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CONTENTS
Sno. Topic Page no.
1 Introduction and Meaning
2 Evolution and emergence
3 Objective of merchant banking
4 Need and importance
5 Role of merchant banking
6 Responsibilities of merchant banking
7 Function of merchant banking
8 Qualities
9 Registration
10 Advantages
11 Merchant banking organizations
12 Services of merchant banking
13 Growth of merchant banking in India
14 Players in merchant banking
15 Challenges
16 Future development
17 Leading merchant banking in india
18 Conclusion
19 Bibliography
MERCHANT BANKING SERVICES
INTRODUCTION
The term Merchant Banking has its origin in the trading methods of countries in the late
eighteenth and early nineteenth century when trade-taking place was financed by bill of
exchange drawn by merchanting houses. At that time the merchants were merely financing their
own activities. As international trade grew and other lesser-known names wanted to import
goods from abroad, the established merchants ‘lent their names’ to the newcomers by agreeing to
accept bills of exchange on their behalf. The acceptance houses would charge a commission for
this service and thus there grew up the business of accepting bills of finance trade not merely of
themselves, but of others. Acceptance business thus became and to a degree always has been
hallmark of true Merchant Banks.
The second historical of Merchant Banks was the raising of capital for foreign Government. In
many cases, the Merchant Banks have been trading in the countries concerned and gained the
confidence of Governments and other authorities in those countries. Thus the second principal
ingredient of Merchant Banking became and still is, raising of capital through the issue of stocks
and bonds.
Therefore, Merchant Banks can be accepting houses or issuing houses or both. Merchant
Banking started in the beginning of 20th century in UK and USA. More recently, the services
offered by Merchant banks have entered into the other areas of operations. Their role is wide
and they can now provide most of the financial services required by a company, touching almost
all aspects of establishing and running of industrial units on sound financial footing.
Dictionary meaning of ‘merchant bank’ refers to an organization that underwrites corporate
securities and advises such clients on issues like corporate mergers, etc. involved in the
ownership of commercial ventures. This organization may be a bank, corporate body, firm or
proprietary concern.
This definition suits well in Indian context. Merchant banking in India started with management
of public issues and loan syndication and has been slowly and gradually covering activities like
project counseling, portfolio management, investment counseling and mergers and amalgamation
of the corporate firms. Although, merchant banking organizations present a long list of services
they contemplate to render to their clients but the main services so far being rendered by them
are those as authorized by the Securities & Exchange Board of India (Merchant Bankers) Rules,
1992 as “any person who is engaged in the business of issue management either by making
arrangements regarding selling, buying or subscribing to securities as manager, consultant,
advisor or rendering corporate advisory service in relation to such issue management”.
MEANING OF MERCHANT BANKING
Merchant banker is one who underwrites corporate securities and advises clients on issue. The
merchant banker may be in the form of a bank, a company, firm or even a proprietary concern. It
is basically service banking which provides non-financial services such as arranging for funds
rather than providing them. The merchant banker understands the requirements of the business
and arranges finance with the help of financial institution, stock exchange, banks and money
market.
Merchant Banking is an important service provided by a number of financial institutions that
helps in the growth of the corporate sector which ultimately reflects into the overall economic
development of the country. Merchant banks were expected to perform several functions like
issue management, underwriting, portfolio management, loan syndication, consultant, advisor
and host of other activities. SEBI was also made all powerful to regulate the activities of
merchant banks in the best interest of investors and economy.
EVOLUTION & EMERGENCE OF MERCHANT BANKING
India has entered the 21st century as one of the Asia’s most dynamic economies. This is the part
of the assessment made by International Financial and Capital Market Institutions based on
India’s economic and financial reforms initiated in 1991 and brought to fruition in various
budget. In fact, the achievement is the cumulative effect of yester years coupled with economic
reforms in the Indian economy.
The progress of any economy mainly depends on the efficient financial system of the country.
Indian economy is no exception financial system of the country. The importance of the financial
sector reforms affirms an effective means for solving the problems of economic, financial and
social in India and elsewhere in the developing nations of the world. The progress of the
Securities Industry of any country depends mainly on the flow of funds. In fact, capital
generation is the lifeblood of the capital market without which the health and soundness of the
financial system cannot be geared and for which well-developed capital market as well as money
market is essential.
The Indian financial system, as it has evolved, is comparable in many respects with the financial
system of the most advanced developing countries as well as some of the developed countries. It
has a well-diversified structure of financial institutions and instrument and, in fact financial
development has out-placed economic development. India’s capital market is among the largest
in the developing world. The market is comprised of 24 stock exchanges transacting long-term
debt; debentures and equity shares both electronic and physical forms. Derivatives financial
instruments are also be added to the market shortly. The number of firms listed on the Indian
Stock Exchange is more than the USA. Market Capitalisation of listed firms is 1980s was
similar to Brazil, Malaysia, Singapore and Denmark.
The capital market of the country, however, underwent dramatic changes since the beginning of
1980s basically because of a progressive realization that the command economy on which the
emphasis was placed could not lead to higher levels of economic development and that a slant
towards a market-oriented economy is necessary. Government did this gradually by opening up
progressively new areas of economic activity for the private sector.
It is in the context of fast expanding economy and a liberalized and deregulated atmosphere that
the growth of the Indian Stock Market activities has to be viewed. No wonder that the markets
have registered a quantum jump judge by any standards. India is now a major player in the
emerging markets of the world, next only to Mexico, Korea and Taiwan both in respect of
market capitalization and turnover.
MERCHANT BANKING
Objectives:
Merchant Banker plays a vital role in the economic and financial development of the country.
As a result of economic and financial liberalization new companies are formed and number of
issues floated to raise resources from the investor community.
Considering the significance of the issue the Government of India instituted SEBI in 1990 to
regulate and control various market intermediaries. SEBI issued various rules and regulations
for each and every segment of the capital market. To regulate Merchant bankers, with the twin
objective viz., investor protection and development of the capital market, SEBI issued rules and
regulations for Merchant Bankers. Subsequent amendments also have been made to these
regulations to further strengthen this segment of the securities industry. These regulations
(Merchant Banking) specified that every company desires to float an issue to the public should
engage Merchant Banker (Registered under these regulations with SEBI) as Lead Manager.
In this context Merchant Banker gained the importance in the Indian Securities Industry. In the
wake of economic reforms and financial liberalization the need for financial resources has
significantly increased. As an intermediary-Merchant Banker plays a crucial role in exploring
the ways and means for the funds. Besides, issue management, Merchant Banker also performs
several other important functions like underwriting of securities, Private placement of securities,
corporate advisory services e.g., Takeovers, Acquisitions, Disinvestments Managing &
International offerings of debt/equity, i.e. GDR, ADR, Primary dealership of government
securities, Syndication of rupee, term loans, international financial advisory services, etc. which
require special skills.
Having given a serious and careful thought to securities industry reforms, SEBI has taken efforts
seriously to boost the splendid endeavor of securities market intermediaries. As a result,
Merchant Bankers came into being to look after the promotion and administration of issues. It is
well known fact that without adequate professional support of Merchant Bankers the securities
industry cannot prosper.
NEED & IMPORTANCE OF MERCHANT BANKING IN INDIA
Important reason for the growth of merchant banking has been the developmental activity
throughout the country, exerting excess demand on the sources of funds forever expanding
industry and trade, thus, leaving a widening gap unabridged between the supply and demand of
investible funds.
All Indian financial institutions had experienced resource constraint to meet the ever-increasing
demand for funds from the corporate sector enterprises. In the circumstances corporate sector
had the only alternative to avail of the capital market services for meeting their long-term
financial requirements through capital issues of equity and debentures.
With the growing demand for funds there was pressure on capital market that enthused the
commercial banks, share brokers and financial consultancy firms to enter into the field of
merchant banking and share the growing capital market. With the result, all the commercial
banks in nationalized and public sector as well as private sector including the foreign banks in
India have opened their merchant banking windows and are competing in this field. There has
been a mushroom growth of financial consultancy firms and broker firms doing advisory
functions as merchant bankers as well as managing public issues in syndication with other
merchant bankers.
The need of merchant banking institutions is felt in the wake of huge public savings lying still
untapped. Merchant banks can play highly significant role in mobilizing funds of savers to
investible channels assuring promising return on investments and thus can help in meeting the
widening demand for investible funds for economic activity.
With the growth of merchant banking profession corporate enterprises in both public and
private, sectors would be able to raise required amount of funds annually from the capital market
to meet the growing requirements for the funds for establishing new enterprises, undertaking
expansion/modernization/diversification of the existing enterprises. This reinforces the need for a
vigorous role to be played by merchant banks.
