Upload
nur-faizah-kasim
View
224
Download
4
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Research methodology proposal
Citation preview
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which every individual
realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community
(World Health Organization, 2001). People with good mental health are able to fully
enjoy day-to-day activities, people, and their environment. Meanwhile mental illness is a
disease of the brain that causes mild to severe disturbances in thought and behaviour,
resulting in an inability to cope with life’s ordinary demands and routines (Mental Health
Association in Forsyth County, 2016). Even though, mental illness can affect the daily
activities of a person but they can still work and function as people with healthy mental if
treated accordingly.
Mental illness touches so many people but a stigma still exists around mental
health. The stigma that continues to surround mental health problem prevents people
from getting the help they need. When you have flu you go to see a doctor for
consultation and medication. The same standards that apply to physical illness should
also be applied to mental illness. Stigma on mental illness has prevented people from
seeking the help that they needed. This research will study the awareness level of
different races in Malaysia and help seeking behaviour. Due to the stigma surrounding
mental health issue people are afraid to come forward about their situation and often
suffer in silence. If society are aware and stop the negative perception towards this
issue, people will not be reluctant to disclose their problems and seek professional helps
as they should.
Globally, an estimated 450 000 000 people of all ages suffer from depression
(World Health Organization, 2014). Although with so many people affected by this
problem however a stigma still surrounds it. Stigma is a negative perception that created
prejudice which leads to stereotype and discrimination among a particular group of
people. Thus making this an important research to investigate the different races in
Malaysia level of knowledge about this issue. Subsequently, study the likelihood to seek
help and express their issues. Malaysia is a multicultural country hence a study
concerning about the different perception and acceptance about this issue need to be
undertaken to decide a method to overcome this stigma.
2.0 ISSUE/PROBLEM STATEMENT
1 | P a g e
Stigma is a mark of disgrace that sets a person apart. When a person is
labelled by their illness they are seen as part of a stereotyped group. Negative attitudes
create prejudice which leads to negative actions and discrimination. Stigma is the biggest
barrier to mental health care. It might be caused from lack of adequate knowledge about
mental illness. Majority of people hold negative attitudes and stereotypes towards people
with mental illness. Often the negative stereotypes involve perceptions that people with
mental illness are dangerous. More, people with mental health issues recognize and
internalize this stigma and develop a strong “self-stigma.” This self-stigma will often
undermine self-efficacy. This issue has interest me to conduct a research on how 21st
century society view mental illness and their level of awareness.
These negative attitudes often manifest as social distancing with respect to
people with mental illness. This stigma and social distancing have the potential to worsen
the well-being of people with mental illness in several ways. This bias is not limited to people
who are either uninformed or disconnected from people with mental illness; in fact health
care providers and even some mental health professionals hold these very same
stereotypes. Overall, increased awareness is probably one of the most important things that
can be done to counteract this problem which this research hoped to solve.
There are 450 million people worldwide who suffer from mental health
conditions but the number of people who seeks professional helps and treatment are still
low. This problems has lead me to conduct a study about this problem to see what is it that
holding these people from getting the treatment that they needed. From the 450 million
people that diagnosed with mental health issue majority do not receive any form of care.
This includes people in developing countries receiving no form of care.
3.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
2 | P a g e
The main objective of this research is to investigate society view on mental
illness and help seeking behaviours. Besides that, we also identify the specific objectives
which are:
To find out the level of awareness in society regarding mental illness
To determine the number of possible sufferers seeks for mental treatment
To study the different races attitude on this issues
4.0 RESEARCH QUESTION
In fulfilling those all objectives, there were a several research questions that are related
to guide the implementation of this study. The following are the research questions:
What is the level of awareness in society regarding mental illness?
Would the mental illness sufferers seek professional helps?
Do different races have different view on mental illness and help seeking
behaviour?
5.0 RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
3 | P a g e
This study will benefit government and organizations that had been working to
increase society knowledge about the topic. Organization such as Malaysia Mental Health
Association can use this research to improve their method in awareness campaign.
Improvement in the facilities and treatment can be revised as to improve help seeking
behaviour from mental illnesses. Psychiatric and professionals that dealt with mental illness
will value this study as they can understand what has been keeping them from seeking for
treatment. It is also crucial that those on the front lines of working with people with mental
illness receive the education and support needed to help manage bias. Programs need to
be developed to teach health care professionals to identify and manage their biases toward
mental illness so as not to interfere with clinical care.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
4 | P a g e
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, a more depth explanations about mental illness, help
seeking behaviour and the comparison between differences races will be discussed. This
chapter is a section of what has been published on the research topic by accredited
scholars and previous researchers. This part is an evaluative report of information found in
the literature related to my selected area of study.
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Mental Health Literacy
A research by Jasvindar Kaur, et al. (2014) revealed that almost one in
five Malaysian adolescents are depressed. This means that someone you know
might be facing this problem right now. There are over 200 classified forms of mental
illness, among them are; depression (the most common), anxiety, eating disorder,
schizophrenia, psychosis, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), phobias, bipolar,
panic attack, autism, self-harm, dementias and many more. Mental illness touches
millions of people in the world but it often goes untreated or unrecognized. One
reason for this condition is because the insufficiency of knowledge about psychiatric
illness and treatment options for those illnesses (Swami, Loo & Furnham, 2009).
Mental illness literacy is the knowledge and belief that recognized mental illness
problems. Even in today’s 21st century world, Malaysian citizen are often lacking in
knowledge regarding this issue.
