MERCHANT SHIP CONSTRUCTION

Especially written for the Merchant Navy

BY

H. J. PURSEY EXTRA MASTER

Formerly Lecturer in Ship Construction to the School of Navigation

University of Southampton

GLASGOW BROWN, SON & FERGUSON, LTD., NAUTICAL PUBLISHERS

52 DARNLEY STREET

Classification of ships . . Lloyd's dimensions . . . . Sectims used in shipbuilding Connections . . . . . . Strengthening of joints and parts Rivetinn . . . . . . . Electric arc welding . . . . General types of ships . . Stresses and strains in ships Systems of construction . . Keels . . . . . . . . Cellular double bottoms . . Frames . . . . . . Beams . . . . . . . . Watertight bulkheads . .

. . . . Systems of pillarmg Massed pillaring . . . . Hatchways . . . . . . Shell and deck plating . . Sheathed decks and wood decks

/Bilge keels . . . . . . Deep tanks . . . . . . Peaks and panting arrangements Stems . . . . . . . .

d ~ u d d e n and sternframes . . Sterns . . . . . . . . Shaft tunnel6 . . . . . .

d s t e r n tubes and propellers . . Twin screws . . . . . . Superstructures and deckhouses Raised quarter decks . . Bulwarks . . . . . . Engine and boiler rooms . . Hatch beams and coven . . Hawsepipes . . . . . . Masts and derrick posts . . Ventilators . . . . . . Refrizerated shim . . . .

CONTENTS

SECTION I-GENERAL

. Strengthening for ice navigation Pides to tanks and bikes . .

CONTENTS

SECTION 11-THE CONSTRUCTTON OF OIL TANKERS PACE

General requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 General arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Structure in the bottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Structure under the deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Side framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Longitudinal bulkheads . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Cross ties . . . . . . 154 Transverse bulkheads . . 154 Framing at ends of ship . . . . 154 Cofferdams . . . . . . . . 156 Hatchways . . . . . . . . 156 Superstructures . . . . 156 Freeing arrangements . . 156 Pumping and piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

SECTION I I ISHIPYARD PRACTICE

Preliminary drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Preparations for building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

. . . Building the ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Prefabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

. . . . Launching the ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

SECTION IVSURVEYS. STEEL. TONNAGE. FREEBOARD AND LOADLINES

Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Types and testing of steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Tonnages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Freeboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

. . . . Loadlines and tonnage marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

SECTION V-LONGITUDINAL STRESSES AND STRESS DIAGRAMS

Bending stresses on girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Longitudinal bending stresses on ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

SECTION VI-DEFINITIONS

Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

INDEX

A PAGE

A-brackets . . . . . . 106 After peak . . . . 88 After peak bulkhead . . 54. 56 Air holcs . . . . . . . . . . 201

d ~ i r pipes . . . . . . . . . 134. 177 Air tests . . . . . . . . . . 44 Allowancc for propelling power 175 Alternative tonnage . . . . 179.'i82. 201

. . . . Aluminium. connection to steel 10 Aluminium deckhouses . . . . . 110 Aluminium welding . . . . . . 26 Amidships . . . . . . . . 201 Anglc bars . . . . . . . . 6 Angle connections . . . . . . 10 Anglos. toes and heels . . . . . . 208

. . . . Annual surveys . . . 3. 170 Arnls of rudders . . . . . . . . 95 Arc welding . . . . . . 19 Assignment of loadiines . . . . 3. 177

B

Balanced rudders . . 95. 96. 97. 99 Bar keels . . . . . . . . . . 38 Bar stems . . . . . . . . . . 92 Bars Base line . . . . . Basic minimum freeboard Beam knees . . . . . ~ ~~

Beams Beams. hcnding a i d erecting Beams. half . . . . Beams. hatch . . Beams . lonnitudinai . .

Bearing pintle . . . . Bending moment . . Bendine frames and beams Bendins of girders Bendins slabs . . . . Bending stress . . . . Bend tests . . . .