Merchant banks have been procuring impressive support from capital market for the corporate
sector for financing their projects. This is evidenced from the increasing amount raised from the
capital market by the corporate enterprises year after year.
In view of multitude of enactments, rules and regulations, guidelines and offshoot press release
instructions brought out by the Government from time to time imposing statutory obligations
upon the corporate sector to comply with all those requirements prescribed therein, the need of
skilled agency existed which could provide counseling in these matters in a package form.
Merchant bankers, with their skills updated information and knowledge, provide this service to
the corporate units and advise them on such requirements to be complied with for raising funds
from the capital market under different enactments viz. companies Act, Income-tax Act, Foreign
Exchange Regulation Act, Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, and various other corporate
laws and regulations.
Merchant bankers advise the investors of the incentives available in the form of tax reliefs, other
statutory relaxations, and good return on investment and capital appreciation in such investment
to motivate them to invest their savings in securities of the corporate sector. Thus, the merchant
bankers help industry and trade to raise funds, and the investors to invest their saved money in
sound and healthy concerns with confidence, safety and organizations for higher yields.
ROLE OF MERCHANT BANKERS
The role of merchant banker is dynamic in the wake of diverse nature of merchant banking
services. Merchant banker’s dynamism lies in promptly attending to the corporate problems and
suggests ways and means to solve it. The nature of merchant banking services is development
oriented and promotional to help the industry and trade to grow and survive. Merchant banker is,
therefore, dedicated to achieve this objective through his dynamism. He is always awake to
renew skills, develop expertise in new areas so as to equip oneself with the knowledge and
techniques to deal with emerging new problems of corporate business world. He/she has to keep
pace with the changing environment where government rules, regulations and policies affecting
business conditions frequently change; where science and technology create new innovations in
production processes of industries envisaging immediate renovations, diversification,
modernizations or replacements of existing plant and machinery or other equipments putting new
demands for finances and necessitating overhauling of the capital structure of the firms.
Merchant banker has to think and devise new instruments of financing industrial projects.
He/she has to assume wider responsibilities of saving industrial units from going sick and
guiding industries to be set up industrially backward areas to eliminate regional imbalances in
industrial development of the country. Merchant banker has to guide the wider section of the
community possessing surplus money to invest in corporate securities and other productive
investment channels. He/she has to help the industry in different forms to ensure that it runs risk
free and devoid of uncertainty by assisting the has to watch the interest and win over the
confidence of the Government, its agencies, along with the entrepreneurs, the investors and the
whole community. He/she must bridge the communication gap between different sections and
resolve the problem being faced in different areas concerned with the business world.
To discharge the roles, a merchant banker has to be dynamic; he/she depicts a personality cult,
which is unique and envious to be followed by others. In the days ahead, merchant bankers
would have very significant role to play tuning their activities to the requirements of the growth
pattern of corporate sector, the industry and the economy as a whole, which is, in it, a
challenging task and to meet these challenges merchant bankers will have to be more vigorous
and strategic in playing their role. They will have also to adopt new ways and means in
discharging their role.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MERCHANT BANKER
Investor protection is fundamental to a healthy growth of the Capital Market. Protection is not to
be conceived as that of compensating for the losses suffered. The responsibility of the Merchant
Banker in ensuring the completeness of the disclosures is of paramount importance in view of
the fact that entire reliance is based on offer document either Prospectus or Letter of Offer
because an independent agency like a Merchant Banker has done the scrutiny.
o Capital structuring: The Merchant Bankers while designing the capital structure take into
account the various factors such as Leverage effect on earnings per share, the project cost and
the gestation period, cash flow ability of the company, the cost of capital, the considerations
of management control, size of the company, and general economic factors. These exercise
are done mainly in order to meet the fund requirement of the company taking due cognizance
of the investor’s preference.
o Project Evaluation and due Diligence: Due diligence and project evaluation is another
major responsibility of the Merchant Banker. Where the project has already been appraised
by a bank/financial institution, the Merchant Banker relies on the said appraisal before
accepting an assignment. However, where the project has not been appraised by as
bank/financial institution, the Merchant Bank undertakes a detailed evaluation of the project
before taking up an assignment for issue management.
o Legal aspect: The factors that are looked into in case of the legal aspects are:
Compliance with the SEBI guidelines and the various guidelines issued by the Ministry
of Finance and Department of Company Affairs.
Pending litigation’s towards tax liabilities or any criminal/civil prosecution any of the
directors for any offenses.
Fair and adequate disclosures in the prospectus.
o Pricing of the Issue: The Merchant Banker looks into the various factors while pricing the
issue. Some of the factors are past financial performance of the company, book value per
share, stock market performance of the shares. The Merchant Banker has a vital role to play
in pricing of the instrument.
o Marketing of the Issue: Marketing of the issue is a vital responsibility of the Merchant
Banker. The first stage is Pre-issue marketing for placement of the issue with the financial
institutions, banks, mutual funds, FII’s and NRI’s. The second stage is the marketing of the
issue to the general public through various vehicles such as press, brokers, etc.
o Bought out Deals: The concept of wholesale but out of public offerings by the Merchant
Bankers started off with over the Counter Exchange of India where a Merchant banker acts
also as a sponsor and either takes up the entire issue to be offered wholly of jointly with other
co-investors and off-loads the same to the public at a later date by an offer for sale. Major
amendments were made to the SEBI regulations regarding Merchant Bankers. The duration
of this transaction period has not officially been announced.
company
agreement
merchant banker
FUNCTIONS OF MERCHANT BANKING
1. Lead manager:
A company coming out with a public issue has to come out with an Offer Document/
Prospectus. An offer document is the document that contains all the information you
need about the company. It will tell you why the company is coming is out with a public
issue, its financials and how the issue will be priced. Just because the prospectus has been
filed with SEBI, it doesn't mean it recommends the issue or guarantees its contents. That
responsibility rests with the lead managers to the issue, who are supposed to do due
diligence on the issue. That means lead managers have to ensure the company is
following the rules laid down for an IPO, that it has made available all the information a
potential investor needs to know and that the facts in the prospectus are correct. They are
also called merchant bankers and are in charge of the issue process. They act as
intermediaries between the company and the investors. They are also responsible for
drawing up the prospectus and marketing the issue.
MERCANT BANKING
LEAD MANAGER
UNDERWRITER
BANKER TO ISSUE
BROKERS TO ISSUE
REGISTRAR TO ISSUE
AND SHARE TRANSFER
AGENT
PORTFOLIO MANAGEME
NT
Eligibility of issue: Eligibility of issue of the company is done by the lead manager, the
company must fulfill certain rules of SEBI they are as follows
It should have net tangible assets of Rs. 3 cores, which not 50% should not be a monetary
assets.
It should have track record of distributable profit s according to the sec 205 for at least 3 out
of immediate 5 year.
In case of change in the name of the company they should have earned profit in the current
name.
i. Offer of document made to SEBI:
The offer document should be made to public for a period of 21 days from the
date of filling the draft offer document with SEBI. The lead merchant banker
should while filing the document with SEBI has to file a document with stock
exchange where the share is to be listed making it available to the public.
company
capital < 50 lakhs
letter of offer in accordance to sebi
capital >50 lakhs
draft of prospectus should be filed with
sebi -- 21 day prior to filing with roc
Offer document made to sebi
Pre issue advertisement
IPO grading
Despatch of issue material
No complaint certificate
Mandatory collection centre
Authorised collection agent
Post issue management
ii. Pre issue advertisement:
Subject to sec 66 of companies act, the issuer company should soon after
receiving a final observation from SEBI make an advertisement in English news
paper national daily with wide circulation, one Hindi and regional newspaper at
the place of its registered office .
iii. IPO grading:
The issue must disclose all the grades including unaccepted grades in the
prospectus.
iv. Despatch of issue management:
The merchant banker should dispatch all the documents relating to issue of
prospectus to underwriters, investors, banker.
v. No complaint certificate:
After 21 days from the date of draft offer document the merchant banker should
file a statement with SEBI giving the list of complaints received by it.
vi. Mandatory collection centre:
The issuing companies are free to issue as many issue as many deemed issue
centre.
vii. Post issue management:
2. Underwriter:
Underwriting is an act guarantee by an organization for a sale of certain minimum
amount of shares issued by public company. When the shares are not fully subscribed the
underwriters, underwrite those share. They have to get prior permission from SEBI.
SEBI will permit the underwriter only if it finds the net worth of the underwriter is good.
3. Banker to issue:
The banker to issue is engaged in acceptance of application money from the investor and
refund of application money. To act as banker to issue the banker has to get certificate
from SEBI. They should have necessary infrastructure.