Everyone has one of those days where they feel sad and blue; it is part of
human experience. But for normal people this happen only for about a short period of
time and it passed. But in some cases it affects the person so much that they started
to develop a depression. Many researchers has study the factors that affecting
someone to have mental illness. Jasvindar Kaur, et al. (2014) research among
school going in Malaysia find that feeling lonely, Indian ethnicity, using drugs, and
being bullied were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Lack of
parental supervision, alcohol use, and tobacco use were also significant risk factors.
5 | P a g e
2.1.1 Self-perception
Self-stigma or internalizing is a negative thinking or perception that a
person has for themselves. Mental illnesses perceive their illness as a sign of
weakness and incompetence stemming a feel of small and inferior than other normal
people. They often withdraw their self from social interaction because they feel better
off than being socially distance by society. This negative way of thinking that one has
for themselves causing them to feel afraid to come out about their illness and seeks
treatment. By feeling so it will impede their chance to improve their mental health
condition. This has become some sort of a double edged sword battle, because of
the negative perception that both public and themselves has.
Watson, et al. (2007) persons with mental illness may internalize mental
illness stigma and experience diminished self-esteem and self-efficacy. This process
is known as self-stigma. This will resulting in limited prospect of recovery. One
cannot avoid from having a negative perception about their own mental health
condition, but it is up to them to either keep on feeling that way or empower it and
change it. “It is comprised of endorsement of these stereotypes of the self (e.g. “I am
dangerous”), prejudice (e.g. “I am afraid of myself”), and resulting self-discrimination
(e.g. self-imposed isolation)”. Corrigan, & Roa (2012). The key to challenge self-
stigma is empowerment.
In the research by Watson, et al. (2007) they also discussed about self-
concurrence. It is a situation whereby, an individual agrees with the stereotype that
public often endorsed to mental illness. Stereotype agreement happens when an
individual accept the common public stereotypes (eg, people with mental illness are
a burden). The process specifically becomes self-stigmatizing with the addition of
stereotype self-concurrence in which an individual applies the culturally internalized
beliefs to him or herself (I am a burden to my family). Negative perception that an
individual has for themselves affect the quality of daily living and meaning in life.
Subsequently, it will hinder efficient and effective recovery from mental health
problems.
6 | P a g e
3.1.1 Public perception
To know the level of society knowledge regarding mental illness, we first
must grasp their perception about this issue. Research done by Swami (2012)
investigates the ability of respondent to recognized mental illness symptom.
Respondents were randomly assigned to receive a vignette either a female or male
that describe individuals with symptoms of major depression, without use of clinical
terminology. Only half of the respondent able to identified the symptom while the
other is unsure or stated that the person in the vignette did not has mental disorder.
This shows that the mental illness literacy among society is still depleted.
Angermeyer, Holzinger, & Matschinger (2009) run a research to examine
the development of mental health literacy and the desire for social distance towards
people with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder in Eastern Germany over a
time period of eight years. It is found that while there was an increase in the mental
health literacy of the public, the desire for social distance from people with major
depression and schizophrenia remained unchanged or even increased. The findings
shown that even they’re aware of the condition of mental illness they still surrounded
with the negative perception that has been associated with mental illness.
Depression is the most prominent and common diseases in mental health
problems. Depression is caused by many factors such as study load, work
environment, physical illness, bullied, and many more. Ariff Fadzil (2013) studies the
level of anxiety and depression during pregnancy among antenatal mothers. There’s
also literature that studies the perception that public will have between mental illness
patients and diabetic patients. Between these two diseases we can estimate which
will get a much more negative feedback. Depression can be associated with many
factors and there are numerous researches about the different causes that might
affect one mental health.
Ainul Hanafiah, & Bortel (2015) discussed about the four main
perpetrators that discriminates against mental illnesses are; family, friends,
employers, and health workers. Some of the mental illness family couldn’t accept the
7 | P a g e
fact and feel shameful that their family member is not mentally healthy. They often
avoid disclosing the situation to relatives or neighbours in order to uphold the family’s
dignity and the topic become taboo. For friend perpetrators, the respondent from the
study stated that the minute the friend knows about the mental health condition they
begin to distant themselves. In the employment aspect, mental illnesses are
associated with low workforce productivity and unreliable. This stigma has limit the
job opportunity for the illnesses and lead to them not being able to provide for
themselves. In aspect of mental health worker, despite their role in helping with the
recovery they still has negative perceptions. Health worker would use non-medical
terms such as “crazy” or “nuts”.
Mental illness is a serious topic that needs to be known to all level of
societies. The literacy of this topic could help illnesses or potential patient to seek
treatment and care that they needed. However with the stigma associated with
mental illness it became the biggest barrier that prevents people from getting
treatment or retaining their treatment. Most people think that depression is something
that people choose to have by overthink. To get the fact straight having mental
illness is not an option just like having a flu, cancer, or fever. Besides that, people
don’t think that mental illness serious because unlike physical illness we can see the
wound or injury. Just because you can’t see someone’s illness doesn’t mean it
doesn’t exist.
2.2 Help seeking behaviour
8 | P a g e
The level of mental health awareness in society contributes to a better
help seeking behaviour. The recognition of mental illness without anticipating stigma
will encourage adolescents’ help-seeking behaviour. The current hurdle in getting
right care and treatment for mental illness is because of the negative perceptions.
Illnesses feel ashamed to open up about their feeling, emotions, and conditions to
family or friends because fear of being rejected and look down to. Research by
Gearing (2013) finds that personal stigma expressed by the respondent tended to be
lower than the level of stigma the respondent believed others in the community
would hold may indicate that they simply feel freer to share the biases of others than
their own. Personal level stigma may have greater effects on females whereas public
stigma may exert more influence on males.