~ i l g e keels . . . . Bilge suctions . . . . Blank flanges . . . . Blind holes . . . . Blow holes . . . . Hlowpipe. oxy-acetylene Rudy plan . . . . Boiler point rivet . . Doiler rooms . . . . Bolted axle rudder . . Bossing for twin screws . . Boss plale . . . .

. . . . 6

. . . . 201

. . . . 177

. . 52 50. 52.'84. 116

. . 163. 164

. . 52. 70

. . 118 so. si.'70. 152

. . . . 50

. . 96 ixCi98. 201

. . 163

. . 30; i85-190

. . . . 163

. . 185-189

. . 172.173

Bottom. laying down . . Bottom structure in tanker Boundaries of bulkheads Raw height . . . . Bow lines . . . . . . Bracket floors . . . . Brackets . . . . Brackets. toes and heels Breadth moulded Brcaks of superstructure; Breasthook . . . . Bridges . . Bridge front'bulkhkad . . Brine traps . . . . Building slip . . . . Bulb angles . . . . Bulbous bow . . . . Bulb plate . . . . Bulk carrier . . Bulkhead boundaiiks . . Bulkhead plating . . Bulkhead spacing . . Bulkhead stiffeners . . Bulkheads. after peak . . Bulkheads. collision . . Bulkheads. corrugatcd . . Bulkheads in tankers . . Bulkheads. longitudinal . . Bulkheads for deep tanks Bulkheads. tests . . . . Bulkheads. transverse . . Bulkheads. wash . . . .

. . . . Bulwarks Buoyancy. reserve

. . . Buoyancy curve Buttock linos . . Buttress brackets Butt joints . . Butt welds . . Butts . . Butts. shift of . . . .

C

Camber . . . . . . Cant frames . . . . Cantilever frames . . Cargo doors . . . . Carlings . . . . . . Carriers . . . . . .

. . 14 i Casings . . . . . . 116. 154 / Castings . . . .

99 l Caulking .. . . . . . . . . 106 Ceiling . . . . 74 I Cellular do& bdkoms

PAGE

. . . . 163

. . . . 152

. . . . 58

. . . . 178

. .

. . . .

. . . . l3

10. 152 . . . . 208 . . . 4 . . . . 201 . . . . 88 . . 108. 201 . . . . 110 . . . . 128 . . . . 163 . . . . 6 . . . . 92 . . . . 6 . . . . 140 . . . . 58 . . . . 56 . . 54 . 201

214 MERCHANT SHIP CONSTRUCTION

PAGE 1 . ~~

Centre girder . . . . . . 38 . 42 . 152 . . Centre iine . . . . . . . . 202 Channel bars . . . . . . . . 6 Chain plates . . . . . . . . 202 Chocks . . . . . . . . . . 78

Cleats . . . . Coamings. hatch . . Coamings. ventilator Coefficient of fineness Cofferdams . . Coliin plate Collision bulkhead Combination svsiem . . Comolete supe;structure shin . . . . 202 Comiressiv~stress . . . . . . 30 Concentratcd loads . . . . . . 187 Conditions of assim~nent . . . . 177

Counter stern . . . . Countersunk riveting . . Couplings . . . . Covers. hatch . . . . Covers. ventilator . . Crack arrcstors . . . . Cropping . . . . . . Cross bunkers . . . . Cross ties . . . . . . Crown of tank Cruiser stern . . . . Crutches . . . . . . Curtain "late . . . .

Curve of bending moment Curve of floodable lcngth Curve of loads . . . . ~ .. ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ -

Curve of shearing force . . Curve of weights Cutting by oxy-acetylene

Deadlights Deck glrdcrs Deck houses Deck line Deck openings Deck plating Deck ~ l a n s Deck Funncr . . . . 60 Deck stringer . . . 72. 76. 78. 84 Decks . . . . . . 28. 72. 74. 76. 78.80

. . . . Deductions for tonnage . . 175 Defects of weldinc . . . . . . 24 Deep framing . . . . . 48. 88 Deep tanks . . . . 84. 86. 148. 154 Deep tank suctions . . . . . . 134 Deoth . . . . . . . . . . 4.178 ~ i igona l s . . . . . . . . 160 Diaphragm plates . . . . . . 112 Dimensions . . . . . . . 4 Discharges . . . . . . 136. 177 Distortion effects in welds . . 22

Distributed loads Docking surveys . . . .