4. Registrar to an issue
Register to an issue acts act as intermediary in the issue market, carry on activities such
as collecting of application money from the investors and maintaining a proper record of
application money received from the investors. They also assist the company in allotment
process; finalize allotment, dispatch of letters, refund orders and certificate in respect of
issue capital.
5. Portfolio management
Merchant banker helps the investor in mater pertaining to investment decision. Taxation
and inflation are taken in to account while advising in investment in different securities.
The merchant banker also undertakes function of buying and selling of securities on
behalf of their client companies. Shifting of investments is done in such a way that it
ensures maximum return and minimum risk.
6. Corporate counseling
Merchant bank provides advice to ensure better corporate performance in terms of
prolonged existence and survival, steady growth through better working results and also
provide suggestions and opinions to take corrective actions for solving corporate
problems and help by restructuring the corporate set-up if necessary. With improper
corporate structure of company, it may experience high financial risk, low or no growth,
etc. Merchant bank help redesign capital and provide an appropriate structure for an
optimum growth and minimum risk. It helps diagnose the financial problems and provide
customized solution for company.
7. Project counseling
Merchant banker offers service as to Preparation of Project Reports as per Institutional
Norms and Loan Syndication etc., suggest Feasible Projects as per budget and attitude of
clients as well as Monitoring of Industrial Projects etc.
a. Loan Syndication: Syndication is an arrangement where a group of banks, which
may not have any other business relationship with the borrower, participate for a
single loan. A syndicated facility is a lending facility, defined by a single loan
arrangement, in which several or many banks participate.
b. Mergers / Acquisitions: The services offered are:
i. Identification of the potential targets for takeover.
ii. Appraisal of merger/takeover proposals with respect to the financial viability
and technical feasibility.
iii. Negotiating with the interested parties.
iv. Determination of the purchase consideration and the appropriate exchange
ratio.
v. Assistance related to procedural and legal aspects.
vi. Obtaining necessary approval.
8. Capital market
i. Preparation of prospectus and other related information.
ii. Advising the company regarding the issue.
iii. Advising the management on the company's financing structure.
iv. Selection of brokers, bankers and advertisers for the issue.
v. Coordinating with the stock exchanges.
vi. Final allotment and/or refund of subscription amount.
Other functions
Venture capital:
Venture capital is a kind of finance where in new venture proposed by an entrepreneur is
financed. Venture capital carries more risks and hence very few financial institutions
come forward to finance. As the risk involved is more, the technical competency of the
entrepreneur is an important for the venture capital finance.
QUALITIES OF GOOD MERCHANT BANKERS
Merchant bankers are individual experts who organize and manage the merchant banks. The
operations of merchant banks are, therefore, influenced by the personality trait of these
individuals. For the success of merchant bank’s operations, the qualities which merchant
bankers should have are discussed below:-
a. Leadership: merchant banker should possess all relevant skills, update knowledge to
interact with the clients and effectively communicate.
b. Aggressive action: aggressiveness is a personality trait of a good leader but in merchant
banking it has a wider connotation. Aggressive merchant bankers are always looking for
new business. Once a business opportunity has been located, the merchant banker has got
to obtain the mandate for the merchant banking assignment from the clients at once
which will depend upon his/her own communication skills, persuasiveness and the
background of the organization to which he belongs. A good merchant banker is one
who does not allow client to think anything outside except what has been advised.
Therefore, promptness in grasping the clients’ problems and providing better choice
amongst alternative solutions evidence aggressive approach in the profession to hold the
clients’ interest in entirely for the present as well as for the future.
c. Cooperation and friendliness: these two characteristics are the symbols of good
leadership, coupled with persuasiveness are the main instruments with which a merchant
banker mixes with the people, gathers information, obtains business mandate and renders
satisfactory services to the clients. Business of an honest business merchant banker
spreads with geometrical propagation when he shares the thoughts of his clients with
sympathetic gestures and offers pragmatic suggestions without greed or favors.
d. Contacts: Success of merchant banker depends upon sociable nature and the richness of
wider contacts. A merchant banker is supposed to be acquainted deeply with all the
constituents of merchant banking. The scope of contact encompasses intimate contiguity
and acquaintances within own organization, Central and State Government Offices where
compliances under various relevant enactments are to be reported, Indian and foreign
banks, financial institutions at Central and State levels, promoters/directors/owners and
chief executives of the private and publc enterprises which would be prospective
beneficiaries of merchant banking services, printers, advertising agencies, brokers and
stock exchange dealers, advocates and solicitors and members of the press whose
services are availed of in executing merchant banking assignments. Merchant bankers
should widen contacts and references and continue to maintain them with goodness,
honour and humour.
e. Attitude towards problem solving: an important personality trait of a merchant banker
is attitude towards problem solving. Positive approach to understand the view points of
others, their difficulties and adverse circumstances is possible only when a person is
skilled in human relations particularly the inter-personal and intra-personal behavior.
Effective communication and proper feedback are the pre-requisite for creating a positive
attitude towards problem solving which could be gained partly through learning process
and partly as an in born quality. This trait is a subject matter of personality development
but is so important that it must be treated as a separate objective quality of a good
merchant banker.
f. Inquisitives for acquiring new skills, information and knowledge: Merchant bankers
rely on their wits they earn by giving information to clients. Therefore, they should keep
abreast with latest information in the area. This is possible if merchant bankers possess
the quality of inquisitiveness.
All good qualities in merchant bankers are difficult to be defined so elaborately. Nevertheless,
merchant banker should possess super business acumen, managerial abilities, administrative
capacities and salesmanship so as to understand the problems and sell the service product to the
needy clients.
REGISTRATION OF MERCHANT BANKER
Although Merchant Banking activity ushered in two decades ago, it was only in 1992 in India,
after the formation of SEBI that defined and set rules and regulations governing it.
A Merchant Banker is defined as any person who is engaged in the business of issue
management either by making arrangements regarding selling, buying, or subscribing to
securities, or acting as manager, consultant, advisor or rendering corporate advisory services in
relation to issue management. No person allowed carrying out any activity as a Merchant
Banker unless he or she holds a certificate grated by SEBI.
Registration with SEBI is mandatory to carry out the business of merchant banking in India. An
applicant should comply with the following norms:
o The applicant should be a body corporate.
o The applicant should not carry on any business other than those connected with the securities
market.
o The applicant should have necessary infrastructure like office space, equipment, manpower
etc.
o The applicant must have at least two employees with prior experience in merchant banking.
o Any associate company, group company, subsidiary or interconnected company of the
applicant should not have been a registered merchant banker.
o The applicant should not have been involved in any securities scam or proved guilt for any
offence.
o The applicant should have a minimum net worth of Rs.5 crores.
Procedure for getting registration:
Capital structure decision: The capital requirement depends upon the category. The minimum
net worth requirement for acting as merchant banker is given below:
Category I – Rs. 5 crores
An application should be submitted to SEBI in form A of the SEBI (merchant bankers) regulations, 1992.
SEBI shall consider the application and on being satisfied issue a certificate of registration in Form B of the SEBI (Merchant Bankers) Regulations, 1992
Rs. 5 lakhs should be paid within 15 days of date of receipt of intimation regarding grant of certificate
the certificate is valid only for a period of 3 years
Three months before the expiry period, an application should be submitted to SEBI in Form A of the SEBI (Merchant Bankers) Regulations, 1992. SEBI shall consider the
application and on being satisfied renew certificate of registration for a further period of 3 years.
Rs. 2.5 lakhs which should be paid within 15 days of date of receipt of intimation regarding renewal of certificate.
Failing to pay registration fees
Cancellation of certificate
Category II – Rs, 50 lakhs
Category III – Rs. 20 lakhs
Category IV – Nil
The categories for which registration may be granted are given below:
Category I: to carry on the activity of issue management and to act as adviser, consultant,
manager, underwriter, portfolio manager.
Category II: to act as adviser, consultant, co-manager, underwriter, portfolio manager.
Category III: to act as underwriter, adviser or consultant to an issue.
Category IV: to act only as adviser or consultant to an issue.
MERCHANT BANKING FOR INDIA: ADVANTAGES
The bane of Indian capital markets today is lack of investor confidence. This is reflected in the
poor performance in the primary and secondary markets. The cause for the existing situations
are many but primarily arise on account of lack of liquidity, unscrupulous issuers and Merchant
Bankers and poor or unappeased issues. Merchant banking can solve this problem because
investors would be dealing with reputed merchant bankers in the primary market rather than
unknown issuers.