2.2.1 Facility and treatment
In Malaysia the mental health facility and professional availability is still
low. According to a publication by World Health Organization (2014) for 100, 000
citizens the psychiatric workforce is only 0.8, compared to developed country like
United States that has 12.40. We could only do so much to increase the awareness
of society knowledge but without adequate mental health facility it’s improvident. This
situation may be associated with society in taking traditional way in treating mental
illness. There are numerous studies that investigate about the relationship between
mental health and religious belief (Nurizan Yahaya, 2012; M. S. Nurasikin, 2012).
Mental illnesses often suffer alone and in isolation. In a certain country in
Southeast East Asia found that mental illnesses were physically restrains or under
confinement in a hut or at their home. This medieval method of handling mental
illnesses is disturbing. Violence, concern about the person wandering off or running
away and coming to harm, concern about possibility of suicide, and the unavailability
of a caregiver are among the reasons why these mentally ill person were restrain
(Harry Minas & Hervita Diatri, 2008). Indonesia is the examples of country that apply
this practice although it mostly happened in rural area. Inadequate mental facility and
cost of treatment is among the reasons why they choose such method.
Globally, more than 70% of people with mental illness receive no
treatment from health care staff (Henderson, C., Evans-Lacko, S., & Thornicroft, G.
9 | P a g e
(2013). Approaches in equipping society with a better knowledge about mental
illness will make sure that the people with symptoms will get a proper treatment that
they needed. This is because lack of knowledge to identify features of mental
illnesses, ignorance about how to access treatment, prejudice against people who
have mental illness, and expectation of discrimination against people diagnosed with
mental illness. Those are the reasons for treatment avoidance and delays for care.
The biggest hurdle of getting treatment and care is also because of stigma.
Adolescents who were unable to recognize the mental illness in the
vignette, those in the recognition of mental illness group reported they were
significantly more likely to seek help from friends and expressed an increased
likelihood to seek help from professionals. Those in the labelling the vignette as
schizophrenia group reported they were significantly less likely to exhibit help-
seeking behaviour (Yamasaki S, et. al. 2016). It can be concluded that people who
has experience mental disorder will more likely to not seek for professional helps.
The respondent that have knowledge about schizophrenia avoid from seeking help it
would trigger perception of dangerousness and negative stereotype.
2.3 Comparison between different races in Malaysia
10 | P a g e
A study about public knowledge and beliefs about depression among
urban and rural society in Malaysia were undertaken. There are three literatures that
focuses on the three most largest race in Malaysia which are Malay, Chinese, and
Indian. Viren Swami, Phik-Wern Loo & Adrian Furnham (2009) study the Malay
knowledge and beliefs about depression. Phik-Wern Loo & Adrian Furnham (2012)
study the Chinese mental health awareness. Afterwards, Viren Swami, Phik-Wern
Loo & Adrian Furnham (2013) also conduct a research about the Indian race mental
illness awareness. The three researches compare the awareness of mental health
between urban and rural population. Findings found that the urban race has shown
higher level of mental health literacy rather than rural area.
Malay population which is the largest race in Malaysia often associated
mental illness with supernatural causes, God punishment, and excessive mental
exertion (Tahir M Khan, Syed A Sulaiman, & Mohamed A Hassali, 2010). It is also
found that Chinese females had a comparatively better knowledge of the symptoms
of depression in comparison with Malays and Indians. The respondents that
participate in the study are non-medical Universiti Sains Malaysia student.
Regardless of race Malaysian still low in mental health literacy and there should be a
proactive campaign that will help to promote better understanding should be done by
the government and other related agencies.
3.0 ANALYSIS REVIEW
11 | P a g e
Literatures from previous publications are collected from electronic
bibliographic UiTM database and Goggle Scholar. The following combination of keywords
were used in searching process; mental illness, mental health, mental disorder, help-
seeking, care-seeking, self-stigma, and Malaysia. By using these search terms hundreds of
journal articles were found. Abstracts reading were done to filter the relevant journal article
to be used in literature review. Twenty (20) articles met my criteria and are the focus of my
research. From the 20 articles that I have chosen, a couple of additional article were gain
from the citation and references.
A total of twenty three (23) articles were used as a reference in this literature
review (see appendices). Most of the article use discussed about the mental health literacy
among society. A number of thirteen (13) articles focus on that topic and main themes of
mental health literacy while also discuss other variables. Articles that studies about the level
of awareness towards mental health illness in urban and rural Tan & Yadav (2012); Swami,
Loo & Furnham (2009). Loo & Furnham (2012). I also used articles that examine the
likelihood and trend of help-seeking strategies Yamasaki, et al. (2016); Henderson, Evans-
Lacko, & Thornicroft, (2013); Teh, et al. (2014); Gearing, et al. (2014). Besides that the
literature also discussed about the types of help they prefer.
Koenig, Zaben, & Khalifa (2012); Nurasikin, et al. (2012); Nurizan Yahya
(2012) examined the relationship between religious and spiritual well-being with the better
mental health conditions. Besides that I also used literature about self-stigma to understand
it more Watson, et al. (2007); Corrigan & Rao (2012). There are many literatures that help
me with my information gathering.
4.0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS
12 | P a g e
The theoretical framework may give some clear description about the
dependent and independent variables of this study and the relationship between those two
different variables which can give some significant in conducting this research. According to
Kumar (2014), the independent variable is defined as the variable that bringing change in a
situation whereas the dependent variable is been known as the outcome or change brought
by the independent variable. There are three elements of the independent variables that
have relationship between the dependent variables in which can be influence whether in the
positive or negative way in this research as shown in Figure 1.
The independent variable is the cause supposed to be responsible for
bringing about change in a phenomenon or situation. In this research the independent
variables are mental illness literacy, help-seeking behaviour, and races. This independent
variable can be tested by giving out a method to test it. Meanwhile, dependent variable is a
variable whose outcome or change brought by the independent variable.
