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Metabolism
• Metabolism = all chemical reactions in the body – Catabolism = breaks down molecules
• Energy released exergonic• released energy can be used to make ATP
– Cellular Respiration
– Anabolism = adds molecules together/makes larger molecules
• Requires energy input • energy supplied by ATP• creates energy storage molecules and build new/needed molecules
5-3
Cellular Respiration
• The breakdown of nutrient molecules to make/generate ATP– Aerobic respiration: uses/requires O2– Anaerobic respiration: does not use O2
ATP-ADP Cycle
ATP
ADP
Phosphate
+
Energy from broken
covalent bond in nutrients
(e.g., carbs)
Phosphate
+
Usable energy for cell
Catabolic rxn ATP production
(i.e., phosphorylation of ADP)
“downhill rxns” “uphill rxns”
Coupled Reactions: Oxidation-Reduction• Oxidation=losing electrons • Reduction=gaining electron
• Reduction & oxidation are coupled reactions– As a e- is transferred one molecule is oxidized and the other reduced– NAD and FAD H carriers (& coenzymes)
• Derived from niacin and riboflavin (B vitamins)
4-29
O.I.L. R.I.G.
Cellular Respiration and nutrient sources
5-4
In later lecture
Aerobic Respiration (~26+ steps)
Review of Relevant Compartments
A. Plasma
B. Interstitial Fluid
C. Intracellular cytoplasm
D. Mitochodria
e. Mitochondrial matrix
f. Intermembrane space
A BC
E
F
D
SUPER SIMPLE, OVERALL REACTION: AEROBIC RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + O2 + P + ADP ATP + H2O + CO2 + HEAT
substrates
Aerobic Respiration:• Breakdown of nutrients to produce ATP with the use of O2
• A complex biochemical pathway that has several major steps– Glyocolysis: breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
WHEN SUFFICIENT O2 IS PRESENT WILL PROCEED TO:– Conversion of pyruvate into acetylCoA– Krebs Cycle: processing of Acetyl CoA to release H’s (p+ & e-) for the ETC– Electron Transport Chain: the use of e- and H+ to create ATP through oxidative
phophorylation, uses O2 and produces H2O
• SUPER SIMPLE, OVERALL REACTION:
• C6H12O6 + O2 + P + ADP ATP + H2O + CO2 + HEAT
NAD & FAD can be though of as electron (e-) carriers. They carry e- to the ETC
Krebs Cycle
5-18
• NADH • FADH2• ATP
Function of Oxygen
• Electrons added to beginning of ETC are passed along until reach end– Have to be given
away or would stop ETC
– O2 accepts these electrons and combines with 4H+s
• O2 + 4 e- + 4 H+ 2 H20 5-25
ATP Synthase animations
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7P4xOUPYVw• w/ fluorescent actin and reversible rxn (skip)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3y1dO4nNaKY (good tutorial on gradients and chemiosmosis)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbJ0nbzt5Kw&feature=relmfu (tutorial of etc, more detail then needed, but nice animation)
Uses of Different Energy Sources
5-48
deamination
Beta oxidation
Acetyl CoA• Is a common substrate for energy and synthetic
pathways
5-34
5-30