The Merchant Banks, whatever are their issue management techniques have their own capital on
hold. The issues are likely to be properly appraised and priced. Merchant banks would hold the
issue until the market conditions are appropriate for issue, thus reducing risk exposure of
investor’s to gestation for issue. Merchant Banks make the primary market for IPO’s thus
assuring protection to the issuers also about subscription. In sum, the quality of pricing appraisal
and primary market functions will improve resulting in substantial improvement in investor
confidence. The necessity of Merchant Banking is indicated in the view of the wide industrial
base of the Indian Economy.
MERCHANT BANKING ORGANISATIONS
In India, merchant banks operate in the form of Divisions of Indian and Foreign banks and
financial institutions, subsidiary companies established by banks like SBI Capital Markets Ltd.,
can Bank Financial Services Ltd., PNB Capital Services Ltd., BOI Finance Ltd., Indian Bank
Merchant Banking services Ltd., etc., the firm organized by the stock brokers, stock exchange
dealers, the financial and technical consultants and chartered accountants. Securities and
Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has divided merchant bankers into four categories, which are as
follows:
CATEGORIES ACTIVITIES NETWORTH
Category I To carry on the activity of issue management and to
act as adviser, consultant, manager, underwriter,
portfolio manager.
Rs.1crore
Category II To act as adviser, consultant, co-manager,
underwriter, portfolio manager.
Rs.50 lakhs
Category III To act as underwriter, adviser or consultant to an
issue.
Rs. 20 lakhs
Category IV To act only as adviser or consultant to an issue Nil
Merchant Bankers are classified into 4 categories as shown in the above table having regard to
their nature and range of activities and their responsibilities to SEBI, investors and issuers of
securities. The minimum net worth and initial authorization fee depends on the category. The
first category consists of merchant bankers who carry on any activity of issue management,
determining financial structure, tie-up of financiers, advisor or consultant to an issue, portfolio
manager and underwriter. The second category consists of those authorized to act in the capacity
of co-manager/advisor, consultant, and underwriter to an issue or portfolio manager. The third
category consists of those authorized to act as underwriter, advisor or consultant to an issue. The
fourth category consists of merchant bankers who act as advisor or consultant to an issue.
SERVICES OF MERCHANT BANKERS
Introduction
Among the important financial intermediaries are the merchant bankers. The services of
Merchant bankers have been identified in India with just issue management. It is quite common
to come across reference to merchant banking and financial services as though they are distinct
categories. The services provided by merchant banks depend on their inclination and resources -
technical and financial. Merchant bankers (Category 1) are mandated by SEBI to manage public
issues (as lead managers) and open offers in take-over’s. These two activities have major
implications for the integrity of the market. They affect investors' interest and, therefore,
transparency has to be ensured. These are also areas where compliance can be monitored and
enforced.
Merchant banks are rendering diverse services and functions, which are as follows:
Issue Management
Underwriting
Mergers & Acquisitions
Project Counselling
Loan Syndication
Restructuring service
Corporate Advisory Services
Factoring Services
Asset Securitisation
Forex Services
Hire Purchase
Lease finance
Venture capital
MERCHANT BANKING SERVICES: SCOPE
In the present dynamic environment where public money is playing a vital role in financing a
large number of projects, both in the public and private sectors, Merchant Banking has a
significant role in managing the show and meeting the growing demands for funds by the
corporate sector. Merchant Banking includes a whole gamut of activities which meet the needs
of both corporate and individual investors and which range from identification, evaluation,
promoting and financing of projects (both domestic and overseas) by raising resources in the
equity and long-term loans, to organize and participate in international consortia, to raise foreign
currency loans and to offer advisory services on various matters related to finance, investment,
capital management, structure, mergers, amalgamation, takeovers and acquisitions. They also
play a useful role in the portfolio management, money market operations, venture capital,
leasing, etc. Merchant bankers act as a guide for the entrepreneurs who are unaware, or have
little knowledge or experience, of the complexities involved in the above spheres.
In addition to the above, the scope of Merchant Banking services has extended to providing
advisory services to companies to increase or divest their stakes, public sector undertaking
disinvestments, international issues, etc. With the OTCEI being operation now, Merchant
Bankers will have a key role to play in terms of appraising the projects and offering two-way
quotes for market making in case of entrepreneur going for listing in the above exchange.
Merchant Bankers act as a critical link between the corporate who are intend to raise funds and
the investors who are interested to invest in securities Industry. Besides issue management, the
Merchant Bankers are also undertake the activities like underwriting connected with the public
issue management business, Managing/advising on International offerings of Debt/Equity i.e.,
GDR, ADR, Bonds and other instruments, Private placement securities, Primary or Satellite
dealership of government securities, Corporate Advisory services related to securities market
(e.g., Takeovers, acquisitions, disengagement), Stock-Broking, Advisory Services for projects,
Syndication of rupee term loans and International Financial Advisory Services. The services can
be represented as follows: -
SERVICES RENDERED BY MERCHANT BANKERS
ISSUE MANAGEMENT:
The public issue of securities is the core of merchant banking function. At one time it was
constructed as the sole function. Merchant bankers were identified as issue houses. It was later
perceived that they provide other financial services. When companies seek to raise resources for
implementation of a new project or finance expansion or modernization or diversification of an
existing unit or fund long term working capital requirement, they retain the services of a
merchant banker. To a large extent the type of issue would vary with the purpose for which
funds are raised. Merchant bankers when retained as managers to issue will have to assist the
company in all the stages connected with public issue.
The merchant bankers help corporate to raise money from the markets through the issue of
shares, debentures, bonds etc. They are designated as managers to the issue. Their main
business is to attract public money to capital issues.
They usually render the following services:
Drafting of prospectus and getting it approves from the stock exchanges.
Obtaining consent/acknowledgement from SEBI.
Appointing bankers, underwriters, brokers, advertisers, printers etc.
Obtaining the consent of all the agencies involved in the public issue.
Holding road shows, to sell the issue. These shows are held for the analysts, brokers &
institutional investors. The purpose of these shows is to answer queries from these people
about the company and the project for which the funds are being raised.
Deciding the pattern of advertising.
Deciding the branches where application money should be collected.
Deciding the dates of opening and closing of the issue.
Obtaining the daily report of application money collected at various branches.
Obtaining subscription to the issue.
After the close of the issue, obtaining consent of stock exchange for deciding basis of
allotment etc.
Corporate advisory services relating to the issue
In India, the pricing of issues is now freely decided by the company, with valuable inputs from
the merchant bankers, who have to sell the issue at the decided price. The pricing of the issue
especially in a public issue is very important. The pricing has to be such, that the investors will
be attracted to invest in the issue at that price, at the same time the company should get the
premium that it is looking for. After all, the premium can play a very role in deciding the
company’s capital structure, as larger the premium lesser will be the requirement for borrowed
funds.
The promoter also needs to decide whether to go in for a fresh issue or to go for a rights issue.
However this will depend mainly on the quantum of funds that the company needs to raise. The
success of the issue is dependent on the selection of the right type of security. In this matter, the
expert advice of merchant bankers is of immense importance.
In the issue management the merchant bankers have to coordinate the various agencies to the
issue. The success of the issue depends on the cooperation of all the agencies involved.
The merchant bankers offer following services during the public issues:
Preparing an action plan and budget for the total expenses for the issue.
Preparation of application to SEBI and assistance in obtaining the consent from SEBI.
Drafting of the prospectus.
Selection of underwriters. Brokers etc.
Selection of bankers to the issue.
Selection of advertising agency for publicity.
Obtaining approval of the institutional underwriters and stock exchanges for publication of
the prospectus.
Companies are free to appoint one or more agencies as Managers to an issue. SEBI guidelines
insist that all issues should be managed by at least one authorized merchant banker, functioning
either as the sole or lead manager to the issue. Ordinarily, not more than two merchant bankers
should be associated as lead managers, advisors and consultants to a public issue. In issues of
over Rs. 100 crores, the number could be up to a maximum of four.
The responsibilities of merchant bankers in management of public issues are many. Some of
these are:
We have seen that many unscrupulous promoters have raised money from the market. This has
hurt the investors a lot and has also made investors nervous about stock market investments.
This in turn affects the functioning of stock markets both the primary and the secondary markets.
It is therefore necessary that merchant bankers are satisfied with the viability of the project,
which they can then sell to the investors with confidence. It is therefore important for the
reputation of merchant bankers, to only associate themselves with good issues.
The merchant banker should act as the custodians of the investors money and this puts a lot of
responsibility on them. To discharge this function the merchant bankers have to exercise due
diligence independent by verifying the contents of the prospectus and the reasonableness of the
views expressed therein.
It is the responsibility of the merchant bankers to get the securities listed on all the stock
exchanges mentioned in the prospectus. With the introduction of Demat accounts the complaints
about allotment have surely gone down. It is the responsibility of the merchant bankers to ensure
timely refunds and allotment of securities to the investors.
