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Mercury in the Onondaga Lake Remedy. Betsy Henry May 22, 2008. Current Global Mercury Cycle. Fish Consumption Advisories (in US based on mercury as of 2006). 3,080 advisories in 48 states, one territory, and two tribes 14,177,175 lake acres and 882,963 river miles - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Mercury in Mercury in the the Onondaga Onondaga LakeLakeRemedyRemedyBetsy HenryBetsy Henry
May 22, 2008May 22, 2008
Current Global Mercury CycleCurrent Global Mercury Cycle
Fish Fish Consumption Consumption Advisories Advisories (in US based on (in US based on mercury as of mercury as of 2006)2006)• 3,080 advisories in 48 3,080 advisories in 48 states, one territory, and states, one territory, and two tribestwo tribes
• 14,177,175 lake acres 14,177,175 lake acres and 882,963 river miles and 882,963 river miles
• 23 states including New 23 states including New York have issued York have issued statewide advisories for statewide advisories for mercury in freshwater mercury in freshwater lakes and/or riverslakes and/or rivers
Mercury Mercury StudyStudyReport toReport toCongressCongress
Mercury BioaccumulationMercury Bioaccumulation
Methylmercury TimelineMethylmercury Timeline
“…“…(mercury) is rather inert chemically and (mercury) is rather inert chemically and insoluble in water, hence it is unlikelyinsoluble in water, hence it is unlikely
to occur as a water pollutant.”to occur as a water pollutant.”
McKee and Wolf (1963)
1963 California Water Quality 1963 California Water Quality CriteriaCriteria
Improved Sampling and Analysis Improved Sampling and Analysis “Reduces” Mercury Concentrations “Reduces” Mercury Concentrations in Uncontaminated Surface Watersin Uncontaminated Surface Waters
Mercury Transformation Mercury Transformation Processes in Aquatic SystemsProcesses in Aquatic Systems
MethylationMethylation HgHg2+2+ + CH + CH33–– CH CH33HgHg++
biological, chemical, photochemicalbiological, chemical, photochemical
DemethylationDemethylation CHCH33HgHg++ + H + H+ + CH CH44 + Hg + Hg2+2+ biological, photochemicalbiological, photochemical
Reduction/VolatilizationReduction/Volatilization HgHg2+2+ + 2e + 2e–– Hg Hg00
biological, chemical, photochemicalbiological, chemical, photochemical
OxidationOxidation HgHg00 Hg Hg2+2+ + 2e + 2e–– chemicalchemical
Mercury TransformationMercury TransformationProcesses in AquaticProcesses in AquaticSystemsSystems
Onondaga Lake, New YorkOnondaga Lake, New York
a LCP purchased plant in 1979 and operated it until closure in 1988.
Allied Mercury Cell Chlor-Allied Mercury Cell Chlor-Alkali OperationsAlkali Operations
• Chlor-alkali productsChlor-alkali products– ChlorineChlorine– Caustic potash (KOH)Caustic potash (KOH)– Caustic soda (NaOH)Caustic soda (NaOH)
• Bridge Street plant (1953–1979Bridge Street plant (1953–1979aa))
• Willis Avenue plant (1947–1977)Willis Avenue plant (1947–1977)
• In 1970, mercury releases were reduced In 1970, mercury releases were reduced from 10 kg/day to less than 0.5 kg/dayfrom 10 kg/day to less than 0.5 kg/day
Mercury Cell Mercury Cell ElectrolysisElectrolysis
Source: http://www.greener-industry.org/pages/chlorine/6chlorine_PM1.htm
More than 6,000 More than 6,000 samples of lake and samples of lake and tributary water, lake tributary water, lake sediment, shoreline sediment, shoreline
groundwater, groundwater, wetlands, fish, wetlands, fish,
plankton, benthic plankton, benthic macroinvertebrates,macroinvertebrates,
and plantsand plants
More than 6,000 More than 6,000 samples of lake and samples of lake and tributary water, lake tributary water, lake sediment, shoreline sediment, shoreline
groundwater, groundwater, wetlands, fish, wetlands, fish,
plankton, benthic plankton, benthic macroinvertebrates,macroinvertebrates,
and plantsand plants
Onondaga Lake Remedial Investigation 1992—2000
Methylmercury in the Aquatic Methylmercury in the Aquatic Food Web of Onondaga Lake, Food Web of Onondaga Lake, New York New York in 1992 in 1992
Note: Units are g/May-Sept 92. First number is total mercury, second is methylmercury.
