1"

2"

The"Cyclades,"a"group"of"islands"in"the"southwestern"Aegean"

Neolithic"se;lements"

=  accomplished"sculptors"in"stone,"as"a;ested"by"significant"finds"of"marble"figurines""

=  figurines,"that"the"islanders"buried"with"their"dead"

=  remarkable"consistency"in"form"and"proporAon"that"suggests"they"were"planned"

with"a"compass"

=  ScienAfic"analysis"has"shown"that"the"surface"of"the"marble"was"painted"with"

mineral=based"pigments—azurite"for"blue"and"iron"ores,"or"cinnabar"for"red"

=  one"of"the"earliest"known"representaAons"of"musicians"

=  a"man"playing"a"harp"while"seated"on"a"chair""

=  listens"with"large"hollowed"ears"to"the"resonaAng"string"

=  muscles"of"his"arms"and"his"carefully"arAculated"elbow"joints,"fingers,"and"ears"are"

modeled"with"uncommon"sensiAvity."

=  back"of"this"musician's"head"was"once"painted,"perhaps"indicaAng"a"close=fiIng"

cap."A"belt,"which"may"be"understood"as"part"of"a"penis"sheath,"encircles"his"waist."

INTERPRETATIONS:"

Originally"painted,"eyes"in"key"parts"

=  Healing"powers"a;ributed"to"it"

=  Symbol"of"a"person’s"life,"used"in"rites"of"passage"and"then"buried"with"the"person"

"

"

"

3"

4"

=  The"rigid"stance,"with"the"leT"leg"forward"and"arms"at"the"side,"was"derived"from"

EgypAan"art"

=  The"pose"provided"a"clear,"simple"formula"that"was"used"by"Greek"sculptors"

throughout"the"sixth"century"B.C.""

=  geometric,"almost"abstract"forms"predominate,"and"anatomical"details"are"

rendered"in"beauAful"analogous"pa;erns"

=  statue"marked"the"grave"of"a"young"Athenian"aristocrat."

5"

="the"most"important"Panhellenic"athleAc"compeAAons"were"inaugurated"in"776"B.C."

at"Olympia,"dedicated"to"Zeus"

=  The"victors"at"all"these"games"brought"honor"to"themselves,"their"families,"and"

their"hometowns."Public"honors"were"bestowed"on"them,"statues"were"dedicated"

to"them,"and"victory"poems"were"wri;en"to"commemorate"their"feats."Numerous"

vases"are"decorated"with"scenes"of"compeAAons""

During"compeAAon"and"training,"athletes"were"usually"naked"and"covered"with"olive"

oil"to"keep"off"the"dust"

black=figure"technique"

Compare"firm,"deliberate"incision"in"Euphiletos’s"works"with"the"looser,"freer"line"of"

arAsts"like"the"Berlin"Painter.""

6"

="Diadoumenos"by"Polykleitos"was"extremely"popular"during"the"Roman"period"

"

=  Head,"arms,"and"legs"from"the"knees"down,"and"tree"trunk"are"ancient."Remainder"

of"the"figure"is"a"cast"taken"from"a"marble"copy"found"at"Delos"and"now"in"the"

NaAon"Museum,"Athens."

=  youth"adorning"his"head"with"a"fillet"(band)"aTer"a"victory"in"an"athleAc"contest."

=  probably"stood"in"a"sanctuary"such"as"that"at"Olympia"or"Delphi"where"games"were"

regularly"held."

=  a;enAon"to"bodily"proporAons"and"stance."The"figure's"thorax"and"pelvis"Alt"in"

opposite"direcAons,"seIng"up"rhythmic"contrasts"in"the"torso"that"create"an"

impression"of"organic"vitality."

=  posiAon"of"the"feet—poised"between"standing"and"walking—give"a"sense"of"

potenAal"movement"

=  became"a"standard"formula"used"in"Graeco=Roman"and"later"Western"European"

art."