13 | P a g eMental illness literacy
-Individual awareness and knowledge about the correct facts regarding mental health problems.
Figure 1: Independent and dependent variables
5.0 CONCLUSION
14 | P a g e
Mental Illness literacy and help seeking behaviour: Comparison
between difference races
Mental illness literacy
-Individual awareness and knowledge about the correct facts regarding mental health problems.
Comparison between different races in Malaysia
- Assessing the Malay, Chinese, and Indian that make up the largest race on their perception about mental illness.
Help seeking behaviour
- The likelihood of the mental illnesses to seek for medical treatment or professional helps.
Treatment and facility
This research study the awareness level of different races in Malaysia and
help seeking behaviour. Due to the stigma surrounding mental health issue people are
afraid to come forward about their situation and often suffer in silence. If society are
aware and stop the negative perception towards this issue, people will not be reluctant to
disclose their problems and seek professional helps as they should. Current literature
review mostly focus on the stigma rather than comparisons between cultural differences
between races. Hence, make this research significance. In a nutshell, we can conclude
that better mental illness literacy will enhance the seeking of professional helps in terms
of help seeking behaviour.
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHOD
15 | P a g e
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the research methodology used in the study is described. The
geographical area where the study was conducted, the study design and the population and
sample are described and the instrument used to collect the data. The purpose of the
methodology chapter is to give an experienced investigator enough information to replicate
the study. Research design is used to structure the research and to show how all of the
major parts of the research project, including the sample, measures, and methods of
assignment, work together to address the central research questions in the study.
2.0 STUDY DESIGN
A traditional research design is a blueprint or detailed plan for how a research
study is to be completed by operationalizing variables so they can be measured, selecting a
sample of interest to study, collecting data to be used as a basis for testing hypotheses, and
analysing the results. The study design is used to describe the type of design that is going to
be adopted to undertake the study. For this research, the study design that has been used is
quantitative study design. According to Nokuthaba (2009), quantitative research focuses on
gathering numerical data and generalizing it across groups of people. Quantitative research
is generally associated with the positivist or post-positivist paradigm. It usually involves
collecting and converting data into numerical form so that statistical calculations can be
made and conclusions drawn (Freitag, 2009). It is also a means for testing objective theories
by examining the relationship among variables.
These variables in turn can be measured, typically on instruments, so that
numbered data can be analysed using statistical procedures. It can allow for greater
objectivity and accuracy of results. Generally, quantitative methods are designed to provide
summaries of data that support generalizations about the phenomenon under study. In order
to accomplish this, quantitative research usually involves few variables and many cases,
and employs prescribed procedures to ensure validity and reliability. Personal bias can be
avoided by researchers keeping a distance from participating subjects and employing
subjects unknown to them.
Quantitative research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating
numerical data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics. It is used to quantify
16 | P a g e
attitudes, opinions, behaviours, and other defined variables and generalize results from a
larger sample population. Quantitative research uses measurable data to formulate facts
and uncover patterns in research. Quantitative data collection methods are much more
structured than qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data collection methods
include various forms of surveys – online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk
surveys, systematic observations, and etc.
The study design that has been conducted is using number of contacts types
which is cross-sectional studies. The cross-sectional study design is the most commonly
used design in the in the social sciences. This design is best suited to studies aimed at
finding out prevalence of a phenomenon, situation, problem, attitude or issue, by taking a
cross-sectional of the population. The cross-sectional studies also have been chosen
because it requires less time to conduct. This design will be chosen to meet the objectives
of this research, which is mainly to measure the mental health literacy and help seeking
behaviour in Malaysian multiracial races.
3.0 OPERATIONAL VARIABLES
17 | P a g e
Variable is some concept that can be measured. As defined by Kerlinger
(1986), a variable is a property that takes on different values. Putting it redundantly, a
variable is something that varies. A variable is a symbol to which numerals or values are
attached. As defined by Black & Champion (1976) variable is a rational units of analysis that
can assume any one of a number of a designated sets of values. As per Ranjit Kumar
(2005), variable is an image, perception or concept that is capable of measurement and
hence capable of taking on different values. Variables need to be understood clearly in order
to measure any concept. These variables are classified into three broad categories which
are dependent variables, independent variables, and extraneous variables.
These are the effect variables whose value depends upon some causal
characteristics. In this research the differences races mental health literacy and help
seeking behaviour is defined as the dependent variable. This mental health literacy and help
seeking behaviour can be measured with the help of independent variables and extraneous
variables.
Meanwhile independent variables are the cause supposed to be responsible
for bringing about change in a phenomenon or situation. These are the variables, which are
responsible for bringing out any changes on the dependent variable. In this research the
differences races mental health literacy and help seeking behaviour is a dependent variable
and is affected by several attributes. Following are the major areas which affects the
dependent variables and so considered independent variable in this study:
Mental illness literacy – The level of society awareness about the
mental health issues.
Help seeking behaviour – The likelihood for society to seek medical
and professional help for their problem.
Comparison between difference races – What is the Malay, Indian,
and Chinese opinion and view about this issue.
To measure the relationship of dependent variable with independent
variables many times we have to measure some independent variables, which may affect
18 | P a g e
the relationship positively or negatively. Such variables are called as intervening or
extraneous variables. Extraneous variables are those variables, which may affect the
dependent variable. Such variables may not cause any change directly to the dependent
variable but if measured can give some effect on the dependent variable. In this study the
extraneous variables are:
Area population (urban or rural)
Educational level
Age (opinion may differ with age)
4.0 SELECTING A SAMPLE
19 | P a g e
According to Sekaran and Bougie (2010), the population refers to the entire
group of people, events, or things of interest that the researcher wishes to investigate and
make inferences based on sample statistics. The study population for this research is
multiracial Malaysian from Klang Valley with age range from 20 to 30 years old. A sample
size of 30 participants is going to be given to people in the Klang Valley area using
probability sampling technique in which units of the sample are selected on the basis of
convenience.Quantitative research tends to rely on probability sampling techniques and one
of the famous sampling techniques is simple random sampling, which will be used in this
research.