The merchant bankers have to certify that they verified everything and that they believe it to be
true. This assures the investing public about the safety of their investment. The precautions by
the merchant bankers would ensure that all the fake companies, whose intention is to defraud the
investors, don’t have access to the market.
UNDERWRITING
Underwriting is like insurance against the failure of an issue. It is a guarantee to the issuing the
company, that the money that it requires for its project will definitely be raised. It means that
even if the issue is not fully subscribed to by the public, the underwriters will make up the short
fall.
Underwriting involves the underwriter agreeing to subscribe directly, or to procure subscription
for the unsubscribe portion of the issue, which is not taken up. For the risk that the underwriter
takes, he is paid commission. Underwriting is a device that ensures the success of new issues.
New companies entering the markets for the first time, always face number of problems in
raising funds from the market. One of the biggest problems of course that the company is not
well known to the investors and many of them will be unwilling to invest their money in such
ventures. Many a times even existing companies may find it difficult to raise money, due to
some reasons. Issuing companies therefore approach different underwriters with a request to
underwrite the issue.
Underwriters on their part need to satisfy themselves about the viability of the project and also
about the integrity of the promoters of the company. It must be noted that when an issue is under
subscribed, the underwriters will pick the shares and only if the project is good enough, then in
future they can sell the shares in the market and get not only their money back, but can also make
a decent profit as well.
It is obligatory for the merchant bankers to accept a minimum 5% underwriting in the issue
subject to a ceiling. By taking underwriting in an issue managed by them, they show their full
commitment to the issue that they are managing. The SEBI has made it mandatory for issuing
companies to underwrite all issues.
MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and corporate restructuring are a big part of the corporate
finance world. Every day, Wall Street investment bankers arrange M&A transactions, which
bring separate companies together to form larger ones. When they're not creating big companies
from smaller ones, corporate finance deals do the reverse and break up companies through spin-
offs, carve-outs or tracking stocks.
Role of Merchant Banker
Mergers & Acquisitions is an area where Merchant Bankers act as intermediaries in negotiating
on one with corporate interested in hiving of divisions/companies which are not with in the
purview of the long-term business strategy of the group/company, and on the other hand for
Corporate interested in non organic growth by acquiring companies/units for reason strategic or
non strategic in nature. Mergers can be beneficial for both the entities, as due to competition the
companies unable to survive or prosper on their own may like to merge and face competition and
achieve growth targets. Takeovers may be hostile or friendly in nature, hostile takeovers are
without the consent of the company and company being takeover may work out an anti takeover
strategy to counter the threat. Merchant Bankers provide following services in M&A: -
Identification of potential takeover targets.
Financial & Technical appraisal of the merger/takeover proposal.
Negotiation with the parties for arriving at the suitable price or exchange ratio.
Assistance in obtaining necessary approval & addressing procedural & legal issues.
PROJECT COUNSELLING
Project counseling is very important and lucrative merchant banking services which only very
few merchant bankers having advantages of knowledge, skills and experience over others are
able to render satisfactorily. The corporate seek advice in respect of identification of profitable
investment opportunities in the related business areas (like forward/backward integration) or as
part of diversification process. The merchant bankers carry out detailed studies on product
demand patterns, cost structures, etc., to enable the corporate in preparation of feasibility study.
It may involve arrangement of a foreign collaboration, advice on technical parameters and also
legal issues.
Scope of services Project counseling services are needed by industrial entrepreneurs in India in
the following areas:
Preparation of project report
Deciding upon the financing pattern to finance the cost of the project.
Aspects of project appraisal with financial institutions/banks.
Project report
Project report consists of technical process, location, management profile, means of financing,
reports on market surveys and market explorations. Merchant bankers advise the clients on
project preparation. Merchant bankers, on behalf of their clients, engage technical consultants
specialized in the specific area, and marketing experts to prepare technical feasibility report and
market survey reports. Merchant bankers maintain the list of such experts approves by financial
institutions and assign the work to these experts.
Project report purpose
Project report about the proposed activity is prepared to obtain government approvals
particularly in the following areas:
Grant of industrial license to undertake specified industrial activity.
Foreign investment and technology tie-up.
Grant import license for importing raw material, plant, machinery and equipments.
Grant of foreign exchange allocation for import of capital goods or raw materials, etc.
Grant of subsidies and other concessions from the government at center or state levels or
from government sponsored agencies, etc.
LOAN SYNDICATION
Loan syndication refers to assistance rendered by merchant banks to get mainly term loans for
projects. Such loans may be obtained from a single development finance institution or a
syndicate or consortium as in the case of large term loans. Merchant banks can also help
corporate clients to raise syndicated loans from commercial banks.
Scope of service
Once the client company has decided about the project proposed to be undertaken, the next step
is looking for the sources wherefrom funds could be procured to implement the project. The
responsibility of locating the sources of finance, approaching these sources by putting in
requisite prescribed applications and complying with all the formalities involved in the sanction
and disbursal of loan rests with the merchant bankers who provide the service of loan/credit
syndication.
Loan syndication in the case of domestic borrowing is undertaken with the institutional lenders
and the banks. Amongst institutional lenders the following institutions are the main suppliers of
the long and medium term funds with which the merchant bankers contact, liaison and arrange
loans working for and on behalf of their clients.
1. All India financial institutions
i. Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI)
ii. Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)
iii. Industrial Credit & Investment Corporation of India Ltd (ICICI)
2. State level financial bodies
i. State Financial Corporations (SFCs)
ii. State Industrial Development Corporations (SIDCs)
iii. State Industrial & Investment Corporations (SIICs)
3. All India level investment institutions
i. Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)
ii. Unit Trust of India (UTI)
iii. General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC) & its subsidiary companies.
4. Commercial banks: Commercial banks join in consortium loan being provided by the above
institutions.
5. Mutual Funds & Venture Capital Funds: these funds generally invest in equity but mutual
funds contribute to the issues of Debentures/Bonds on private placement basis as well as
subscribe to public issues.
RESTRUCTURING SERVICES
Merchant bankers assist the management of the client company to successfully restructure
various activities, which include mergers and acquisitions, divestitures, management buyouts,
joint venture among others.
To help companies achieve the objectives of these restructuring strategies, the merchant banker
participates in different activities at various stages which include understanding the objectives
behind the strategy (objectives could be either to obtain financial, marketing, or production
benefits), and help in searching for the right partner in the strategic decision and financial
valuation of the proposal.
CAPITAL ASSISTANCE
In providing financial assistance, merchant banks offer a full understanding of all facets of the
capital markets. This includes all types of debt and equity financing available from both the
domestic and international markets. A merchant banker, cognizant of capital costs, looks for the
best sources of capital, including its restrictions and dollar limitations.
It should be understood that interest rates are not the only definition of capital costs. Restrictions
on availability, prepayment terms, and operating effectiveness can often outweigh what might
appear to be inexpensive capital with low interest rates. Too often, capital includes costs, which
force an entrepreneur or a business to undertake undesirable actions. In the short-run, some
actions might be necessary, but often in the long run are detrimental. The traditional merchant
banker understands these capital limitations and can structure a transaction, which is beneficial to
all sides of the table -- not just the capital source.
He also knows how to substitute one type of capital for another, sometimes utilizing internal
sources from asset repositioning or cash creation from improvements in working capital. He
understands fully the risk versus return elements necessary to complete the capital procurement
process.
CORPORATE ADVISORY SERVICES
Merchant bankers offer customised solutions to solve the financial problems of their clients.
Advice is sought in areas of financial structuring (as shown in the Modern Manufacturing case
above). Merchant bankers study the working capital practices that exist within the company and
suggest alternative policies. They also advise the company on rehabilitation and turnaround
strategies, which would help companies to recover from their current position. They also provide
advice on appropriate risk management strategies like hedging strategies.
FACTORING SERVICE
Factoring involves the outright sale of account receivable. By such sale a client (the exporter or
manufacturer) transfers his/her ownership of the accounts to a factor (an organization, firm). The factor
buys all the client’s outstanding invoices and takes over all the subsequent dealings with the
buyer/importer/customer. It is short-term debt financing. Here three parties are involved
1. The factoring organization /firms
2. The manufacturer/exporter/seller
3. The importer/customer/buyer
Role Of Merchant Banker In Factoring
The merchant banker may act as factor organization with a view to earning a great amount of
commission. The factor provides the following services:
(a) Financing
(b) Advisory services if necessary
(c) Collection of bills/Account Receivable against sales proceeds.
