Metadata and Cooperative Knowledge Management and re-contextualization of knowledge. 11 ... o the postulate of localization: ... o Metadata and Cooperative Knowledge ManagementPublished

1

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-1

Metadata and Cooperative Knowledge Management

Matthias Jarke, Ralf KlammaInformation Systems Group, RWTH Aachen

Fraunhofer FIT, Birlinghoven

CAiSE 02, Toronto, May 30, 2002

Thanks to many collaborators ...

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-2

Expli

catio

n &

Conc

eptua

lisatio

n

Information

Knowledge

Data

Conc

eptua

lisatio

n

& Ca

tegor

isatio

n

Contextualisation

& Personalisation

Codification

Processing

Transport

Knowledge Management Pyramid(Alavi and Leidner 1999)

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Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-3

ContextModelling

ContextualisationInformationBrokering

InformationRetrieval

KnowledgeManagement

WorkflowManagement

OrganisationalMemories

ContextAwareness

DomainModelling

Case-basedReasoning

The Central Role of Context

[Klemke, Diss. 2002]

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-4

Metadata = Data About Data

o in IS Engineering often : instantiation abstraction for indexing / integration / transformation / evolutiono Information Resource Dictionary Standard (IRDS)o Telos/ConceptBase, MetaEdit+, Microsoft Repositoryo XML-based MPEG-7 standard for multimedia descriptiono online reflection between data and metadata possible

when combined with rules or methods

o context structured by meta models and ontologieso vendor context: domain, notation, process, goalo client context: user location, interests, capabilities

3

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-5

Metadata Structure for Integration : IRDS Levels as Supported in ConceptBase

Common metameta model

Viewpoint 1meta model

Viewpoint 2meta model

viewpoint 2submodel

viewpoint 1submodel

Observed or envisioned reality

Commondomainontology

Information resourcedefinition schema(meta meta models)

IR dictionary schema(meta models)

information resourcedictionary level(meta data)

application data level

formally linked via Telos meta-formulas (rules, constraints, query classes)Nissen/Jarke, IS 1999]

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-6

o mission: human-centered computing in process contexto research programs

o formal handling of Information Contexts (R. Oppermann)o networking via the Social Web (W. Prinz)o Human Enabling via Enhanced Reality (T. Berlage)

o application domainso cooperative (chemical/software) engineering, biomedicineo (political & business) decision supporto handicapped/elderly people, tele-learning, tourism

FIT: Expanding the Reach of Human Abilities

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Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-7

Outline

o Metadata and Cooperative Knowledge Managemento is knowledge managementdead?

o The Culture Gap in Knowledge Managemento identify the research needs (WHY / WHAT / HOW should

a community or organisation know ?)

o There are no (Media-Free) Ontologies!o transcribe -- address -- localizeo example: data warehousing / information brokering

o Lessons and Outlook

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-8

Is Knowledge Management Dead ?

o Does your KM projecto “run the bank” or o “change the bank”?

5

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-9

Quality Reasons for Traditional Data Warehouse Architecture

MetaDatabase

DataWarehouse

TextFile

External dataDB

DataMart

DataMart

OLAP DSSGIS

Mediator

Sources

Clients

AdministrationAgent

Wrappers/Loaders

Why separate OLTP from OLAP ?performance and safety : small update vs. large querylogical interpretability: multi-dimensional analysistemporal and granularity mismatch : operational detail vs. aggregation

OnlineAnalyticProcessing

OnlineTransactionProcessing

DW as aBuffer andTracer

[Jarke et al., Fundamentals of Data Warehouses, Springer 2000]

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-10

Metadata Structure for Controlling DW Deutsche Bank (1)

[Schäfer et al., VLDB 2000]

Import

Knowledgeaboutoperating data

Transformation

Knowledge abouttransformation

rules

Storage

Knowledge about import

interfaces

Knowledge aboutorganization andproduct structures

Knowledgeabout operating

control

Knowledge about file and spacemanagement

Loading the Operational Data Store (from 200 databases with 1.4 TB daily)

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Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-11


Refreshing Data Cubes (40.000 with 800 GB)

Knowledgeabout definitionspecifications

Export

Knowledgeabout deliveryspecifications

Knowledgeabout aggregation

of dimensions

Knowledge about aggregation

rules

Knowledgeabout export

rules

Knowledgeabout organization

units

Transformation Matplan

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-12


Personalize Report Delivery and Access to Derivation Trace (via Web)

Knowledgeabout report

positions

Drill Through

Knowledgeabout productsand dimensions

Knowledgeabout reporttimetables

Knowledge about storageadministration

Matplan

Transparency, IntegrityQuality, Standardization,Consistency AndFlexibility Are Ensured

7

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-13

The Enterprise Perspectivehas the Key ROI Impact

InformationSource

DataWarehouse

Wrapper/Loader

Multidim.Data Mart

Aggregation/Customization?

