Metabolisme Growth and Aging

8/4/2019 Metabolisme Growth and Aging

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METABOLISM, GROWTH,AND AGING

by

Maria Christina Angela

Patrico Rillah S


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METABOLISM

Metabolism literally: change

Metabolism refer to all the chemical and energy

transformation that occur in the body

Catabolismprocess that liberate energy

Carbohydrate, fat and proteinoxidationCO2, H2O,

and energy

Anabolismprocess that need energystored inthe form of energy-rich phosphate compoundsand also proteins, fats, and complexcarbohydrates


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Factors affecting metabolism:

Height, weight, and surface area

Sex

Age

Growth

Reproduction

Body temperatureEmotional state

Thyroid hormone level


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ENERGY BALANCE

First Law of Thermodynamics

Balance between caloric intake and energyoutput

If caloryless than the energy output negative balanceendogenousstoresglycogen, body protein & fat arecatabolized loses weight

If calory from the food intake exceeds energyloss (heat and work) positive balanceenergyis stored, gains weight


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Energy from ingested nutrients may be usedimmediately or stored

1. Energy atp, phosphocreatine, or other high

energy compounds

2. Synthesis needed for growth andmaintenance of cells and tissues

3. Storage glycogen and fat storage makesenergy available for times or fasting


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ENERGY TRANSFER

Energy formation of bond between using

high energy phosphate compounds

The energy is released hydrolysis of the

bond

The most important: ATP (AdenosineTriphosphate) hydrolysis ADP (Adenosine

Dihosphate) liberate energy Others: creatine phosphate

(phosphorylcreatine; CrP) in muscles,coenzyme A (CoA)


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BIOLOGIC OXIDATIONS

Biologic oxidations are catalyzed by specific enzymes

Cofactors (simple ions) or coenzymes (organic,nonprotein substances) are substances that act ascarriers for products of the reaction catalyze a variety

of reactions

Most coenzymes is a hydrogen acceptors

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and

dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADP+) forming dihydronicotinamide adeninedinucleotide (NADH) and dihydronicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) forming flavinmononucleotide (FMN)combines with AMP, forming the


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Oxidative Phosphorilation


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The spesific absorbed nutrient depends onwhether the biomolucule is a carbohydrate,protein, or fat.

Carbhohydrates absorbed glucose

Proteins absorbed amino acids

Fats absorbed fatty acids and glycerol


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Glucose Metabolism

Glycogenesis

Glycogenolysis

Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis


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Glucose Metabolism


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Cyctric Acid Cycle


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Glycogen Formation and

Breakdown


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ENERGY PRODUCTION

On anaerobic condition 2 ATP

On aerobic condition 19x greater 38 ATP:

2 mol of phosphoglyceraldehyde converted to

phosphoglycerate 2 NADHs 6 ATPPyruvate converted to acetyl CoA 2 NADHS 6

ATP

2 turns of Cytric Acid cycle 24 ATP (18 from 6NADHs, 4 from 2 FADH2s, 2 from Succynil CoA

succinate)


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Energy Production


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Amino Acid Metabolism


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uconeogenes s anTransaminaseof Amino Acid


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Fatty Acid Metabolism


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Biosynthesis of Cholesterol


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Formation of Prostaglandins and

Thromboxanes


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Human body devide metabolism:

fed / absorptive state anabolic state

fasted/ postabsorptive state catabolic state


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Carbohydrates glucose

In the fed state

1. used immediately for energy through aerobic

pathways

2. used for lipoprotein synthesis in the liver

3. excess converted to fat and storage in

adipose tissue ( glucose pyruvate acetylCoA fatty acids)


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Proteins amino acids

In the fed state

1. protein synthesis

2. If needed for energy amino acids convert inliver to intermediates for aerobic metabolism

3. excess converted to fat and storage in

adipose tissue ( amino acids acetyl CoA fatty acids)


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Fats tryglycerides

In the fed state

stored as fats primarily in liver and adipose tissue

During fasting

Liver glycogen is broken down adds glucose tothe bloodstream

More prolonged fasting glycogen is depleted +increased gluconeogenesis from amino acids andglycerol in the liver


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H i l f


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Homeostatic control ofmetabolism

Pancreatic hormones

Insulin and glucagon the ratio of insulin to

glucagon is a key to metabolic regulation

Insulin anabolic increasing the storage ofglucose, fatty acids, and amino acids

Glucagoncatabolic mobilizing glucose,

fatty acids, and the amino acids from storesinto the bloodstream


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Actions of insulin:

Increase glucose and amino acids transportinto insulin sensitive cells

Enhances storage of glucose (glycogensyntesis)

Enchances storage of amino acids

Stimulation of protein synthesis Increased lipid and fatty acid synthesis

Parasympathetic activity


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Actions of glucagon:

Increased breakdown of glycogen(glycogenolysis)

Increases gluconeogenesis

Increases breakdown of lipid (lipolysis)

Increased keton bodies formation

(ketogenesis) Inotropic effect in heart


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Adrenal glucocorticoids hormones:

Cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis

Cortisol cause the breakdown of skeletal

muscle protein to provide substrate forgluconeogenesis

Cortisol suppresses the immune system

On large dose, cortisol is catabolic on bonetissue


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GROWTH

Growth is a complex phenomenon orderlysequence of maturational changes accretion

of protein and increase in length and size (not

just weight) Affected by growth hormone, somatomedins,

thyroid hormones, androgens, estrogens,glucocorticoids, and insulin

Other factors: genetic, and adequate nutrition(protein, vitamin, mineral, calories)


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Growth Periods

2 Period of rapid growth:

1. Infancy

Continuation from fetal growth period

2. Late puberty

Growth spurt due to growth hormone,androgens, and estrogens growth stop

closure of epiphyses by estrogens


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Puberty

Puberty marks the beginning of thereproductive years

Puberty is the period when a person makes a

transition from the being nonproductive tobeing reproductive.

In girls menarche, telarche, pubarche

In boys secondary sex characteristics


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AGING

Aging is a general physiologic process that isas yet poorly understood

Aging decrease of processes affects cells

and the systems also tissue components(eg. collagen)

Declines in the circulating levels of some sex

hormones, the adrenal androgendehydroepiandrosterone, and growth hormone


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Theories of aging:

1. Result of random mutations in the DNA ofsomatic cells

2. Cumulative abnormalities produced byincreased cross-linkage of collagen and otherproteins

3. Cumulative result of damage to tissues byfree radicals formed in them


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Menopause and andropause

Women reproductive cycles stop completelyat the time known as menopause

The failure of reproductive cycles is caused bythe ovaries, which no longer respond togonadotropins (pituitary function is normal)

In women symptoms hot flashes,athropy of the genitalia, osteoporosis, nightsweats, psychic symptoms

In men testoterone production decreases withages

There is no "male menopause" (andropause)similar to that occurring in women


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Thank You

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Metabolisme Growth and Aging