(d) Maintenance of sales ledger
(e) Provide further if necessary
f) Covering losses if there are any
ASSET SECURITIZATION
It is a process through which some inactive assets (mortgage assets) are converted into cash/active
assets. It is long-term debt financing. Here assets are converted into long-term bonds. The whole
process is done by the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV). In this approach, the merchant banker for
issuance of security bonds against the assets with a matching of time and terms between mortgage
property and security bonds. Here the selection of asset is generally considered on the basis of the
following:
(I) Quality of assets
(ii) Certainty of repayment
(iii) Good ranking from the credit rating agency.
The process of asset securitization takes place in the following firms:
Originating Institutions/Firm
Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)
Merchant Banker (MB)
FOREX SERVICES
This aspect of banking is becoming increasingly important as the forex flow in the country is
increasing and the international markets are funding the operations of the corporate in India. The
success of any business is measured by the fund management; this makes treasury management
as a very critical finance function. Management of treasury profit center requires a wide variety
of knowledge in the area of global money markets and financial instruments such as deposit
certificates, treasury bills, forecasting, source evaluation and cost of domestic and foreign
currency funds. Treasury and risk management ensures cost effectiveness in planning strategies
in this era of deregulation.
Role of merchant banker in Forex function
The currency values, interest rates, share index and commodities affect the financial derivatives
like futures, swaps and other tools of risk management. Corporates therefore employ well-trained
professionals to manage treasury and forex functions so that they can ensure competent
management. Thus, this service is provided to Corporates through merchant bankers. Merchant
bankers assess various markets to advice Corporates or other banks that needs currency.
Merchant bankers constantly update about the policies of the regulatory bodies, monitors the
current prices, makes predictions based on the analysis of trends etc
HIRE PURCHASE SERVICE
Hire-purchase involves a system under which term loans for purchases of goods and services are
advanced to be liquidated in stages through a contractual obligation. The goods whose purchases
are thus financed may be consumer goods or producer goods or they may be simply services
such as air travel. Hire-purchase credit may be provided by the seller himself or by any financial
institution. However, unlike in other countries, the emphasis in India is on the provision of
instalment credit for productive goods and services rather than for purely consumer goods.
Suppliers of hire-purchase finance include retail and wholesale traders, commercial banks.
Role of Merchant Banker
Merchant Banker undertakes the activity of financing for hire-purchase activities. The merchant
banker looks more to the credit-worthiness and business morality of the buyer than the value of
security.
LEASE FINANCE COMPANIES
Lease finance companies provide finance to acquire the use of assets for a stipulated period of
time without owning them. The user of the asset is known as the lessee, and the owner of the
asset is known as the Lessor. Leasing is medium-term arrangement for finance.
Role of Merchant Banker
Merchant Bankers helps in assessing the credit risk of industrial borrowers. The merchant
bankers provide help in evaluating lease proposals. He analyse the merits and demerits of lease
finance with reference to a given proposal and leave it to their clients to decide on the
appropriate source and type of finance, thus enlarging their range of choices and the variety of
services available to them.
VENTURE CAPITAL
Venture capital is money provided by professionals who invest alongside management in
young, rapidly growing companies that have the potential to develop into significant economic
contributors. Venture capital is an important source of equity for start-up companies.
Professionally managed venture capital firms generally are private partnerships or closely-held
corporations funded by private and public pension funds, endowment funds, foundations,
corporations, wealthy individuals, foreign investors, and the venture capitalists themselves.
Role of Merchant Banker
Merchant Bankers assist ventures proposals of technocrats, with high technology, which are new,
and high risk. To seek assistance from venture capital funds or companies.
They also provide technical, financial & managerial services & help the company to set up a
track record.
The assistance should mainly be for equity support, through loan support to supplement this
may be extended.
GROWTH OF MERCHANT BANKING IN INDIA
Formal merchant banking activity in India was originated in 1969 with Merchant Banking
Division set up by the Grindlays Bank, the largest foreign bank in the country. The main service
offered at that time to the corporate enterprises by the merchant banks included the management
of public issues and some aspects of financial consultancy. Other foreign banks like Citi Bank,
Chartered Bank also assumed the merchant banking activity in India. State Bank of India started
merchant banking in 1973 followed by ICICI in 1974. Both these Indian merchant bankers
emerged as leaders in merchant banking having done significant business during the period of
1974-1987 in comparison to foreign banks. The early and mid-seventies witnessed a boom in the
growth of merchant banking organizations in the country with various commercial banks,
financial institutions, broker’s firms entering in to the field of merchant banking.
The early growth of merchant banking in the country is assigned to the Foreign Exchange
Regulation Act, 1973 (FERA) where under large number of foreign companies operating in India
were required to dilute their foreign holdings in order to continue business in the country. This
had caused two-pronged effect viz. firstly, in the form of spate in ‘Foreign Exchange Regulation
Act Issues’ eliciting interest of the investors by creating massive awareness about capital markets
amongst the new class of investing public, secondly, merchant banking activity became attractive
to banks and the firms of consultants and share brokers who entered into this fields vigorously to
reap the advantages of the expanding capital markets.
PLAYERS IN MERCHANT BANKING
1. ENAM
ENAM was founded in1984 to provide knowledge-driven financial services at the time when
Indian economy investors faced a bewildering array of options. ENAM is the one of the largest
underwriters in India. ENAM offers promising & exciting companies the opportunity of
assessing the public market equity finances. ENAM’s long-term association with capital markets
& primary markets has provided it with deep insights of the functioning of Indian financial
institutions. The merchant banking services provided by ENAM are: -
Equity debt/syndication: Raising capital through a private placement of a company’s
securities is an effective & timely offering to a public offering. ENAM represents the clients
in the private placement of debt and equity with institutional & high net worth investors.
Corporate Restructuring: - ENAM provides client with strategic and practical solutions to
financial challenges. Their restructuring services includes Mergers & Acquisitions,
Takeovers, Debt restructuring, Buyers services etc.
ENAM also provide the seed stage services, value creation services and IPO’s advisory
services which are represented below:
2. ICICI SECURITIES
ICICI Securities Limited is a leader across the spectrum of Merchant Banking. We are
experienced in every aspect of the business from domestic and international capital markets
advisory, to M&A advisory, Private Equity syndication, Restructuring and infrastructure
advisory. Our investment banking team, based across key cities in India and New York,
London, and Singapore consists of professionals with expertise across a range of industries.
ICICI SECURITIES provide following services:
Mergers and Acquisitions: - ICICI Securities Limited is amongst the first Indian investment
Banks to form a dedicated M&A practice and continues to be a leader by providing
innovative and unique solutions to achieve varied objectives of the client. They offer a full
range of advisory services, which include joint ventures, mergers, acquisitions, and
divestitures.
Equity Capital Markets: - ICICI Securities Limited is at the forefront of capital markets
advisory having been involved in most major book building and fixed price offerings over
the last decade. It is amongst the leading underwriters of Indian equity and equity-linked
offerings.
Infrastructure Advisory: - ICICI Securities Limited has a dedicated infrastructure vertical
focused on assisting clients in identifying and capitalising on the opportunities thrown up by
the all pervasive boom in the Indian infrastructure sector.
Dealing with Bulls and Bears: - ICICI Securities Limited assists global institutional
investors to make the right decisions through insightful research coverage and a client
focused Sales and Dealing team. The equity group leverages research and distribution reach
to domestic and foreign institutional investors in case of public offerings.
Thus the quality of analysis and client servicing standards, are a testimony to the quality of
ICICI SECURITIES team.
3. KOTAK SECURITIES LIMITED
Kotak Securities Limited, a subsidiary of Kotak Mahindra Bank, is the stock broking and
distribution arm of the Kotak Mahindra Group. The company was set up in 1994. Kotak
Securities is a corporate member of both The Bombay Stock Exchange and The National Stock
Exchange of India Limited. Its operations include stock broking and distribution of various
financial products - including private and secondary placement of debt and equity and mutual
funds. Currently, Kotak Securities is one of the largest broking houses in India with wide
geographical reach. The company has four main areas of business:
Kotak Institutional Equities: - Kotak Institutional Equities, among the top institutional
brokers in India. It mainly covers secondary market broking and the marketing of equity
offerings, including IPOs, to domestic and foreign institutional investors.
Structured Finance (Project Finance & Advisory Business): -KMCC has developed
expertise in various vertical segments in the infrastructure sector including power, oil, gas,
ports, automobiles, steel & metals and hotels, by offering structured finance solutions. Some
of the transactions executed by this team include:
Advisor to Ford on financial closure for its Car project in India.
Advisor to one of the largest LNG projects on the Western coast of India.
Financial advisors and loan syndications to British Gas and GAIL.
