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MET 10 Global Climate Change-Chapter 14. Global Climate Change Dr. Craig Clements San Jos é State University. Review: Why is CO 2 So Important?. Carbon Dioxide is a greenhouse gas . Greenhouse gases are those gases that cause the greenhouse effect. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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MET 10 Global Climate Change-Chapter 14
Global Climate ChangeDr. Craig Clements
San José State University
Review: Why is CO2 So Important?
Carbon Dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases are those gases that cause
the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect makes a planet’s
surface temperature warmer than it would otherwise be.
The stronger the greenhouse effect, the warmer the surface (other factors being equal).
Consider the blanket analogy
Earth’s Energy BalanceEarth’s Energy Balance
Energy entering top of atmosphere
Energy entering the Earth’s surface
= Energy leaving top of atmosphere= Energy leaving top of atmosphere
= Energy leaving Earth’s surface= Energy leaving Earth’s surface
Conservation of EnergyConservation of Energy
Absorption of Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere
Incoming solar radiationIncoming solar radiation
Each ‘beam’ of incoming sunlight can be either:– Reflected back to space:
Clouds Atmosphere Surface
– Or absorbed; either by atmosphere (e.g. clouds or ozone) or Earth’s surface.
AlbedoAlbedo
Longwave radiation is emitted from surface.
Some surface radiation escapes to space
Most outgoing longwave is absorbed in atmosphere (by greenhouse gases)
Greenhouse gases emit longwave upward and downward
Some atmospheric radiation escapes to space
Some atmospheric radiation is absorbed at the surface
Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse EffectSequence of steps:
1. Solar radiation absorbed by earth’s surface.
2. Earth gives off infrared radiation.
3. Greenhouse gases absorb some of the Earth’s infrared radiation.
4. Greenhouse gases (water and CO2) give off infrared radiation in all directions.
5. Earth absorbs downward directed infrared radiation
Result: warmer surface temperature
Energy Balance
Assume that the Earth’s surface is in thermodynamic equilibrium:
Thermodynamic Equilibrium: – The flow of energy
away the surface equals the flow of energy toward the surface
SurfaceAverage surface temperature = 15°C
Removal of greenhouse gases would decrease downward flow of energy; now energy away from surface is greater than energy toward surface.
Sudden Removal of all Greenhouse Gases
Removal of greenhouse gases would decrease downward flow of energy; now energy away from surface is greater than energy toward surface.
Thus, average surface temperature starts to decrease.
Sudden Removal of all Greenhouse Gases
As surface cools, emission of radiation decreases until balance is restored. At this point, cooling stops
Sudden Removal of all Greenhouse Gases
As surface cools, emission of radiation decreases until balance is restored. At this point, cooling stops and equilibrium is restored.
Average surface temperature = -18°C
Result: A Very Cold Planet!
Earth’s Greenhouse Effect
Without the greenhouse effect, the surface temperature of Earth would be – Way Cold (-18°C)
Greenhouse gases play an important role in shaping climate.– More GHGs – warmer climate– Less GHGs – cooler climate
Recent Climate Change
Modeled temperature changes
IPCC (2007)
(b) Additionally, the year by year (blue curve) and 50 year average (black curve) variations of the average surface temperature of the Northern Hemisphere for the past 1000 years have been
reconstructed from “proxy” data calibrated against thermometer data (see list of the main proxy data in the diagram). The 95% confidence range in the annual data is represented by the grey
region. These uncertainties increase in more distant times and are always much larger than in the instrumental record due to the use of relatively sparse proxy data. Nevertheless the rate and
duration of warming of the 20th century has been much greater than in any of the previous nine centuries. Similarly, it is likely7 that the 1990s have been the warmest decade and 1998 the
warmest year of the millennium.
Latest global temperatures
…“Over the last 140 years, the best estimate is that the global average surface temperature has increased by
0.6 ± 0.2°C” (IPCC 2001)
So the temperature trend is: 0.6°C ± 0.2°C
What does this mean?
Temperature trend is between 0.8°C and 0.4°C
The Uncertainty (± 0.2°C ) is critical component to the observed trend
CO2 Concentration in Atmosphere
Short Term Carbon Cycle
One example of the short term carbon cycle involves plants Photosynthesis: is the conversion of carbon dioxide and
water into a sugar called glucose (carbohydrate) using sunlight energy. Oxygen is produced as a waste product.
Plants require Sunlight, water and carbon, (from CO2 in atmosphere or
ocean) to produce carbohydrates (food) to grow. When plants decay, carbon is mostly returned to the
atmosphere (respiration)
During spring: (more photosynthesis) atmospheric CO2 levels go down (slightly)
During fall: (more respiration) atmospheric CO2 levels go up (slightly)
Current CO2: ~387 ppm
What Changed Around 1800?