Mercury Mass Balance in Mercury Mass Balance in Onondaga LakeOnondaga Lake
Harbor Harbor BrookBrook
Semet PondsSemet Ponds
Willis AveWillis Ave
BallfieldBallfield
Ninemile Ninemile CreekCreek
Tributary 5ATributary 5A
Geddes Geddes BrookBrook
Dredge Dredge Spoils AreaSpoils AreaTown of Town of
Van BurenVan Buren
Town of G
eddes
Town of G
eddes
Town of C
amillus
Town of C
amillus
Town of Salina
Town of Salina
Town of Geddes
Town of Geddes
LiverpoolLiverpool
Syrac
use
Syrac
use
MetroMetroMetroMetro
Onondaga Onondaga LakeLake
Carousel Carousel MallMall
Carousel Carousel MallMall
Ley
Cre
ek
Ley
Cre
ek
Ley
Cre
ek
Ley
Cre
ek
NYS NYS FairgroundsFairgrounds
NYS NYS FairgroundsFairgrounds
LCPLCP
Groundwater Groundwater Collection Collection and and TreatmentTreatment
Former Former LCP LCP
PlantPlant
Honeywell owned sites
Sites owned by others
Remediation of plants and tributaries
Cleanup of Mercury Sources toCleanup of Mercury Sources toOnondaga LakeOnondaga Lake
Settling Settling Basins 12-15Basins 12-15
Settling Settling Basin 11Basin 11 Settling Settling
Basins 9 & 10Basins 9 & 10
Former Former Main PlantMain Plant
West FlumeWest Flume
Mathews Mathews AveAve
Settling Settling Basin BBasin B
East FlumeEast Flume
Former Allied OperationsFormer Allied Operations
Former LCP Plant CleanupFormer LCP Plant Cleanup
West Flume
West Flume
Mathews AveMathews Ave
NYS FairgroundsNYS Fairgrounds
Cutoff WallCutoff Wall
Ged
des
Bro
okG
edde
s B
rook
LCPLCP
Town of Town of GeddesGeddes
Town of Town of CamillusCamillus
Former Former LCP PlantLCP Plant
Primary source of lake mercury stoppedPrimary source of lake mercury stopped
Former LCP Site Mercury Soil Former LCP Site Mercury Soil WashingWashing
24˝ 2,204 lb Container
Nearly 8 tons of mercury recycledNearly 8 tons of mercury recycled
Innovative Soil Washing Innovative Soil Washing TechnologyTechnology 8,500 Tons of Soil Cleaned8,500 Tons of Soil Cleaned
Former LCP Site Cut off Wall Former LCP Site Cut off Wall InstallationInstallation
• 3,277 ft long, encompassing 17 acres3,277 ft long, encompassing 17 acres
• 35–70 ft deep 35–70 ft deep
Key project completed for lake cleanupKey project completed for lake cleanup
LCP Wetland RestorationLCP Wetland Restoration
• Completed fall 2007Completed fall 2007
• Nearly 12,000 trees and wetland plantsNearly 12,000 trees and wetland plants
• More than 20 native speciesMore than 20 native species
• Consultation with SUNY-ESF, TES, and Consultation with SUNY-ESF, TES, and AudubonAudubon
Route 690
Groundwater Groundwater Collection Collection System/Barrier WallSystem/Barrier Wall
Har
bor
Stops, collects and treats groundwaterStops, collects and treats groundwater
• Barrier wall Barrier wall construction beginsconstruction begins– 1.5 mile underground 1.5 mile underground
wallwall
– Being constructed in Being constructed in three phasesthree phases
– Will prevent Will prevent contamination from contamination from reaching lakereaching lake
– Groundwater cleaned Groundwater cleaned at Willis Ave plant to at Willis Ave plant to state standardsstate standards
Lake cleanup has begunLake cleanup has begun
GroundwaterGroundwaterCollection Phase 1Collection Phase 1
Groundwater Collection Phase Groundwater Collection Phase 22
Access Road
I-690
Fair Grounds
Access Road
I-690
ClayClay
MarlMarlInstall
Collection Trench
Groundwater
Restored Shoreline
Groundwater to Treatment Facility
SoilSoil
Barrier Wall
Onondaga LakeOnondaga Lake