In simple random sampling, each member of population is equally likely to be
chosen as part of the sample. It has been stated that the logic behind simple random
sampling is that it removes bias from the selection procedure and should result in
representative samples (Gravetter and Forzano, 2011, Dudovski, 2015). Simple random
sampling is the most straightforward probability sampling strategy in quantitative research.
This method was also used in order to obtain a large number of completed questionnaires
quickly and economically due to time and budget constraints.
5.0 DATA COLLECTION METHODS
20 | P a g e
Data collection method is a process to gather measuring information on
variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated
research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. This method is important in
research study. There are many ways and instruments to collect data in research. The
instrument that is chosen by the researcher depends on the research question that is being
asked. For examples of data collection instrument includes questionnaire surveys,
interviews, tests, observations and others.
In this research, questionnaire survey has been chosen as a primary
source. It has been developed based on theoretical framework that is proposed by the
researcher. The purpose of using questionnaire survey to collect data is because this
research is more suitable in preparing a standardized data from the questions, without
requiring personal or face-to-face interaction with each respondent. Furthermore, it would be
easier to distribute it among respondents. It is also more convenient for respondents give
their feedback because they are only required to answer straightforward and brief questions.
The questionnaire survey will be strategically prepared using structured question formats,
with some instructions or guidance is given to the respondents. This can be as describe as
close-ended questions because the questions will be short and precise.
The questionnaire consists of three main parts which are personal
information, mental health literacy, and help seeking behaviour. In the personal information
part, a brief information about the participant were asked without disclosing their name. In
the part B section, questions regarding the correct recognition and opinion about mental
illness were asked. Meanwhile, in part C section, question regarding the likelihood of
seeking for help were ask by giving out a particular persons options to choose from. The
comparison between different races opinion or view will be determine by the personal
information that they provided in the race area.
6.0 ANALYSIS METHOD
21 | P a g e
Data analysis method is one process that able to help researchers in
summarize the conclusion of the study. In this survey, I will distribute a questionnaire to get
the respondents. The design of the questionnaire was aimed to be user friendly and be
easier for them to answer it thus the questionnaire only contains close-ended questions
because the questions will be short and precise. A five-point Likert scale ranging from very
unsatisfied and very satisfied was used to measure each of indicant.
Data that have been collected then will be edited by ensure that the data
is clean and free from inconsistencies and incompleteness. Editing is consists of scrutinizing
the complete research instrument to identify and minimize, as far as possible, errors and
incompleteness of information. All the answers on the questionnaire will be examined each
questions answered by one respondent at a time.
Then the data will be analysed by using Statistical Package for the Social
Science (SPSS). SPSS is a computer application or software that will be used to measure
the internal consistency or reliability of a score for the data that will be collected later. SPSS
is also a data management and analysis program designed to do statistical data analysis.
The data will be coded for the SPSS software and researcher will conduct a descriptive
frequency analysis including standard deviations, frequencies, and means to better
understand the characteristics of the sample. Then, a correlation matrix table will be
produced to examine the linear associations between the dependent and independent
variables used in the research.
The most appropriate statistical tests used by the researcher were t-tests,
multiple regressions and correlation used for the data analysis to test the relationships
between independent and dependent variable as recommended by Sekaran (2010). SPSS
is a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and analysis and to
create tables and graphs. It is capable of handling large amounts of data and can perform all
of the analyses covered in the text and much more. In addition, SPSS is commonly used in
the Social Sciences and in the business world, so familiarity with this program should serve
well in the future.
7.0 EXPECTED OUTCOME
22 | P a g e
The main objective of this research is to investigate society view on mental
illness and help seeking behaviours to better understand this issue. Mental health has
been something that people talk to in private without wanting other people to eavesdrop
and the topic often become taboo for family members and friend that associates with
mental illness. With this researched we hoped to changes society perception towards
mental illness. Besides that, a noticeable level of awareness from difference races is
protruded seen. Malay, Chinese, and Indian all has difference opinion and view about
this topic and there is a particular race that has better knowledge than the other. With
this research we hope to close the gap. In addition, I also hoped that this research will
benefit people that work front line with the mental illnesses to better understand them. I
also wished that the current stigma that surrounds this topic will be reduce. Government
and organization campaign towards reducing the stigma can be improved if these parties
learned what makes people view this topic that way, which I hoped this research will
help to uncover.
8.0 CONCLUSION
23 | P a g e
In a nutshell, this research will provided a better understanding on society
opinion and view about this issue. The outcome from this research will benefit several
parties that working front line with the mental illnesses, government, organization that
deals with mental health issues, and etc. This research also hoped to reduce the stigma
that are often associated with mental health patient.
REFERENCES
24 | P a g e
Angermeyer, M. C., Matschinger, H., & Schomerus, G. (2013). Attitudes towards psychiatric
treatment and people with mental illness: Changes over two decades. The British
Journal of Psychiatry, 203(2), 146-151. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.122978
Angermeyer, M., Holzinger, A., & Matschinger, H. (2009). Mental health literacy and attitude
towards people with mental illness: A trend analysis based on population surveys
in the eastern part of Germany. European Psychiatry, 24(4), 225-232.
doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.06.010
Corrigan, Patrick W., & Rao, Deepa.(2012). On the Self-Stigma of Mental Illness: Stages,
Disclosure, and Strategies for Change. Can J Psychiatry. 2012 August ; 57(8):
464–469.
