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Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054 Mass 3.3 x 10 23 kg (0.012 x 10 27 ounces) or 0.055 (Earth = 1) Density 5.43 gm/cm 3 Surface gravity 0.376 (Earth = 1) Rotation period (length of day in Earth days) 58.65 Revolution period (length of year in Earth days) 87.97 Mean surface temperature 116.86 C (332.33° F) Natural satellites None

Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

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Page 1: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Mercury:

Mean Distance from Sun

57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units

                                                                                                                                                Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles)                                                                                                                                                 Volume (Earth = 1)

0.054

                                                                                                                                                Mass 3.3 x 1023 kg (0.012 x 1027

ounces) or 0.055 (Earth = 1)                                                                                                                                                 Density 5.43 gm/cm3

                                                                                                                                                Surface gravity 0.376 (Earth = 1)                                                                                                                                                 Rotation period (length of day in Earth days)

58.65

                                                                                                                                                Revolution period (length of year in Earth days)

87.97

                                                                                                                                                Mean surface temperature

116.86 C (332.33° F)

                                                                                                                                                Natural satellites

None

Page 2: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Venus:

Mean Distance from Sun

108,208,930 km. (6.72 x 107 miles) or 0.723 astronomical units

                                                                                                                                            Diameter 12,103.6 km (7,520.83) miles

                                                                                                                                            Volume (Earth = 1) 0.88

                                                                                                                                            Mass 4.87 x 1024 kg (0.17 x 1027

ounces) or 0.814 (Earth = 1)                                                                                                                                             Density 5.24 gm/cm3

                                                                                                                                            Surface gravity 0.903 (Earth = 1)

                                                                                                                                            Rotation period (length of day in Earth days)

243 Earth days (spins backwards compared to most other planets)

                                                                                                                                            Revolution period (length of year in Earth days)

224.7 Earth days

                                                                                                                                            Mean surface temperature

456.85 C (854.33° F)

                                                                                                                                            Natural satellites None

                                                                           

Page 3: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Venus has few craters indicating relatively young surfaces.

Its atmosphere is composed mostly of carbon dioxide. There are several layers of clouds many kilometers thick composed of sulfuric acid.

These clouds completely obscure our view of the surface. This dense atmosphere produces a run-away greenhouse effect

that raises Venus' surface temperature by about 400 degrees to over 740 K (hot enough to melt lead).

Page 4: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Mars EarthAverage Distance

from Sun142 million miles 93 million miles

Average Speed in Orbiting Sun

14.5 miles per second 18.5 miles per second

Diameter 4,220 miles 7,926 miles

Tilt of Axis 25 degrees 23.5 degrees

Length of Year 687 Earth Days 365.25 Days

Length of Day 24 hours 37 minutes 23 hours 56 minutes

Gravity .375 that of Earth 2.66 times that of Mars

Temperature Average -81 degrees F Average 57 degrees F

Atmosphere mostly carbon dioxide some water vapor

nitrogen, oxygen, argon, others

# of Moons 2 1

Page 5: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Evidence for Large Water Flows on Mars

Layered Sedimentary Rock

Possible water Channels

Page 6: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Mean Distance from Sun

778,412,010 km (4.84 x 108 miles) or 5.20 astronomical units

                                                                                                                                                Diameter 142,984 km (88,846.1 miles)                                                                                                                                                 Volume (Earth = 1) 1,316

                                                                                                                                                Mass 1.90 x 1027 (66.97 x 1027 ounces)

or 317.8 (Earth = 1)                                                                                                                                                 Density 1.33 gm/cm3

                                                                                                                                                Surface gravity 2.34 (Earth = 1)                                                                                                                                                 Rotation period (length of day in Earth days)

0.41 Earth day (9.8 Earth hours)

                                                                                                                                                Revolution period (length of year)

11.86 Earth years

                                                                                                                                                Mean surface temperature

14.85 - 19.85 C (58.73 - 67.73° F)

                                                                                                                                                Natural satellites Four largest are Ganymede,

Callisto, Io, Europa. Two of next largest are Amalthea and Himalia. Twenty-two others had been discovered before 2001.

   

                                                                           

Jupiter

Page 7: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Io

Orbit: 422,000 km from Jupiter (5.9 RJ)Diameter: 3630 km

Voyager 1 discoveries hundreds of volcanic calderas, many are still active.

First real proof that the interiors of other "terrestrial" bodies are actually hot and active.

The material erupting from Io's vents appears to be some form of sulfur or sulfur dioxide.

Page 9: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Io’s Interior: Mantle of Rock, with Metallic Core

Page 10: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Distance from Jupiter: 671,000 km 9.3 RJ

Radius: 1,565 km

Europa

Europa has almost a complete absence of craters as well as almost no vertical relief.

Major Atmospheric Constituent: Oxygen

Page 11: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

A warm, convecting ice layer, located several kilometers below a cold, brittle surface ice crust (top model),

or

a layer of liquid water with a possible depth of more than 100 kilometers (bottom model).

These artist's drawings depict two proposed models of the subsurface structure of Europa,

If a 100 kilometer (60 mile) deep ocean existed below a 15 kilometer (10 mile) thick Europan ice crust, it would be 10 times deeper than any ocean on Earth and would contain twice as much water as Earth's oceans and rivers combined.

Major salt would be magnesium sulfate while the Earth's oceans are salty due to sodium chloride (common salt).

Page 12: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Europa has an atmosphere

From Plasma Sputtering

Page 13: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Distance from Jupiter: 1,070,000 km 14.95 RJ

Radius: 2,634 km

Ganymede

Ganymede is most likely composed of a rocky core with a water/ice mantle and a crust of rock and ice.

Major Atmospheric Constituent: Oxygen

It is heavily cratered, especially in the dark regions, implying ancient origin.

