

times called "light shrimp" for their biolumi-

nescence. From photophores at the base of

their legs and eye-stalks, they emit pulses of

yellow-green light. The krill do not them-

selves manufacture the luciferin that fuelsthis luminescence; they sequester it instead

KRILL

Humans

Herbivorous Zooplankton

Carnivorous Zooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale Sperm Whale

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

In a species so small and expendablejust fodder for

a whole ecosystem of sea mammals, seabirds,

cephalopods, and f ishit is remarkable that the

individuals should live as long as they do, from five

to ten years. To escape all the hungry mouths in thesea and live out that full span, krill resort to a

bagful of survival tricks, detailed below.

Lobstering. As a rule, euphausiid krill proceed

headfirst, rowing forward with coordinated strokes

of their swimming legs, like little oars in Roman

galleys, but in emergencies the tail-fan of the telson

provides a powerful reverse gear. In a fright

response that short-circuits the brain (such as it is)

and is mediated entirely by giant neurons in the

tail, the krill snaps its telson violently to send itself

"lobstering" backward at two feet per second, in a

nearly instantaneous escape reaction.

8/13/2019 METADATA for the iPad

13/22

The King of the OceanDespite their size, Krill largely impact the functioning of life underwater

Krill feed on phytoplankton, microscopic,

single-celled plants that drift near the

oceans surface and live off carbon dioxide

and the suns rays. They in turn are the main

staple in the diets of literally hundreds ofdifferent animals, from fish, to birds, to

baleen whales.

Simply put, without krill, most of the life

forms in the Antarctic would disappear.

Alarmingly, there are recent studies that

show Antarctic krill stocks may have dropped

by 80 percent since the 1970s.Scientists attribute these declines in part to

ice cover loss caused by global warming. This

ice loss removes a primary source of food for

krill: ice-algae.

Antarctic krill can live up to 10 years, an

amazing longevity for such a heavily hunted

creature. They spend their days avoiding

predators in the cold depths of the AntarcticOcean, some 320 feet (100 meters) below the

surface. During the night, they drift up the

water column toward the surface in search of

phytoplankton. Euphausiid krill are some-

times called "light shrimp" for their biolumi-

nescence. From photophores at the base of

their legs and eye-stalks, they emit pulses of

yellow-green light. The krill do not them-

selves manufacture the luciferin that fuelsthis luminescence; they sequester it instead

KRILL

Humans

Herbivorous Zooplankton

Carnivorous Zooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale Sperm Whale

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

In a species so small and expendablejust fodder for

a whole ecosystem of sea mammals, seabirds,

cephalopods, and f ishit is remarkable that the

individuals should live as long as they do, from five

to ten years. To escape all the hungry mouths in thesea and live out that full span, krill resort to a

bagful of survival tricks, detailed below.

Lobstering. As a rule, euphausiid krill proceed

headfirst, rowing forward with coordinated strokes

of their swimming legs, like little oars in Roman

galleys, but in emergencies the tail-fan of the telson

provides a powerful reverse gear. In a fright

response that short-circuits the brain (such as it is)

and is mediated entirely by giant neurons in the

tail, the krill snaps its telson violently to send itself

"lobstering" backward at two feet per second, in a

nearly instantaneous escape reaction.

8/13/2019 METADATA for the iPad

14/22

Sharks and orcas are a threat to some kinds,

or species, of penguins that live in warmer

waters.

Zig-zagging through the water, penguins try

to make it to land, where they quickly hop

onto their feet. They know that killer whales

cannot reach them once on land.

Therefore, to avoid leopard seals, penguins

stick together and remain alert. If one pen-

guin notices a seal, it makes a commotion to

alert the other penguins. They huddle closely

together and hope that the leopard seal won'tfind a straggler.

Sticking Together: Unity of the PenguinsAs a major center point of the food chain, how do Penguins maintain their group?