Fadzil, A., Balakrishnan, K., Razali, R., Sidi, H., Malapan, T., Japaraj, R. P., . . . Manaf, M.
R. (2013). Risk factors for depression and anxiety among pregnant women in
Hospital Tuanku Bainun, Ipoh, Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 5, 7-13.
doi:10.1111/appy.12036
Furnham, A., Cook, R., Martin, N., & Batey, M. (2011). Mental health literacy among
university students. J of Public Mental Health Journal of Public Mental Health,
10(4), 198-210. doi:10.1108/17465721111188223
Gearing, R. E., MacKenzie, M. J., Ibrahim, R. W., Brewer, K. B., Batayneh, J. S., &
Schwalbe, C. S. (2014). Stigma and Mental Health Treatment of Adolescents
with Depression in Jordan. Community Mental Health Journal, 2015(51), 111-
117. doi:DOI 10.1007/s10597-014-9756-1
Hanafiah, A., & Bortel, T. V. (2015). A qualitative exploration of the perspectives of mental
health professionals on stigma and discrimination of mental illness in Malaysia.
Int J Ment Health Syst International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 9(1), 10.
doi:10.1186/s13033-015-0002-1
Henderson, C., Evans-Lacko, S., & Thornicroft, G. (2013). Mental Illness Stigma, Help
Seeking, and Public Health Programs. Am J Public Health American Journal of
Public Health, 103(5), 777-780. doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301056
Kaur, J., Cheong, S. M., Naidu, B. M., Kaur, G., Manickam, M. A., Noor, M. M., . . . Rosman,
A. (2014). Prevalence and Correlates of Depression Among Adolescents in
25 | P a g e
Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 26(5 Suppl).
doi:10.1177/1010539514544356
Koenig, H. G., Zaben, F. A., & Khalifa, D. A. (2012). Religion, spirituality and mental health
in the West and the Middle East. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 5(2), 180-182.
doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2012.04.004
Kumar, R. (2005). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. London:
SAGE.
Loo, P., & Furnham, A. (2012). Public knowledge and beliefs about depression among
urban and rural Chinese in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 5(3), 236-245.
doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2012.02.003
Minas, H., & Diatri, H. (2008). Pasung: Physical restraint and confinement of the mentally ill
in the community. Int J Ment Health Syst International Journal of Mental Health
Systems, 2(1), 8. doi:10.1186/1752-4458-2-8
Nurasikin, M., Khatijah, L., Aini, A., Ramli, M., Aida, S., Zainal, N., & Ng, C. (2012).
Religiousness, religious coping methods and distress level among psychiatric
patients in Malaysia. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 59(4), 332-338.
doi:10.1177/0020764012437127
Nurizan Yahaya, Yadollah Abolfathi Momtaz , Mumtazah Othman, Norhasmah Sulaiman, &
Farhan Mat Arisah (2012). Spiritual Well-Being and Mental Health among
Malaysian Adolescents. Life Science Journal. 2012;9(1):440-448] (ISSN:1097-
8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
Parcesepe, A. M., & Cabassa, L. J. (2012). Public Stigma of Mental Illness in the United
States: A Systematic Literature Review. Administration and Policy in Mental
Health and Mental Health Services Research Adm Policy Ment Health, 40(5),
384-399. doi:10.1007/s10488-012-0430-z
Parle S. (2012) How does stigma affect people with mental illness? Nursing Times; 108: 28,
12-14.
Reavley, N. J., & Jorm, A. F. (2011). Stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental
disorders: Findings from an Australian National Survey of Mental Health Literacy
26 | P a g e
and Stigma. Aust NZ J Psychiatry Australian and New Zealand Journal of
Psychiatry, 45(12), 1086-1093. doi:10.3109/00048674.2011.621061
Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2010). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building
Approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Swami, V. (2012). Mental Health Literacy of Depression: Gender Differences and Attitudinal
Antecedents in a Representative British Sample. PLoS ONE, 7(11).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049779
Swami, V., Loo, P., & Furnham, A. (2009). Public Knowledge and Beliefs About Depression
Among Urban and Rural Malays in Malaysia. International Journal of Social
Psychiatry, 56(5), 480-496. doi:10.1177/0020764008101639
Tahir M Khan & Syed A Sulaiman (2010). Mental health literacy towards depression among
non-medical students at a Malaysian university. Mental Health in Family
Medicine 2010;7:27–35.
Tan, K. L., & Yadav, H. (2012). Depression among the urban poor in Peninsular Malaysia: A
community based cross-sectional study. Journal of Health Psychology, 18(1),
121-127. doi:10.1177/1359105311433908
Teh, J. L., King, D., Watson, B., & Liu, S. (2014). Self-Stigma, Perceived Stigma, and Help-
Seeking Communication in People with Mental Illness. PORTAL PORTAL
Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 11(1).
doi:10.5130/portal.v11i1.3295
Watson, A. C., Corrigan, P., Larson, J. E., & Sells, M. (2007). Self-Stigma in People With
Mental Illness. Schizophernia Bulletin, 33, 1312-1318.
doi:doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl076
What is Mental Illness? (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2016, from
http://www.triadmentalhealth.org/what-is-mental-illness/
World Health Organization. Strengthening Mental Health Promotion. Geneva, World Health
Organization (Fact sheet no. 220), 2001.
Yamasaki, S., Ando, S., Shimodera, S., Endo, K., Okazaki, Y., Asukai, N., ... Sasaki, T.