!/Double bottoms . . . Doubling plates . . . . Double plate rudder . . Drags . . . . . . Drawings . . . . . . Drift punch . . . . Drilled holes . . . . Drydocking . . . . Duct keels . . . .

Effectivc superstructure . . Elastic limit . . . . Electric arc welding . . Electrodes . . . . Elliptical stern . . . . Engine room . . . . Entrance . . . . . Equipment . . . . Excess of hatchways . . Exempted spaces . . Expansion trunk . . . .

F

. Floors . . . . . . Floors. rise of . . . . Flush deck ship . . . . Flux . . . . . . Forecastles Fore peaks . . . . Forgings . . . . . . Frame numberinc . . Frame snacing Framing . . . Frames . . . . 35. Freeing arrangements . . Full scantlina ship . .

. . . . Garboard strake Gas carrier . . Girders. bcnding $icsscs Grades of steel . . . . Gross tonnage

PAGE

. . 188. 189

. . l71 ~ 7 . 1 1 6 . 148 . . 12. 62 . . . 95 . . . . 165 . . . . 160 . . . 18 . . . . 16 . . . . 33

. . 38

Gudgeons Gussets

INDEX

Half beams . . . . . . 52, 70 Half block model . . . . . 162 Half breadth plan . . . . . . 160 Half length amidships . . . . . . 205 I-lard spots . . . . . . . . 24 Hatch h a m s . . . . . . . . 118 Hatch end beams . . 68 Hatch coamings . . . . 66, '88, 70,'i56, 177 Hatch covers . . 118, 120, 178 Hatchways 50, 52,'64, 66, 68, 70, 84, 156 Hawsepipe . . . . . . . . 122 Heels . . . . . . . . . . 208 Height of coamings . . . . 66, 126 Height of air pipes . . . . 134 Hogging . . . . . . . . 32,'i90, 193 Holds, insulated . . . . . . . . 128 Horning . . . . . . . . . . 164 Hose tests . . . . 205 . -.. Hounds . . . . . . . . . . 205

. - Insert plates . . . . 12. 62. 66 . . Insulation . . . . . . 128 Integration . . . . . . 190 Intercostals . . . . 4 0 205 ~. --- Inverted angles . . . . . . 6 Inverted T-bars . . . . . . 6 Tshcrwood systcm . . 34, 148

Joggling . . . . Joggled systems . . Joints . . . .

Kcel blocks . . Keels . . . . Knees . . . .

Landing edges . . Laps . . ~ a p p e d joinis . . Launching . . Lengths . . . . Lightening holes . . Limher holes . .

Loads, curve of . . Loadline disc . . Loadlines, assignment Local weilrhts . . ~ockrd-up stress Locking bars . . Locking pintle . .

M MacGregor hatches Machinery spaces Machine welding Manholes . . ,

Margin line Margin plate . . Massed pillars . . Mast partncrs . . Masts ~iddlc-line'bulkheadr Modified tonnage Moulded dimensions Mould loft . .

N

PAGE

Nett register tonnage . . . . Non-return valves

175 . . 132,'i36, 205

Notches . . . . . . . . . . 24 Notch-resistant steel . . . . . . 172 Numbering deck plates . . . 72. 206 Numbering framcs . . . . 48, 206 Numbering shell plates . . . . 72, 206

O Occasional surveys . . Off and fair . . . . Offsets . . . . . . Oil tanks . , . . . . Oil tankers . . . . Oven floors . . . . openings . . . . . . Ordinary pillars . . . . Ordinary sterns . . . . Ore carrier . . . ~

Optical projection of line? Oxter platc . . Ony-acctylene bloipipe . .

Palm platcs . . . . Pan head rivct . . . .

Manting . . . . . . Panting beams and stringers

/Peaks . . . . . . Penetration . . . . Periodical survevs Permanent gangways . . Permanently closed-in spaL.es Permanently-reduced lonnagc Permissible length . . Perpendiculars . . . . Pillars . . . . . . Pintles . . Pipes at buikheadi ' . . Pipes in weldr . . . Piping . . . .