KRILL

Humans

Herbivorous Zooplankton

Carnivorous Zooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale Sperm Whale

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

8/13/2019 METADATA for the iPad

15/22

Sharks and orcas are a threat to some kinds,

or species, of penguins that live in warmer

waters.

Zig-zagging through the water, penguins try

to make it to land, where they quickly hop

onto their feet. They know that killer whales

cannot reach them once on land.

Therefore, to avoid leopard seals, penguins

stick together and remain alert. If one pen-

guin notices a seal, it makes a commotion to

alert the other penguins. They huddle closely

together and hope that the leopard seal won'tfind a straggler.

Sticking Together: Unity of the PenguinsAs a major center point of the food chain, how do Penguins maintain their group?

KRILL

Humans

Herbivorous Zooplankton

Carnivorous Zooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale Sperm Whale

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

8/13/2019 METADATA for the iPad

16/22

Sharks and orcas are a threat to some kinds,

or species, of penguins that live in warmerwaters.

Zig-zagging through the water, penguins try

to make it to land, where they quickly hop

onto their feet. They know that killer whales

cannot reach them once on land.

Therefore, to avoid leopard seals, penguins

stick together and remain alert. If one pen-

guin notices a seal, it makes a commotion to

alert the other penguins. They huddle closely

together and hope that the leopard seal won't

find a straggler.

Sticking Together: Unity of the PenguinsAs a major center point of the food chain, how do Penguins maintain their group?

KRILL

Humans

Herbivorous Zooplankton

Carnivorous Zooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale Sperm Whale

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in apact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills andswallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in apact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarilyrely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills andswallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in apact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarilyrely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills andswallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in apact to seem larger in scales.

8/13/2019 METADATA for the iPad

17/22

Sharks and orcas are a threat to some kinds,

or species, of penguins that live in warmer

waters.

Zig-zagging through the water, penguins try

to make it to land, where they quickly hop

onto their feet. They know that killer whales

cannot reach them once on land.

Therefore, to avoid leopard seals, penguins

stick together and remain alert. If one pen-

guin notices a seal, it makes a commotion to

alert the other penguins. They huddle closely

together and hope that the leopard seal won'tfind a straggler.

Sticking Together: Unity of the PenguinsAs a major center point of the food chain, how do Penguins maintain their group?

KRILL

Humans

Herbivorous Zooplankton

Carnivorous Zooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale Sperm Whale

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills andswallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in apact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarilyrely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills andswallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarilyrely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills andswallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in apact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarilyrely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills andswallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in apact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarilyrely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins usemany defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krilland small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins usemany defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins usemany defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarilyrely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krilland small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krilland small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins usemany defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krilland small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) ofkrill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor andking penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins mayeat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor andking penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins mayeat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor andking penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins usemany defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) ofkrill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor andking penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins usemany defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krilland small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is not

known how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguin

has a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins usemany defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

A colony of 5 million Adlie penguins may

eat nearly 8 million kg (17.6 million lb.) of

krill

and small fishes daily. Penguins primarily

rely on their vision while hunting. It is notknown how penguins locate prey in the dark-

ness, at night, or at great depths, Some scien-

tists hypothesize that penguins are helped by

the bioluminescence (light producing) capa-

bilities of many oceanic squids, crustaceans,

and fishes.

Penguins catch prey with their bills and

swallow it whole while swimming. A penguinhas a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip

slippery prey. he smaller penguin species of

the Antarctic and the subantarctic primarily

feed on krill and squids. Species found far-

ther north tend to eat fishes. Emperor and

king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids.

To survive from predators, Penguins use

many defenses such as sticking together in a

pact to seem larger in scales.

Sharks and orcas are a threat to some kinds, or species,

of penguins that live in warmer waters.