(2016). The Recognition of Mental Illness, Schizophrenia Identification, and Help-
27 | P a g e
Seeking from Friends in Late Adolescence. PLOS ONE PLoS ONE, 11(3).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151298
28 | P a g e
PERSONAL INFORMATION
1. Age: 20-23 yrs 23-26 yrs 26-28 yrs 28-30 yrs
2. Gender: Male Female
29 | P a g e
APPENDICES
3. Race: Malay Indian Chinese
PART A : MENTAL ILLNESS LITERACY
Please circle the number provided which comes closest to saying how you feel about each statement.
1. Strongly agree2. Agree3. Not sure but probably agree4. Not sure but probably disagree5. Disagree6. Strongly disagree
1. Nervous breakdowns usually result when people work too hard.1 2 3 4 5 6
2. Mental illness is an illness like any other.1 2 3 4 5 6
3. Most patients in mental hospitals are not dangerous.1 2 3 4 5 6
4. Although patients discharged from mental hospitals may seem all right, they should not be allowed to marry.1 2 3 4 5 6
5. If parents loved their children more, there would be less mental illness.1 2 3 4 5 6
6. It is easy to recognise someone who once had a serious mental illness.1 2 3 4 5 6
7. People who are mentally ill let their emotions control them: normal people think things out.1 2 3 4 5 6
30 | P a g e
8. People who were once patients in mental hospitals are no more dangerous than the average citizen is.1 2 3 4 5 6
9. When a person has a problem or a worry, it is best not to think about it, but keep busy with more pleasant things.1 2 3 4 5 6
10. There is something about mental patients that makes it easy to tell them from normal people.1 2 3 4 5 6
11. Even though patients in mental hospitals behave in funny ways, it is wrong to laugh about them.1 2 3 4 5 6
12. People who are successful in their work seldom become mentally ill.1 2 3 4 5 6
13. People would not become mentally ill if they avoided bad thoughts.1 2 3 4 5 6
14. More tax money should be spent in the care and treatment of people with severe mental illness.1 2 3 4 5 6
15. A heart patient has just one thing wrong with him, while a mentally ill person is completely different from other patients.1 2 3 4 5 6
16. Mental patients came from homes where the parents took little interest in their children.1 2 3 4 5 6
17. People with mental illness should never be treated in the same hospital as people with physical illness.1 2 3 4 5 6
31 | P a g e
18. The best way to handle patients in mental hospitals is to keep them behind locked doors.1 2 3 4 5 6
19. To become a patient in a mental hospital is to become a failure in life.1 2 3 4 5 6
20. If the children of normal parents were raised by mentally ill parents, they would probably become mentally ill.1 2 3 4 5 6
21. Every mental hospital should be surrounded by a high fence and guards.1 2 3 4 5 6
22. Mental illness is usually caused by some disease of the nervous system.1 2 3 4 5 6
23. Although some mental patients seem all right, it is dangerous to forget for a moment that they are mentally ill.1 2 3 4 5 6
24. Sometimes mental illness is punishment for bad deeds.1 2 3 4 5 6
25. One of the main causes of mental illness is a lack of moral strength or will power.1 2 3 4 5 6
PART B: HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOUR
If you were having a personal or emotional problem, how likely is it that you would seek help from the
following people? Please circle the number provided which comes closest to describe your intention to
seek help from each help source that is listed.
32 | P a g e
1. Strongly agree
2. Agree
3. Not sure but probably agree
4. Not sure but probably disagree
5. Disagree
6. Strongly disagree
1. Intimate partner (Eg: girlfriend, boyfriend, husband, or wife)
1 2 3 4 5 6
2. Friend (not related to you)
1 2 3 4 5 6
3. Parents
1 2 3 4 5 6
4. Colleague
1 2 3 4 5 6
5. Other relative/family member
1 2 3 4 5 6
6. Mental health professional (Eg: psychologist, counsellor, social worker, and etc)
1 2 3 4 5 6
7. Phone helpline
1 2 3 4 5 6
8. Doctor
1 2 3 4 5 6
9. Religious help (Eg: Priest, Monk, Imam, and etc)
1 2 3 4 5 6
33 | P a g e
10. I would not seek help from anyone
1 2 3 4 5 6
34 | P a g e
No Author Title Objectives Methods Findings
1 Kok Leong Tan
Hematram Yadav
Depression among the
urban
poor in Peninsular
Malaysia:
A community based
cross-sectional study
To study the factors of
depression associated
with urban poor
Interview
Questionnaire
(The Patient
Health
Questionnaire
(PHQ-9))
37 out of 301 respondents had
depression. The prevalence of
depression among people aged 18
years and above in the urban poor
in Kota Damansara, Selangor was
12.3% and associated with age,
gender, years lived in the area and
exercise.
2 Viren Swami
Adrian Furnham
Public Knowledge and
Beliefs About
Depression Among
Urban and Rural
Malays in Malaysia
This study examined
knowledge and beliefs
about depression among
Malaysian Malays varying
in socioeconomic status
Questionnaire Results showed that urban
participants were more likely to use
psychiatric labels (‘depression’) for
the two vignettes, whereas rural
participants tended to use more
generic terms (‘emotional stress’)
3 Viren Swami Mental Health Literacy
of Depression: Gender
Differences and
Attitudinal
Antecedents in
a Representative
British Sample
To study mental health
literacy and attitudes
towards depression
Interview
Vignette
Respondents were more likely to
indicate that a male vignette did not
suffer from a mental health disorder
compared to a female vignette, and
women were more likely than men
to indicate that the male vignette
suffered from a mental health
35 | P a g e
disorder. Attitudes toward persons
with depression were associated
with attitudes toward seeking
psychological help, psychiatric
skepticism, and anti-scientific
attitudes.