216 MERCHANT SHIP CONSTRUCTION

PAGE I Pitch of rivets Plans . . . . . . plate bracket knees . . . . Plate floors . . . . . . Plate stems . . . . . . Piate preparation . . . . Plating . . . . Plates . . 18.62. 7'2; plimsoll mark . . . . . . Plue hatches . . . . . . plumbing . . . . . . . . Plummer blocks . . . . . Poop bulkheads . . . . . . poops . . . . . .

VPoundina . . . . . . prefabrication . . . . . . Preparation for welding . . Profile . . . . . . . . Propeller post . . . . . . Pro~elling power allowance . .

/propellers . . . . . . . Punched holes . . . .

flPumain~ . . . . . . 13'2: . ~ ~ ~ - ~ = - ~ YPumo rooms

Quarter deck . . . . . . 28. 112 Quartcr line . . . . . . . . 206 Quarter pillars . . . . . . . . 60

Racking Rag . . . . Rails Raised auarter d&k Rake . . ~efrigerated'ship Register tonnage Reserve buoyancy Residual stress . . Ribbaods . . . . Rigging . . . . Rimers . . . . Rise of floor . . Rivet bars Rivets . . . . Round bars . .

VRx~dders . . . . ........ Rudder bearings . . Rudder posi . . Rudder trunk . . Run . . . . Running-up tanks

Sagging . . . . Sagging moments Scallops . . . . Scantlings . . Scarphed joints . . Screivc board . . Scuppers . . . . Seam . . . . Sections . . . . Semi-balazced rudders Set iron . . . .

Shaft tumels . . Shearing force . . Sheathed decks . .

! Stom valves I Strain . .

Strakes . . Strapped joints . . Streamlined rudders Strength continuity of

Stress concentrations Stress diagrams . . Stress in welds . . - ~ ~ - ~ - ~

Striking plate . . / Stringem. deck . . / ~tr/niers . panting ~tnngers. sldc . . 1 Strong beams . .

Su&tructures . . . . suryeys .. . . Systems of const&tion Swedged bulkheads . .

Tabernacle . . . . Tack welds . . . . Tail end shaft . . . . Tanks Tank side bracket; ' . . Tank suctions . . . . ~ a n k asts . . Tap rivets . . . . T-bars . . . . . . Templates . . . . Tensde stress . . . . Tensile tests . . . . Tests. air . . . . . . Tests. hose . . Tests of bulkheads ' . . Tests of materials . . Tests of rivets . . . . Testa of tanks . . Three-hatch ship . . . . Three-island ship . . Thickness of plating . . Tie plates . . . . . . Timber loadlinw . . T-joints TO= of a i l i s and brack'eis Tonnage . . . . . . Tonnage deck . . . . Tonnage of hatchways . Tonnage mark . . . . Topside tank8 . . . . Transom . . . . . . Transom floor . . . . Transom stem . .

INDEX

PAGE . . . . 134 . . . . 104 . . . . 23 . . 132. 134

208 10s; li0.'156, 208

3. 169. 170. 171 . . . . 34 . . . . 56

Transverse bulkheads . . Transverse framing . . Transverses . . . . Transverse system . . Triggers . . . . . . Tripping . . . . . . Tripping brackets . . Tumble home . . . . Tunnel recess . . . . Tunnel well . . . . Tunnels . . . . ~ e e n deck; . . . . Twin screws . . Types A and B shids . . Types of ships . . . . Types of weld . . . .

U Undercutting . . . . Under deck tonnage . .

v Valve chest . . . . Valves. non-return . . Valves. storm . . Ventilation in tan);;rs . . Ventilators . . . . Vibration . . . . . .

W Wash bulkheads

~ ~

Washplates . . Watertight bulkhe&ds . . Watertight floors . . Web frames . . . . Wedm . . . . . . Weiats. curve of . . Welded joints . . . .

. . . . Welded plating Weldinx . . . . . . . Wells . . . . Wood decks' . . . .

217

PAGE