Onondaga LakeOnondaga Lake
Semet Barrier WallSemet Barrier WallCompleted 12/06Completed 12/06
Onondaga LakeOnondaga Lake
Barrier Wall (Phase 1 – 2007)
Collection trench and wells (Phase 1 – 2007)
Pumping station
Storage tanks
Treatment facility (Operational 2006)
I-690
Treated water to lake
Groundwater
Plant is Now OperatingPlant is Now Operating
Groundwater Collection and Groundwater Collection and Treatment SystemsTreatment Systems
Storage tanksStorage tanks
Treatment plantTreatment plant
Internal equipmentInternal equipment
Groundwater Treatment and Groundwater Treatment and StorageStorage
The Onondaga Lake RemedyThe Onondaga Lake Remedy
• Consent decree signed Consent decree signed October 11, 2006 by Attorney October 11, 2006 by Attorney General, DEC, and Honeywell, General, DEC, and Honeywell, lodged January 4, 2007lodged January 4, 2007
• Pre-design investigation Pre-design investigation begun in 2005 to expedite begun in 2005 to expedite schedule schedule
• Design has begun—remedial Design has begun—remedial design work plan submitted design work plan submitted earlyearly
• Extensive community outreach Extensive community outreach by both DEC and Honeywell, by both DEC and Honeywell, supportive publicsupportive public
• Commitment to aggressive Commitment to aggressive 5 year schedule5 year schedule
Sediment Management UnitsSediment Management Units
Note: Units are g/May-Sept 92. First number is total mercury, second is methylmercury.
Mercury Mass Balance in Mercury Mass Balance in Onondaga LakeOnondaga Lake
Sediment RemediationSediment Remediation• Nearshore (littoral) sedimentNearshore (littoral) sediment
– Dredging an estimated 2.65 million cubic yards of the most Dredging an estimated 2.65 million cubic yards of the most contaminated sedimentcontaminated sediment
– Isolation cap an estimated 425 acres—all areas exceeding Isolation cap an estimated 425 acres—all areas exceeding sediment criteria in littoral area sediment criteria in littoral area
• Deep basin (profundal) sedimentDeep basin (profundal) sediment– Monitored natural recovery (MNR)Monitored natural recovery (MNR)
• Natural processes reduce chemical concentrations, exposure, Natural processes reduce chemical concentrations, exposure, and mobilityand mobility
• Refinement of MNR model used to predict future Refinement of MNR model used to predict future concentrationsconcentrations
• Long-term monitoring with thin layer cap as contingency Long-term monitoring with thin layer cap as contingency – Thin layer cappingThin layer capping
• Application of thin (e.g., 4 to 6 inches) cap over sediment not Application of thin (e.g., 4 to 6 inches) cap over sediment not expected to meet the sediment cleanup goals within 10 years expected to meet the sediment cleanup goals within 10 years following remediationfollowing remediation
Onondaga LakeOnondaga Lake
Groundwater CollectionGroundwater CollectionNear Shore Barrier WallNear Shore Barrier Wall
GroundwaterGroundwater
Contaminated Sediments
Removed During DredgingCapCap
Chemical Isolation LayerChemical Isolation Layer
Mixing LayerMixing Layer
Contaminated SedimentContaminated Sediment
Habitat Restoration LayerHabitat Restoration Layer
Erosion ProtectionErosion Protection(Where Needed)(Where Needed)
Capping/Dredging and Habitat Capping/Dredging and Habitat Restoration/ Enhancement In Restoration/ Enhancement In Onondaga LakeOnondaga Lake