Zig-zagging through the water, penguins try to make it

to land, where they quickly hop onto their feet. They

know that killer whales cannot reach them once on

land. Therefore, to avoid leopard seals, penguins stick

together and remain alert. If one penguin notices a seal,

it makes a commotion to alert the other penguins. They

huddle closely together and hope that the leopard seal

won't find a straggler.

8/13/2019 METADATA for the iPad

18/22

Southern elephant seals live in sub-Antarctic

and Antarctic waters that feature brutally

cold conditions but are rich in the fish, squid,

and other marine foods these seals enjoy.

When foraging their averages dives are be-

tween 300 and 800 m (984 - 2,624 ft) and

they stay underwater for up to 20 minutes,

but they can dive to depths of over 1,500 m

(4,920 ft) and stay submerged for up to 2

hours. Southern elephant seals feed exclu-

sively at sea. The main sources of food are

fish and squid. Prey is captured both near the

surface and very deep underwater. Southernelephant seals locate prey with their vision;

their large eyes are an adaptation allowing

them to take advantage of the biolumines-

cence of some prey.

The species was hunted almost to extinction

in the 19th and 20th centuries and, on South

Georgia, their blubber was rendered into oil

as late as 1964. Since that time, the southernelephant seal population has recovered to

about 700,000 individuals, and sightings by

travelers on TravelWild Expeditions voyages

in the Southern Ocean are common. To

survive, the Elephant Seal also uses its sharp

teeth as a major asset.

The Elephant Seal TriumpsDespite a severly decling population, the Elephant Seal finds a way to thrive

KRILL

Humans

Herbivorous Zooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale Sperm Whale

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

Second only to its size, the biggest weapon in the

elephant seal's defense arsenal is its teeth. Each

elephant seal has an impressive set of 30 sharp

teeth designed for grasping and holding prey.

Thin-skinned, easily insulted animals would never

cut it in the world of elephant seals. As they grow,

the males develop thick "chest shields" that they

use to bash up against one another during fights.

Carnivorous Zooplankton

8/13/2019 METADATA for the iPad

19/22

Southern elephant seals live in sub-Antarctic

and Antarctic waters that feature brutally

cold conditions but are rich in the fish, squid,

and other marine foods these seals enjoy.

When foraging their averages dives are be-

tween 300 and 800 m (984 - 2,624 ft) and

they stay underwater for up to 20 minutes,

but they can dive to depths of over 1,500 m

(4,920 ft) and stay submerged for up to 2

hours. Southern elephant seals feed exclu-

sively at sea. The main sources of food are

fish and squid. Prey is captured both near the

surface and very deep underwater. Southernelephant seals locate prey with their vision;

their large eyes are an adaptation allowing

them to take advantage of the biolumines-

cence of some prey.

The species was hunted almost to extinction

in the 19th and 20th centuries and, on South

Georgia, their blubber was rendered into oil

as late as 1964. Since that time, the southernelephant seal population has recovered to

about 700,000 individuals, and sightings by

travelers on TravelWild Expeditions voyages

in the Southern Ocean are common. To

survive, the Elephant Seal also uses its sharp

teeth as a major asset.

The Elephant Seal TriumpsDespite a severly decling population, the Elephant Seal finds a way to thrive

KRILL

Humans

Herbivorous Zooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale Sperm Whale

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

Second only to its size, the biggest weapon in the

elephant seal's defense arsenal is its teeth. Each

elephant seal has an impressive set of 30 sharp

teeth designed for grasping and holding prey.

Thin-skinned, easily insulted animals would never

cut it in the world of elephant seals. As they grow,

the males develop thick "chest shields" that they

use to bash up against one another during fights.

Carnivorous Zooplankton

8/13/2019 METADATA for the iPad

20/22

Southern elephant seals live in sub-Antarctic

and Antarctic waters that feature brutally

cold conditions but are rich in the fish, squid,

and other marine foods these seals enjoy.