Observation

OLTP

OLAPAnalyst

OperationalDepartment

Enterprise

Source Quality

DWQuality

MartQuality

Need to capture domain/task semantics with more completeanalysis of information flows --- DWQ Methodology

[Jarke et al., CAiSE 1998]

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-14

Is Knowledge Management Dead ?No but ...

o Does your KM projecto “run the bank” or o “change the bank”?

o Elementary survival challenges in hard timeso make KM directly relevant to the organization goals and

processeso protect KM invest through incremental ISE technologieso make KM directly helpful for each user community

Architecture Proces

ses

Quality

Usage Methodology

8

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-15

Outline

o Metadata and Cooperative Knowledge Managemento is knowledge management dead? No but ...


a community or organization know ?)



Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-16

Cooperative Information SystemsFramework

Culture: Individuals and Communities

of Practice

Explicit regulations, business processes,

models

Digital Media/InformationTechnology

empower

control, coordinate

change, improve

informationengineering

archive, workflow

middleware /coordination technology

digital media components

[deMichelis et al., CACM 1998]

9

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-17

The Culture Gap in Conceptual Modeling


of Practice


models


empower

control, coordinate

change, improve

archive, workflow

??? Model-centric (e.g. ERP)

Software-centric(e.g. UML, COM/CORBA)

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-18

Need to reconcile three aspects of a KM solution for work practice

o Business view: knowledge is information in a context of action (WHY to know?)o support full knowledge creation cycle (Nonaka+)

o Engineering/TQM view: knowledge is defined by what is wrong or different (WHAT to know?)o ‚we judge our engineers by how well they deviate from the

textbook‘

o Cultural Science view: knowledge evolves in a media-enabled discourse (HOW to know?)o inter-media transcriptivity, focussed addressing,

community evolution

10

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-19

Business View: Knowledge as Information in a Context of Action

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-20

Knowledge in a Context of Action:Nonaka & Takeuchi Process Model


of Practice


models


empowerarchive, workflow

internalization

externalization

socialization combination

?key IS Engineering issue:

de-contextualization and re-contextualization of knowledge

11

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-21

Engineering View: Knowledge is Defined by What is Wrong or Different

Organizations recognize failures more easily (type I bias):--> autonomy, creative chaos desirable--> share experiences across boundaries--> simulate alternate experiences in virtual worlds

true positives

true negatives

missed opportunities

(Type II errors)failures(Type I errors)

Reject Accept

Failure

Success

Action

Outcome

[Dhar, IS 1998]

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-22

Scenarios Show What is Different or Wrongwrt. Models and Goals

animate

capture

initialmodelinitialmodel

newmodelnew

model

existingsystemexistingsystem

newsystem

newsystem

changespecification

reverseanalysis

legacyintegration

changeimplementation

futurescenario

futurescenariocurrent

scenariocurrent

scenario

changeenvisionment

goal/requirementgoal/requirement

refinement /negotiation

scenario generationfor validation/

refinementobservation focus/

goal discovery

Scenarios as middle-ground abstractions for organizational memory::--> focus on use and differences--> delay commitment but increase participation--> improve memorization/ reuse [Jarke/Bui/Carroll, REJ 3/98]

12

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-23

Scenarios Circumscribe Models in Constructivist Learning (MPEG-7 based Virtual Entrepreneurship Lab)

[Klamma et al. 2001]

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-24

Outline



a knowledge community know ?)



13

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-25

Research College 427„Media and Cultural Communications“

o the postulate of transciptivity: o concepts depend on media, no media-independent knowledgeo knowledge externalization by media commenting on media

o the postulate of addressing:o freely designed digital media foster globalization of address

spaces

o the postulate of localization:o culture-specific adoption of media and knowledge

[Jäger 2001]

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-26

Transcription: Media-Enabled Discourse

Pre-texts

TranscriptInter-medial Transcription

Pre-texts (unstructured information) are media objects.

The transcript is also a media object.

It represents a concept by defining a way of selecting and reading the pre-texts which are then seen as prototypical examples orcounter-examples (cf. scenario-based design, constructivist teaching).

If targeted to media-competent communities, it also enables a critique of itself and thus ‘conceptual progress’.