Natural recovery is already occurring in SMU 8 sedimentsNatural recovery is already occurring in SMU 8 sediments
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
DE
PT
H (
cmD
EP
TH
(cm
)D
EP
TH
(cm
DE
PT
H (
cm)
TOTAL MERCURY TOTAL MERCURY (mg/kg)(mg/kg)
TOTAL MERCURY TOTAL MERCURY (mg/kg)(mg/kg)
Natural Recovery in Deep Natural Recovery in Deep Basin SedimentBasin Sediment
• Surface Surface concentrations concentrations reflect ongoing reflect ongoing inputs to the lake inputs to the lake
• Higher Higher concentrations are concentrations are permanently buried permanently buried by cleaner sedimentby cleaner sediment
Gas Ebullition
Resuspension Littoral Littoral SedimentSediment
Littoral Littoral SedimentSediment
EPILIMNIONEPILIMNION
HYPOLIMNIONHYPOLIMNION
MethylmercMethylmercury ury
ProductionProduction
Profundal Profundal SedimentSediment
MethylmercurMethylmercury y
BioaccumulatiBioaccumulationon
OxygenOxygenD
epth
Dep
th
Internal Source of Internal Source of MethylmercuryMethylmercury• Methylmercury produced under anoxic Methylmercury produced under anoxic
conditions by sulfate-reducing bacteriaconditions by sulfate-reducing bacteria
• Oxygen limits methylmercury Oxygen limits methylmercury productionproduction
Nitrate Control of Nitrate Control of Methylmercury ProductionMethylmercury Production
• Nitrate concentrations in Onondaga Lake Nitrate concentrations in Onondaga Lake increased when Metro started year-round increased when Metro started year-round nitrification in 2004nitrification in 2004
• In 2005, Syracuse University and Upstate In 2005, Syracuse University and Upstate Freshwater Institute (SU/UFI) observed that Freshwater Institute (SU/UFI) observed that nitrate increase delayed sulfate reductionnitrate increase delayed sulfate reduction
• They hypothesized that this delay would result They hypothesized that this delay would result in decreased methylmercury concentrations in in decreased methylmercury concentrations in the lakethe lake
Sequence of Redox ReactionsSequence of Redox Reactions
http://www.esf.edu/EFB/schulz/Limnology/Redox.htmlSource:
Time SeriesTime Seriesof Metabolic of Metabolic Indicators,Indicators,2006 and 20072006 and 2007(Volume-weighted(Volume-weightedhypolimnetichypolimneticaverages)averages)
Comparison of Maximum Comparison of Maximum Masses of Methylmercury in Masses of Methylmercury in the Hypolimnionthe Hypolimnion
Mercury in the Onondaga Mercury in the Onondaga Lake RemedyLake Remedy• Eliminate external sources of mercuryEliminate external sources of mercury• Dredging/cappingDredging/capping• Monitored natural recoveryMonitored natural recovery• Oxygen/nitrate additionOxygen/nitrate addition• Designed to meet the remedial goal of Designed to meet the remedial goal of
reducing mercury concentrations in reducing mercury concentrations in – sediment, sediment, – water, and water, and – fish fish
to levels that are protective of human to levels that are protective of human health and the environment. health and the environment.
Progress...Progress...
• Lake agreementLake agreement• Mercury source at LCP Bridge Street eliminatedMercury source at LCP Bridge Street eliminated• Groundwater barrier wall and treatment in Groundwater barrier wall and treatment in
progressprogress• 20082008
– Lake design work planLake design work plan– Phase 2 barrier wallPhase 2 barrier wall
...on the Cleanup of ...on the Cleanup of Onondaga LakeOnondaga Lake