7"

Marble'statue'of'Aphrodite'"

="Copy"of"a"Greek"bronze"statue"of"the"late"5th"century"B.C."a;ributed"to"Kallimachos"

=  chiton"of"thin,"clinging"material"that"reveals"every"curve"of"her"body"

=  Her"pose—between"standing"and"walking—was"developed"by"the"sculptor"

Polykleitos"

=  originally"liTed"one"edge"of"her"himaAon"(cloak)"with"her"right"hand"and"probably"

held"an"apple"in"the"other"

=  Wet=effect"drapery"–"influence"of"Phidias"

8"

=  Copy"of"a"Greek"statue"

=  HellenisAc"period,"arAsts"became"concerned"with"the"accurate"representaAon"of"

childhood,"old"age,"and"even"physical"deformity.""

=  The"range"of"subject"ma;er"was"extended"to"include"genre=like"figures"from"the"

fringes"of"society.""

=  this"statue"is"known"familiarly"as"The"Old"Market"Woman,"it"probably"represents"

an"aged"courtesan"on"her"way"to"a"fesAval"of"Dionysos,"the"god"of"wine"(she’s"

drunk?)."

=  Her"delicate"sandals"and"the"ample"material"in"her"thin,"elaborately"draped"chiton"

are"a"far"cry"from"the"rough"garb"of"a"peasant"woman."The"ivy"wreath"on"her"head"

marks"her"associaAon"with"Dionysos,"and"the"basket"of"fruit"and"the"two"chickens"

must"be"dedicatory"giTs"to"the"god"or"simply"her"own"provisions"for"a"long"day"of"

celebraAon.""

=  The"original"work"may"have"been"dedicated"in"a"sanctuary"of"Dionysos."The"Roman"

copy"could"have"decorated"a"garden."

=  HellenisAc"art:"Realism,"Dynamism,"a=symmetrical,"un=balanced,"enters"the"space"

of"the"viewer"

9"

10"

11"

=  highly"ornate"and"extremely"well=preserved"Roman"marble"sarcophagus"

=  Unfinished:"in"contrast"to"the"rough"and"unsightly"back,"the"sides"and"front"of"the"

sarcophagus"are"decorated"with"forty"human"and"animal"figures"carved"in"high"

relief.""

=  SUBJECT"MATTER:"

=  MAIN"PANEL:"

=  central"figure"is"that"of"the"god"Dionysos"seated"on"a"panther,"but"he"is"somewhat"

overshadowed"by"four"larger"standing"figures"who"represent"the"four"

Seasons(from"leT"to"right,"Winter,"Spring,"Summer,"and"Fall)"

=  Seasons"are"usually"portrayed"as"women,"but"here"they"are"shown"as"sturdy"

youths."

=  ROUNDED"ENDS:"

=  rounded"ends"of"the"sarcophagus"are"two"other"groups"of"large"figures,"similarly"

intermingled"with"lesser"ones."On"the"leT"end,"Mother"Earth"is"portrayed"reclining"

on"the"ground;"she"is"accompanied"by"a"satyr"and"a"youth"carrying"fruit."On"the"

right"end,"a"bearded"male"figure,"probably"to"be"idenAfied"with"the"personificaAon"

of"a"river=god"

=  The"marble"comes"from"a"quarry"in"the"eastern"Mediterranean"and"was"probably"

shipped"to"Rome,"where"it"was"worked."Only"a"very"wealthy"and"powerful"person"

would"have"been"able"to"commission"and"purchase"such"a"sarcophagus"

=  certain"details"were"highlighted"with"color"and"even"gilding,"making"the"whole""

12"

13"

The"over"life=size"fragment"may"have"been"part"of"a"seated"statue"of"the"emperor"

made"during"the"reign"of"his"step=son"and"successor,"Tiberius.""

"

Although"Augustus’"features"are"individualized,"he"is"represented"in"an"idealized,"

ageless"way."When"he"died"in"A.D."14,"he"was"seventy=seven"years"old,"but"no"

portraits"of"him"in"old"age"are"known."

14"

Bronze'statue'of'the'emperor'Trebonianus'Gallus,'A.D."251–253'ne"of"the"very"few"nearly"complete"Roman"bronze"statues"of"the"third"century"

preserved"today."