Industrial Revolution– Increased burning of fossil fuels
Also, extensive changes in land use began– the clearing and removal of forests
Burning of Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels: Fuels obtained from the earth are part of the buried organic carbon “reservoir”– Examples: Coal, petroleum products,
natural gas The burning of fossil fuels is essentially
– A large acceleration of the oxidation of buried organic carbon
Land-Use Changes
Deforestation: – The intentional clearing of forests for
farmland and habitation This process is essentially an acceleration of
one part of the short-term carbon cycle: – the decay of dead vegetation
Also causes change in surface albedo (generally cooling)
Climate Feedbacks
The Earth’s climate is fairly stable in terms of temperature This can be visualized using in the following system diagram. The idea is that even though the system may change away
from it’s initial point, it will have the tendency to go back to ‘normal’ eventually.
Earth’s Climate
Stable Stable
1
2
3
Stability versus instability
Stable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium
Stable: – Given a perturbation, the system tends to return to original state
Instability: – Given a perturbation, the system moves to another state.
– The system may have multiple states of equilibrium
States of equilibrium
Stable to small perturbations, until a big force perturbs the system into a new equilibrium
2
1
3
Climate Stability
The Earth’s climate changes as a result of internal/external forcing:– Changes in solar radiation– Changes in the earth’s orbit– Plate tectonics– Volcanoes– Human pollution etc.
These forcings can be thought of as a perturbation (or push) to climate stability.
These changes can be enhanced or diminished by positive or negative feedbacks
Climate Stability
Internal Forcing mechanisms - processes that are internal to the climate system that
involve the various elements: ice, water vapor, CO2
External Forcing mechanisms- some forcing that can alter the system without itself being
altered. - solar variability, axis wobble, etc.
Climate Feedbacks Positive feedback:
– initial change reinforced by another process.– Trends towards instability
Negative feedback: – initial change counteracted by another process.– Trends towards stability
Positive Feedbacks
Processes that accelerate a change– Note: Feedbacks cannot initiate change; they
can only alter the pace of change
Important climate examples:– Ice-albedo feedback– Water-vapor feedback– Cloud feedback
Ice-Albedo Feedback (Cooling)
Earth Cools
Ice Coverage Increases
Albedo Increases
Absorption of Sunlight Decreases
Initiating Mechanism
Somehow this happens
Pos
itive
Fee
dbac
k
Fill in the blanks
Earth Warms
Ice Coverage ___________
Albedo _____________
Absorption of Sunlight _______
Initiating Mechanism1. increases, decreases, decreases
2. Decreases, decreases, increases
3. Increases, increases, increases
4. Decreases, decreases, decreases
Ice-Albedo Feedback (Warming)
Earth Warms
Ice Coverage Decreases
Albedo Decreases
Absorption of Sunlight Increases
Initiating Mechanism
Pos
itive
Fee
dbac
k
Fill in the blanks
1. Increases, increases, increases2. Increases, decreases, decreases3. Decreases, increases, increases4. Decreases, decreases, decreases
Earth Warms
Evaporation
Atmospheric Water Vapor Content
Greenhouse Effect
Initiating Mechanism
Water Vapor Feedback (Warming)
Earth Warms
Evaporation Increases
Atmospheric Water Vapor Content Increases
Greenhouse Effect Strengthens
Initiating Mechanism
Pos
itive
Fee
dbac
k
Water Vapor Feedback (Cooling)
Earth Cools
Evaporation Decreases
Atmospheric Water Vapor Content Decreases
Greenhouse Effect Weakens
Initiating Mechanism
Pos
itive
Fee
dbac
k
Negative Feedbacks
Processes that reduces an imposed change - Trends towards stability
Important examples:– Cloud feedback– Chemical weathering
Note: Positive/negative feedbacks have no relation to ‘good versus bad’, but are about how a system responds to a change.
Possible Role of Cloud in Warming or Cooling the Atmosphere
Figure 12.7 Role of cloud in both warming and cooling the atmosphere.
Increased warming bytrace gases
(including water vapour)
Increased airtemperatures
Increased watervapour
Increased cloudamount
of terrestrial radiationIncreased trappingIncreased reflection
of solar radiation
WarmingCooling
Net warmingor cooling
Which feedback is positive?
Figure 12.7 Role of cloud in both warming and cooling the atmosphere.
Increased warming bytrace gases
(including water vapour)
Increased airtemperatures
Increased watervapour
Increased cloudamount
of terrestrial radiationIncreased trappingIncreased reflection
of solar radiation
WarmingCooling
Net warmingor cooling
1. Left
2. Right