Mergers & Acquisitions: -In the area of Mergers & Acquisitions, we provide our clients
expertise and a comprehensive set of services that help them achieve their strategic and
financial objectives. Our spectrum of services include:
Divestments
Spin-Offs / Restructuring & Joint Ventures / Strategic Alliances
4. CITIGROUP
Citigroup Corporate and Investment Banking achieve the extraordinary for our clients around the
world. No financial institution is more committed to advancing the goals of its clients—our
diverse and talented staff in more than 100 countries advises companies, governments and
institutions on the best ways to realize their strategic objectives. We create solutions for and
provide the broadest possible capital and market access to thousands of issuer and investor
clients. And no institution better executes the increasingly complex payment and cash
management solutions required in today's global economy. The features Citigroup are as follows:
-
1. Over the years, Citigroup has established a track record of outstanding business milestones
such as Cash Management, pioneered by Citigroup in 1986 and utilized by over 900
Corporates with through-puts totaling around $ 35 billion (8% of India's GDP).
2. It is India's largest foreign bank in the FX (foreign exchange) market with a 14 per cent
market share.
3. As the leading custodian, Citibank has over $22 billion of custody assets under management.
5. DSP MERRILL LYNCH LTD.
DSP Merrill Lynch Limited (DSPML), among India's leading
investment banking and brokerage company, is a culmination of a long standing relationship
between DSP Financial Consultants Ltd., and Merrill Lynch & Co., the leading international
capital raising, financial management and advisory company. DSPML is a full service
investment bank and broking company with leadership position in M&A, Capital
Raising, Securities Research, Equity & Debt Brokering, and Investment Advisory services.
Euro money Magazine has ranked DSPML as the "Best Domestic Securities firm in India"
for the last four consecutive years. This Transaction heralds DSPML as a key player in the
private equity market. The service features of DSPML are as follows: -
DSPML has consistently been rated as one of India's leaders in origination, distribution,
and trading of equity and debt securities.
DSPML has consistently brought reputable issues to the capital markets.
A diverse client base made up of India's most prestigious private and public sector
corporations and multinational corporations have rendered DSPML a commanding
presence in the Indian capital market.
Through direct market's group, DSPML offers investors access to every major initial or
subsequent public offering.
DSP Merrill Lynch is the leading underwriter of Indian equity and equity-linked offerings
across domestic and international markets. By leveraging their extensive knowledge of
local markets and global resources, they have delivered innovative and customized
solutions to their clients.
6. UPFC (Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation)
Introduction to Scheme for merchant banking & financial
services
Decades ago UPFC has taken a humble step for the industrial development of U.P. by
providing term loan assistance to small & medium scale units. Since then it has acquired a
matured professional approach in Industrial Financing, several small-scale units nurtured by
UPFC has groomed into big enterprises.
In order to meet the challenges of liberalized policy of the Government & Changed economic
Scenario, UPFC has started Merchant Banking & other financial Services to serve its valued
clients. UPFC, a category-I Merchant Banker with unmatched expertise in project appraisal
and term lending offers a whole gamut of Merchant Banking Services.
1. Issue management: UPFC provides expert services to manage public issues of the
companies successfully; it has already managed Public Issues as a lead Manager with
great success.
2. Underwriting: In order to provide a protective umbrella to the public issues of its clients,
UPFC also underwrites the issue.
3. Subscription to equity share: UPFC subscribes to the equity shares reserved under FI
quota, to enable the company to market the public issue effectively.
4. Advisory services: UPFC, with its long experience, advises its clients for various
advisory services such as capital Structuring, loan syndication etc.
5. Project certification: UPFC also certifies the projects going to capital markets for
raising funds. This is a specialized activity of the Corporation.
6. Other financial services: As a part of its commitment to provide professionalized
financial services to its clients, UPFC also offers Bill Discounting, Equipment Leasing &
Hire Purchase Services, Short- term loan, Brand Equity loan, etc to meet diversified
requirements of it's clients
CHALLENGES AHEAD
Merchant bankers have to tap the opportunities lying ahead with the developing pace of the
economy. These opportunities arise in the form of challenges before the merchant bankers to test
their skills, expertise and efforts to attune their activities with the programme of economic
development of the country, adopt new instruments and innovative means of financing to meet
the growing financial requirements of the corporate clients. Some of the areas of challenges,
which have been explored on the basis of research, are classified as under:
Merchant bankers will have to conduct management of capital issues in a different fashion
than what is being done at present. If small industries are to be provided the full benefit of
their services of corporate counseling, project counseling and loan syndication than besides
distributions of their securities to the public and arranging long-term institutional or banking
finance for them, it would be necessary for merchant banks to make out-right purchase of
capital issues in Toto and to retain the purchased equity of the company till the
implementation of the project, commencement of production and profitable working of the
company when the issue may be treated as good for marketing to the general public, may be
on premium, so as to make capital gains on that. This course of action will benefit the smell
industries in many ways; firstly, they will have the quick liquidity and secondly, their project
will be implemented under the skilled supervision and expert guidance of the merchant
bankers. Besides, the investing public will be interested in purchasing the issue at premium,
having foreseen the dividend paying capacity of the company.
If the planned objective of economic decentralization and rapid development of rural
economy is to be achieved merchant bankers will have to make expert efforts in the interest
of the national economy by mobilizing the savings from the rural sector and creating avenues
for its investment in rural areas in industry, trade and commerce in different shapes and
different magnitudes encouraging the local people to espouse entrepreneurship in industrial
undertakings in higher degree so as to reduce their dependence on land farming to other
means of rural avocations. Alternatively, this poses a big challenge for the merchant bankers
to manage the surplus money available with the villagers by holding portfolio on their behalf
or by channelising it directly to industry in the shape of fixed deposits, etc.
Increasing number of sick industries is the ever-growing threat for the industrial economy of
the country. Merchant bankers have to find out ways and means for rehabilitating the sick
industries and also devise the manner by which the running industry might be saved from
going sick. They should so closely associate with the units so as to smell developing
weakness in the management of the enterprise and suggest timely action to check any mis-
management leading to sickness of the industrial unit. “Management buy-out” is one of the
techniques that have been successfully tried in European countries as well as in USA, to
check sickness in industry. This device encourages the executive staff of the company to
purchase the shareholdings of the proprietors and promoters and run the factory on
professional basis. Venture capital funds contribute substantially in this area of finance.
The millions of small savers are unable to manage their savings in India in both rural and
urban areas. There are mainly the people from the middle class and lower middle class.
Merchant bankers must devise ways and means to provide services for portfolio management
to these citizens. This may be by taking recourse to encouraging the “mutual funds”.
Public and private sector institutions engaged in trade, commerce and industry have many
times surplus funds lying with them awaiting opportunity outside. These funds should be
tapped by the merchant bankers from time to time by mobilizing them to deficit areas on
profitable return basis playing the interest rate games as is done in SWAP deals in
international finance.
In the international field, where the public and private enterprises are entering to raise foreign
currency resources, Indian counterparts have to depend upon the assistance of foreign
merchant bankers. Indian merchant bankers, therefore, will have to sharpen their skills and
attain the requisite expertise in the field of international merchant banking.
Attention is required to be gathered to the point that the banks and the financial institutions
which re running the Merchant Banking Divisions can think in terms of taking up the activity
of providing acceptance credit and re-discounting facility to certain number of their clients
on experimental basis on the lines of the traditional activity of European merchant bankers.
This will help for creation of secondary market for commercial papers as well.
To tap the latest technology available internationally and procure the transfer of the
technology to India, merchant bankers should frequently make-exploring tours to foreign
countries, organize meetings and conferences with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry
and other commercial, industrial and financial organizations so as to enthuse the foreigners to
take interest in investment activity in India. Merchant bankers, therefore, have to take latest
information about the economic, social and political environment of our country to foreign
countries and apprise the foreigners with the facilities and relaxations in various rules and
regulations of the Government and the policy framework available for their benefit incase
they choose to invest in India or lend their technological expertise to Indian entrepreneur
and/or to collaborate in any other useful manner.
The challenges noted above are only indicative of the expected role of merchant bankers and in
no way be constructed as exhaustive and final. These challenges continue to stand before the
merchant bankers to meet the test of time and shall grow in number with the growing
requirements of financial services for the corporate sector and the community as a whole.