14

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-27

Transcription example:document maps

Compute Unit DerivativesUnit Provides Initial EstimatesUnit Requests Solutuion of Unit EquationsUnit Defines Linear Equations to be solvedUnit Defines NonUnit Defines DAE’s to be solvedUnit Interrupts CalculationsUnit Resumes CalculationsPerturb Unit

Save UnitRestore UnitSet Unit Specific DataRetrieve FlowsheetCreate UnitDelete UnitDelete Unit From FlowsheetDelete Existing Port

GAT Configuration

GAT Initialisation

GAT Use Cases

Component Installation Package

Flowsheet Setup Package

Neutral File Interface

Petroleum Pseudo Components

Physical Properties System

Runtime Package

Simulator Package

Physical Properties

More Complex Use Cases

Numeric Configuration

Solver Computing

Solver Initialisation

Solver Use Cases

Creating a Flowsheet

Looking at Results

Running a Flowsheet

Unit Use Cases

CAPE-OPEN Use Cases

Use Cases inBrite-Euram projectCAPE-OPEN

[Braunschweig et al., INCOSE 99, Diss Becks ^2001]

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-28

Addressing : Multiway Helpdesk Knowledge Management

FailureEscalation

FailureEscalation

FailureDetection

Analyze

Analyze

Capture

Capture

Correct

Correct

Correct

Analyze

Capture

Sphere of Competence

e.g. Assembly Planning

e.g.Call Center

Sphere of Competence

Sphere of Competencee.g. Service Engineer

CAFM: Utilization of OM to shorten processes by better understanding and technological support

[Klamma/Jarke, ECIS 98]

15

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-29

Broker

ClientProvider

Representation

Transaction

Retrieval

Perso

nalisa

tion

Addressing:Information Brokering Framework

[Klemke, Diss. 2002]

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-30Core Brokering Processes

ConceptualisationCategorisation

Contextualisation

DomainConcepts

AnnotatedDocument

DomainKnowledge

Documents

Personalisation

Information Production &Consumption Processes

Content Context

ResultProcessing Querying

DomainConcepts

AnnotatedDocument

DomainKnowledge

ProfilingRequest

ProfileDossier

ResultSet

ClientKnowledge

DomainCategories

Delivery

Request

SourceEvaluation

SourceObservation

ValuationCard

DomainKnowledge

DocumentsDomain

RepresentationTasks

16

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-31

Information Brokering:Two Process Examples

[Jarke/Klemke/Nick, HICSS 2001]


Contextualisation

Domain Concepts

Annotated Document

Domain Knowldege

Documents

Personalisation

Con

sum

er

Ext

erna

l Bro

ker

Inte

rnal

Bro

ker

automatic human

Pro

vide

r

Domain Concepts

Domain Concepts


Contextualisation

Domain Concepts

Domain Knowldege

Documents

Personalisation

Con

sum

er

Inte

rnal

Bro

ker

automatic

human

Pro

vide

rAnnotated Documents

Annotated Documents

ElFi: Brokering ofFunding Information

Market Monitor: Watching Websites

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-32

SourceEvaluation

SourceObservation

Contextualisation


Personalisation

Source Model

Domain Model

Document Index

Profile Model

SourceAdmin

DocumentViewer

OntologyAdmin

ProfileBrowserPush Service

Parser

Robots

BrokeringTask

UserInterfaceModelsAutomated

Tasks

Brokers Lounge: Tools, Models, Interfaces

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Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-33

Localization of Media Impact:Community-Ware

o Basic Support for Cooperative Work (BSCW)o shared workspace with group formation & awarenesso grass-root adoption pattern (ca. 500.000 users worldwide)

[Appelt 1999]

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-34

Localization: Hybrid and Mobile Communities(European TOWER Project)

o Shared Environment• Shared context and material• Social presence• Chance encounters• Information landscape

o Awareness of • Group• Activities

for Mutual Orientationso Inclusion of Nomadic Context involves

even more metadata

[Gross/Specht 2001, Prinz et al. 2002]

18

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-35

Outline


o Closing The Culture Gap in Knowledge Managemento WHY : information in a context of actiono WHAT : no trivialities but differences and exceptionso HOW : media-enabled discourse

o There are no (Media-Free) Ontologies!o transcribe -- address -- localize


Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-36

Lessons from the Media Culture Perspective

o the postulate of transciptivity: o concepts depend on media, no media-independent knowledgeo knowledge externalization by media commenting on mediao ontology design is inherently media- and community-dependent,

regardless if for data or document brokering

o the postulate of addressing:o freely designed digital media foster globalization of address spaceso personalization and context adaptation become success-criticalo brokers like complex ontology nets, clients at best multi-hierarchies

o the postulate of localization:o culture-specific adoption of media and knowledgeo communityware for self-organized attention management

19

Matthias Jarke

I5-MJ-0008-37

SEWASIE

o new European project “Semantic Web and Agents in Integrated Economies” (Germany, Italy, UK)

o brings together data warehouse and document-based information brokering technologies under a media-integrated ontology-based search-and-transact approach

o application partners: a network of 40.000 small companies around the Milano fashion industry

o stay tuned ...