When foraging their averages dives are be-

tween 300 and 800 m (984 - 2,624 ft) and

they stay underwater for up to 20 minutes,

but they can dive to depths of over 1,500 m

(4,920 ft) and stay submerged for up to 2

hours. Southern elephant seals feed exclu-

sively at sea. The main sources of food are

fish and squid. Prey is captured both near the

surface and very deep underwater. Southernelephant seals locate prey with their vision;

their large eyes are an adaptation allowing

them to take advantage of the biolumines-

cence of some prey.

The species was hunted almost to extinction

in the 19th and 20th centuries and, on South

Georgia, their blubber was rendered into oil

as late as 1964. Since that time, the southernelephant seal population has recovered to

about 700,000 individuals, and sightings by

travelers on TravelWild Expeditions voyages

in the Southern Ocean are common. To

survive, the Elephant Seal also uses its sharp

teeth as a major asset.

The Elephant Seal TriumpsDespite a severly decling population, the Elephant Seal finds a way to thrive

KRILL

Humans

Herbivorous Zooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale Sperm Whale

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

Second only to its size, the biggest weapon in the

elephant seal's defense arsenal is its teeth. Each

elephant seal has an impressive set of 30 sharp

teeth designed for grasping and holding prey.

Thin-skinned, easily insulted animals would never

cut it in the world of elephant seals. As they grow,

the males develop thick "chest shields" that they

use to bash up against one another during fights.

Carnivorous Zooplankton

8/13/2019 METADATA for the iPad

21/22

Southern elephant seals live in sub-Antarctic

and Antarctic waters that feature brutally

cold conditions but are rich in the fish, squid,

and other marine foods these seals enjoy.

When foraging their averages dives are be-

tween 300 and 800 m (984 - 2,624 ft) and

they stay underwater for up to 20 minutes,

but they can dive to depths of over 1,500 m

(4,920 ft) and stay submerged for up to 2

hours. Southern elephant seals feed exclu-

sively at sea. The main sources of food are

fish and squid. Prey is captured both near the

surface and very deep underwater. Southernelephant seals locate prey with their vision;

their large eyes are an adaptation allowing

them to take advantage of the biolumines-

cence of some prey.

The species was hunted almost to extinction

in the 19th and 20th centuries and, on South

Georgia, their blubber was rendered into oil

as late as 1964. Since that time, the southernelephant seal population has recovered to

about 700,000 individuals, and sightings by

travelers on TravelWild Expeditions voyages

in the Southern Ocean are common. To

survive, the Elephant Seal also uses its sharp

teeth as a major asset.

The Elephant Seal TriumpsDespite a severly decling population, the Elephant Seal finds a way to thrive

KRILL

Humans

Herbivorous Zooplankton

Penguins

Baleen Whale

Leopard Seal

Small Toothed Whale Sperm Whale

Elephant Seal

Squid

Birds

Fish

Phytoplankton

BacteriaCiliates Flagellates

Second only to its size, the biggest weapon in the

elephant seal's defense arsenal is its teeth. Each

elephant seal has an impressive set of 30 sharp

teeth designed for grasping and holding prey.

Thin-skinned, easily insulted animals would never

cut it in the world of elephant seals. As they grow,

the males develop thick "chest shields" that they

use to bash up against one another during fights.

Carnivorous Zooplankton

8/13/2019 METADATA for the iPad

22/22

Southern elephant seals live in sub-Antarctic

and Antarctic waters that feature brutally

cold conditions but are rich in the fish, squid,

and other marine foods these seals enjoy.

When foraging their averages dives are be-

tween 300 and 800 m (984 - 2,624 ft) and

they stay underwater for up to 20 minutes,

but they can dive to depths of over 1,500 m

(4,920 ft) and stay submerged for up to 2

hours. Southern elephant seals feed exclu-

sively at sea. The main sources of food are

fish and squid. Prey is captured both near the

surface and very deep underwater. Southernelephant seals locate prey with their vision;

their large eyes are an adaptation allowing

them to take advantage of the biolumines-

cence of some prey.