Page 14: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Ganymede Interior : Rock/Ice CrustWater/Ice mantle Rock Outer Core Metallic Core

Page 15: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Ganymede: Plasma Wind Erosion/ Mid-Latitude Projection via Global Magnetic Field

Page 16: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Distance from Jupiter: 1,883,000 km 26.3 RJ

Radius: 2,403 km

Callisto

It orbits just beyond Jupiter's main radiation belt.

Major Atmospheric Constituent: Carbon Dioxide

Callisto is the most heavily cratered satellite in the solar system. Its crust is very ancient and dates back 4 billion years, just shortly after the solar system was formed.

Page 17: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Callisto’s Interior : a relatively uniform mixture of comparable amounts of ice and rock.

Page 18: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Mean Distance from Sun

1,426,725,400 km (8.87 x 108 miles) or 9.54 astronomical units

                                                                                                                                                Diameter 120,536 km (74,897.6 miles)                                                                                                                                                 Volume (Earth = 1) 755

                                                                                                                                                Mass 5.69 x 1026 kg (2.01 x 1028 ounces)

or 95.2 (Earth = 1)                                                                                                                                                 Density 0.70 gm/cm3

                                                                                                                                                Surface gravity (896 cm/s (2))

1.16 (Earth = 1)

                                                                                                                                                Rotation period (length of day in Earth days)

0.44 (10.2 Earth hours)

                                                                                                                                                Revolution period (length of year)

29.46 Earth years

                                                                                                                                                Mean surface temperature

-139.15 C (-218.47° F)

                                                                                                                                                Natural satellites Titan is the largest, and the next

six in size are Rhea, Iapetus, Dione, Tethys, Enceladus, Mimas. Twenty-three others had been discovered before 2001.

                                                                                

          

Saturn

Page 19: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Like Jupiter, Saturn is about 75% hydrogen and 25% helium with traces of water, methane, ammonia and "rock", similar to the composition of the primordial solar system

Both planets also generate more energy than they absorb from the Sun – Brown Dwarfs

The rings are actually composed of innumerable small particles, ranging in size from a centimeter or so to several meters.

A few kilometer-sized objects are also likely.

Saturn's rings are extraordinarily thin: though they're 250,000 km or more in diameter they're less than one kilometer thick.

Page 20: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Titan

Distance from Saturn: 1,221,830 km, 10 RS

Radius: 2,575 km

An impenetrable layer of atmosphere and clouds.

Liquid seas or pools of methane or ethane; water would be frozen due to Titan's low surface temperature.

Page 21: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Kuiper Belt is a disk-shaped region past the orbit of Neptune roughly 30 to 100 AU from the Sun containing many small icy bodies.

It is now considered to be the source of the short-period comets.

Page 22: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Mean Distance from Sun

2,870,972,200 km (1.78 x 109 miles) or 19.19 astronomical units

                                                                                                                                                Diameter 51,118 km (31,763.3 miles)

                                                                                                                                                Volume (Earth = 1) 52

                                                                                                                                                Mass 8.68 x 1025 kg (3.06 x 1027 ounces)

or 14.48 (Earth = 1)                                                                                                                                                 Density 1.30 gm/cm3

                                                                                                                                                Surface gravity 1.15 (Earth = 1)

                                                                                                                                                Rotation period (length of day in Earth hours)

0.72 or 17.9 Earth hours (spins backwards compared to most other planets)

                                                                                                                                                Revolution period (length of year in Earth years)

83.75

                                                                                                                                                Mean surface temperature

-197.15 C (-322.87° F)

                                                                                                                                                Natural satellites Five of largest are Miranda, Titania,

Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel. Sixteen others had been discovered before 2001.

Uranus

Page 23: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Mean Distance from Sun

4,498,252,900 km (2.80 x 109 miles) or 30.07 astronomical units

                                                                                                                                                Diameter 55,528 km (34,503.5 miles)                                                                                                                                                 Volume (Earth = 1) 44

                                                                                                                                                Mass 1.02 x 1026 kg (3.61 x 1027 ounces)

or 17.2 (Earth = 1)                                                                                                                                                 Density 1.76 gm/cm3

                                                                                                                                                Surface gravity tba (1100 cm/s (2)

1.19 (Earth = 1)

                                                                                                                                                Rotation period (length of day in Earth days)

0.67 (19.1 Earth hours)

                                                                                                                                                Revolution period (length of year)

163.72 Earth years

                                                                                                                                                Mean surface temperature tba

-200.15 C (-328.27° F)

                                                                                                                                                Natural satellites Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Galatea,

Larissa, Proteus, Triton, Nereid

                                                                             

             

Neptune

Page 24: Mercury: Mean Distance from Sun 57,909,175 km (35,983.1 miles) or 0.387 astronomical units Diameter 4,879.4 km (3,031.92 miles) Volume (Earth = 1) 0.054

Mean Distance from Sun

5,906,376,200 km (3.67 x 109 miles) or 39.48 astronomical units

                                                                                                                                                Diameter 2,390 km (1,485.08 miles)                                                                                                                                                 Volume (Earth = 1) 0.005

                                                                                                                                                Mass 1.29 x 1022 kg (0.00046 x 1027

ounces) or 0.0025 (Earth = 1)

                                                                                                                                                Density 1.1 gm/cm3

                                                                                                                                                Surface gravity 0.066 (Earth = 1)                                                                                                                                                 Rotation period (length of day in Earth days)

6.39 (spins backwards compared to most other planets)

                                                                                                                                                Revolution period (length of year)

248 Earth Years

                                                                                                                                                Mean surface temperature

-215.35 C (-355.63° F)

                                                                                                                                                Natural satellites Charon

Pluto