"

important"funcAon"in"imperial"propaganda"of"presenAng"the"ruler"to"the"public"and"

of"projecAng"the"personality"with"which"he"wished"to"be"perceived."

DIFFERENT"IDEAS"OF"LEADRSHIP:"

AUGUSTUS,"TREBONIANUS"GALLUS,"CARACALLA,"CONSTANTINE"

Treboniano:"Leadership"and"military"strength"are"evoked"in"the"heroic"nudity"of"the"

figure"and"in"the"pose,"which"recalls"a"famous"statue"of"Alexander"the"Great"

=idealized"body,"the"portrait"head"represents"the"emperor"with"bruAsh"realism.""

Despite"the"discrepancy"in"scale,"the"head"belongs"to"the"body.""

the"mantle"draped"over"his"leT"shoulder"is"a"modern"restoraAon,"cast"edges"beneath"

it"confirm"that"the"statue"had"a"similar"embellishment"in"anAquity."

CARACALLA:"A.D."212–217"

=  in"his"official"portraiture,"he"abandoned"the"luxuriant"hair"and"beard"of"his"

predecessors"for"a"military"style"characterized"by"closely"cropped"curls"and"a"

stubble"beard"of"his"predecessor"MARCUS"AURELIUS."From"a"full"statue"

=  CONSTANTINE,"A.D."325–370"

=  first"ChrisAan"emperor"of"Rome"

=  By"325"he"had"succeeded"in"reunifying"the"empire,"having"defeated"the"last"of"his""

15"

16"

Seated'Buddha'Date:"1st"to"mid=2nd"century"Culture:"Pakistan"(ancient"region"of"Gandhara)"

="one"of"the"earliest"iconic"representaAons"of"Shakyamuni"from"Gandhara."

=  yogic"posture"holding"his"right"hand"in"abhaya"mudra"(a"gesture"of"

approachability);"

=  unusual"halo"has"serraAons"that"indicate"radiaAng"light"

=  hairstyle,"the"form"of"his"robes,"and"the"treatment"of"the"figure"reflect"stylisAc"

contacts"with"the"classical"tradiAons"of"the"West."This"Buddha"shows"closer"

affiniAes"to"Roman"sculpture""

"

17"

Period:"Gupta"period"(4th–6th"century)"Date:"late"5th"century"Culture:"India"(U;ar"

Pradesh,"Mathura)"Medium:"Red"sandstone"

=  This"Buddha"image"embodies"the"qualiAes"of:"

=  Inner"calm"and"sAllness"!"products"of"supreme"wisdom"

=  ICONOGRAPHY:"figure"once"raised"his"right"hand"(now"missing)"in"the"

characterisAc"abhaya=mudra,"a"gesture"dispelling"fear"and"imparAng"reassurance"

=  robed"in"the"simple,"uncut"cloth"of"a"monk"

=  religiosity"is"further"conveyed"by"a"large"halo"and"auspicious"markings"(lakshanas),"

both"natural"and"supernatural,"denoAng"Buddhahood"(the"state"of"perfect"

enlightenment),"

=  summaAon"of"stylisAc"development"in"a"period"of"Buddhist"expansion,"this"

representaAon"became"the"benchmark"for"the"Buddha"image"throughout"Asia."

=  The'Gupta'style'of'the'Buddha'&'its'influence'in'Asia'=  The"Gupta"period"(4th"to"6th"century)"is"noted"as"a"Ame"during"which"the"

quintessenAal"Buddha"image"was"created,"becoming"an"iconic"form"which"was"

disseminated"and"copied"throughout"the"Asian"Buddhist"world."Gupta"style"stands"

at"a"crossroads"in"art"historical"developments"in"the"sub=conAnent."

=  The"Gupta"style"is"noted"for"the"full,"sensuous"modelling"of"faces"and"bodies,"for"a"

subtlety"of"expression"and"for"the"harmonious"proporAons"of"its"figures."During"

these"centuries"the"workshops"at"Sarnath,"a"monasAc"complex"built"on"the"site"of""

18"