MERCHANT BANKING-FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
Time and again the Merchant banking Industry in India witnessed, experienced and underwent
significant changes. The very purpose for which these firms are commences their services
should be taken care of and they should mould their policy decision and activities to move in
tune with the main objectives of Investor’s protection and to create healthy environment in
capital markets. No doubt, Merchant Banking firms are subject to a host of control measures,
regulations and rules framed and guided by SEBI. To some extent, frequent changes and /or
amendments to policies and control measures, though needed for smooth working of the
securities Industry, proves to be detrimental to the very existence of the Merchant Banking
system in the country. The SEBI’s Act 1992 confers power upon SEBI to supervise and control
the affairs of the Merchant Banking firms in India. It exercises control over the all activities of
the Merchant Banking firms through different measures. Assessment of the Merchant Banking
firms performance is beset with many difficulties on account of the diverse commercial
objectives that influence their performance. Notification of Merchant Banking Regulations and
amendments to it from time to time by SEBI brought the Merchant Banking Industry to anew
dimension.
The various studies which had been undertaken in India for evaluating the performance of
Merchant Banking firms and the implications of these on securities industry. No single study has
been emerged so far pertaining to the evaluation of Merchant Banking firms and in-depth study
on their activities as well as operational and financial performance in the light of changing
regulatory environment. Hence, this book is an attempt in the direction of penetrating into the
subject and to emerge with truth and illuminating comments.
In recent past, the small investor has turned his back on the primary capital market. Issue after
issue as failed to capture his imagination, rekindle his enthusiasm, and reinforce his faith. He
has lost all hopes of appreciation of his investment. And this when all these years millions have
though capital market, ate capital market and dreamt capital market. It needed an extraordinary
effort and skill the drive the small investor away! High premiums, false premiums and gray
market operations. The professed protector of his interests first laid down the dictum of
proportionate allotment, then of minimum subscription, all working against his interests. This
would make an observant student of the stock market infer that there is some game plan afoot to
dethrone the small investor from his prominent; he was believed to be the king. In the primary
sector, he enjoyed tremendous power as ho took his own investment decision.
With the coming to SEBI, an organisation that was ostensibly brought into existence to guard the
interest of the small investor, hopes ran high that the small investor would now have a safe
playing field. But these hopes were soon belied. Far from guarding the interests of the investing
public, SEBI embarked on a course of action, which has positively hurt them. The latest fiat of
EBI bans corporate advertising after the receipt of acknowledgement card by a company wanting
to go public. SEBI’s this action has caused the closure of an information window. Now 50
million potential investors are deprived of official and authentic information given by the Issuer.
It is hard to understand reasons for this drastic and totally uncalled for action. While there has
been no official explanation for this fiat, there is reason to believe that it may be based on a
wrong perception of the role for corporate advertising.
All this has been done perhaps because the corporate and intermediaries is to follow the practices
of Western capital markets here, oblivious of the fact that our capital markets are altogether
different in structure, in systems and in the number of participants. A vibrant capital market has
to be knowledge driven and not regulator driven; it has to be in true with the spirit of a liberal
and progressive economy. Freedom of commercial expression could be exploited by some to
serve their own ends, just a s freedom of speech and expression could be abused but this has not
led our Government to put arbitrary restrictions on our freedom.
Merchant Bankers have reason to believe they will be handicapped without the marketing
support. But the worst sufferer would be the investor, especially the small investor it is this
class, which forms the backbone of the capital market. As a result of the ban, the small investor
would be deprived of the opportunity to study the corporate profile of the Issuer. In the absence
of adequate information, they will have to depend on manipulated facts and information fed by
unreliable sources.
Besides, there are larger issuers arising out of SEBI’s action. From the point of view of
liberalisation of the economy, SEBI has taken a retrograde step. A market economy flourished
through bigger markets, higher sales and lesser profits. To achieve this performance, a company
needs an aggressive marketing plan and advertising effort is the main thrust to such a plan. No
marketing plan can be worthwhile unless it is backed by an effective advertising plan. The ban
imposed by SEBI nips the marketing plan in the bud.
The Indian primary capital market is basically a retail market. It consists of innumerable
investors who take own individual investment decisions. Whatever, the system, it is this market
that will bring in the funds. If these markets destabilised, the investors will look for alternative
avenues to invest their funds. SEBI in its one of the first documents on “SEBI and Investor
Protection, Development and Regulation of Securities Market” clearly specifies significance of
regulating capital market and its future plans for fulfilling the twin objectives viz., Development
of capital market and investor protection are explained in introductory paragraphs. It speak out
that, “The decade of the 1980 witnessed a phenomenal growth and development of the securities
market, demonstrated its potential not only to mobilize the savings of the horseshold sector but
also to allocate it with some degree of efficiency for industrial development. Several factors
contributed to the spectacular growth of the market. The dilution of the holdings of the
multinational companies at affordable prices in the latter part of the 1970s had generated
considerable interest, which was, carries well into the next decade. Several companies’ came in
the early part of the 1980s and successfully raised large resources from the market especially
through debt instruments, which further sustained investor interest. There were several changes
in Government policy, which significantly influenced industry and aided the market. India was
then entering the phase of liberalization and decontrol which was to accelerate and gather
momentum in the 1980s.
By the end of the decade, the securities market in India came to be firmly integrated with the
financial system of the country. With the corporate sector increasingly relying on the securities
market for meeting their long-term requirement of funds, the securities market their long-term
requirement of funds; the securities market competed on equal terms with the Development
Financial Institutions, which were the traditional purveyors of long-term capital. The emergence
of the securities markets into the main stream of the financial system of the country was thus one
of the major economic processes of the 1980s – an inevitable outcome of the maturing process of
the financial system. They brought about notable changes in the capital structure of the
companies across industries, gave birth to new intermediaries and institutions in the securities
market and created a new awareness and interest in investment opportunities in the securities
market among investor. In spite market, its quality lagged far behind and there was absence of
adequate professionalism and fair competition among the various players in the market. Besides,
the regulatory framework then prevailing was fragmented difficult, if not effective.
LEADING MERCHANT BANKER IN INDIA
Canara Bank is one of the leading " Merchant Bankers / Investment Bankers” in India, offering
specialized services related to Capital Market to Banks, PSUs, State owned Corporations, Local
Statutory bodies and Corporate sector.
They are SEBI registered Category I Merchant Banker (holding permanent certificate of
registration) rendering Issue Management (Public / Rights / Private Placement Issues),
Underwriting, Consultancy and Corporate Advisory Services etc as a Capital Market
Intermediary.’
They also hold SEBI Certificate of Registration to handle “Bankers to an Issue” assignments
with network of exclusive Capital Market Service Branches and Designated Branches to handle
ASBA applications, Collecting (Escrow) / Refund / Paying Banker assignments.
We do undertake "project appraisals" with linkage to resource raising plans from Capital Market/
Debt Markets and facilitate tie-ups with Banks / Financial Institutions and Potential Investors.
Our uniqueness is in extending services through single window / “In house” concept in the
following areas: :
1. Merchant Banking
2. Commercial Banking
3. Investments
4. Bankers to Issue - Escrow Bankers / ASBA [SCSB ]
5. Underwriting
6. Loan Syndication
As leading Merchant Bankers in India, we have been associating with issues involving various
types of industries, banks, statutory Bodies etc. and have an edge in handling Private Placement
issues – both retail & HNIs/QIBs.
SPECTRUM OF SERVICES:
Equity Issue Management (Public/Rights)
Debt Issue Management
Structured Placements
Project Appraisals
Monitoring Agency Assignments
IPO Funding
Security Trustee Services
Agriculture Consultancy Services
Corporate Advisory Services
Mergers and Acquisitions
Buy Back Assignments
Share Valuations
Syndication
ESOS Certification
Debenture Trusteeship
Demat Services- DP Cell
Issuing & Paying Agent (IPA) for Commercial Paper Issues
ISSUE MANAGEMENT SERVICES :
Project Appraisal
Capital structuring
DRHP/RHP- Compilation of Offer Document.
Tie Ups (placement)
Formalities with SEBI / Stock Exchange / ROC etc.,
Underwriting
Promotion /Marketing of Issues
Collecting Banker / Banker to an issue
Post Issue Management
Refund Bankers
Debenture Trusteeship
Registrar & Transfer Agency (our Subsidiary)
ASBA-SCSB
CONCLUSION
The merchant banker plays a vital role in channelizing the financial surplus of the society into
productive investment avenues. Hence before selecting a merchant banker, one must decide what
are the services for which he is being approached. Selecting the right intermediary who has the
necessary skills to meet the requirements of the client will ensure success.
It can be said that this project helped me to understand every details about Merchant Banking
and in future how its going to get emerged in the Indian economy. Hence, Merchant Banking
can be considered as essential financial body in Indian financial system.
Market development is predicated on a sound, fair and transparent regulatory framework. To
sustain the growth of the market and crystallize the growing awareness and interest into a
committed, discerning and growing awareness and interest into a essential to remove the trading
malpractice and structural inadequacies prevailing in the market, and provide the investors an
organized, well regulated market place in future.