4 Tahir M Khan
Syed A Sulaiman
Mohamed A Hassali
Mental health literacy
towards depression
among non-medical
students at a
Malaysian University
To evaluate the
knowledge and perception
of depression among
students of University
Sains Malaysia (USM), in
Penang.
Interview
Questionnaire
A moderate level of knowledge
about the symptoms of depression
and a cursory knowledge of its
therapy were observed.
5 Jasvindar Kaur
Siew Man Cheong
Balkish Mahadir Naidu
et al.
Prevalence and
Correlates of
Depression Among
Adolescents in
Malaysia
To determine the
prevalence and correlates
of depression among
school-going
adolescents in Malaysia
Questionnaire The study revealed that almost 1 in
5 Malaysian adolescents are
depressed. Feeling lonely, Indian
ethnicity, using drugs, and being
bullied were significantly
associated with depressive
symptoms. Lack of parental
supervision, alcohol use, and
tobacco use were also significant
risk factors.
36 | P a g e
6 Phik-Wern Loo
Adrian Furnham
Public knowledge and
beliefs about
depression among
urban and rural
Chinese in Malaysia
The study compared
knowledge and beliefs
about depression among
urban and rural Chinese
in a Malaysian sample
Questionnaire
Vignette
The urban Chinese were more
likely to identify depression as the
problem in the vignette.
The results indicated that the
causes most strongly endorsed
were stress and pressure, and
standard treatments rated the
highest as treatments for
depression. Overall, depression
literacy was moderate for Chinese
Malaysians. The results are
discussed in relation to Chinese
cultural beliefs about depression.
7 Amy C. Watson
Patrick Corrigan
Jonathon E.
et al.
Self-Stigma in People
With Mental Illness
To examine stereotype
agreement as a mediator
of GI and PL on stigma
self-concurrence (SSC);
SSC as a mediator of GI
and PL on self-efficacy;
and SSC as a mediator of
GI and PL on self-esteem.
Questionnaire Findings provide partial support for
the proposed meditational
processes and point to GI, PL, and
stereotype agreement as areas to
be considered for intervention. Our
study of self-stigma clearly
indicates that the self-stigma
process varies between individuals
and points to GI, PL, and
stereotype agreement as important
37 | P a g e
points of intervention.
8 Harold G. Koenig
Faten Al Zaben
Doaa Ahmed Khalifa
Religion, spirituality
and mental health in
the West and the
Middle East
To investigate whether
content’ of religious
beliefs may influence
mental health outcomes.
Quantitative Greater religious involvement in
these faith traditions is associated
with better mental health.
9 M. S. Nurasikin
L. A. Khatijah
A. Aini
et al.
Religiousness,
religious coping
methods and distress
level among
psychiatric patients in
Malaysia
To determine the level of
religious commitment and
coping methods in
psychiatric patients and
its relationship with
distress level
Cross-
sectional
Psychiatric patients were religiously
committed and used more positive
religious coping methods. Practices
of negative religious coping, severe
psychiatric symptoms and
anxiety/depression were
associated with higher distress.
10 Ariff Fadzil
Kartini Balakrishnan
Rosdinom Razali
et al.
Risk factors for
depression and
anxiety among
pregnant women in
Hospital Tuanku
Bainun, Ipoh,
Malaysia
To determine the level of
anxiety and depression
during pregnancy.
Cross-
sectional
The prevalence of anxiety and
depression disorders among
antenatal mothers using diagnostic
clinical interview was 9.1% and
8.6%, respectively. Factors
associated with antenatal anxiety
were marital status (being
unmarried), positive history of
mental illness, gestational age (<20
weeks), unplanned pregnancy and
depressive comorbidity.
38 | P a g e
11 Nurizan Yahaya
Yadollah Momtaz
Mumtazah Othman
et al.
Spiritual Well-Being
and Mental Health
among Malaysian
Adolescents
To examine impact of
spirituality on adolescents’
mental health problems,
after controlling for
possible
sociodemographic factors.
Questionnaire The prevalence rate of possible
mental health problems was
calculated 54.6%. The findings
from hierarchical multivariate
logistic regression showed
existential well-being and religious
well-being were statistically
associated with 58% and 37%
lower odds of mental health
problem, respectively, over and
above sex, living arrangements of
adolescents, parental education
and household income.
12 Robin E. Gearing
Michael J. MacKenzie
Rawan W. Ibrahim
et al.
Stigma and Mental
Health Treatment of
Adolescents with
Depression in Jordan
To examines stigma
perceptions of mental
health treatment for Arab
adolescents managing
depression
Vignette Personal level stigma may have
greater effects on females whereas
public stigma may exert more
influence on males. Community
seems to appreciate the need for
treatment and the likelihood of
benefiting from formal mental
health services.
39 | P a g e
13 Patrick W. Corrigan
Deepa Rao
On the Self-Stigma of
Mental Illness: Stages,
Disclosure, and
Strategies for Change
To more fully define self-
stigma, describe the
negative consequences of
self-stigma for people with
mental illness, and the
advantages and
disadvantages of
disclosure in reducing the
impact of stigma.
Many others are unaware or
unmotivated by the phenomenon
altogether. There are those,
however, who seem to apply the
prejudice to themselves and suffer
lessened self-esteem and self-
efficacy. These people might
benefit from structured programs to
learn to challenge the
14 Syudo Yamasaki
Shuntaro Ando
Shinji Shimodera
The Recognition of
Mental Illness,
Schizophrenia
Identification, and
Help-Seeking from
Friends in Late
Adolescence
The recognition of mental
illness without anticipating
stigma might encourage
adolescents’ help-seeking
behaviour. We aimed to
identify the relationship
between mental illness
identification and
adolescents’ intention to
seek help if faced with
mental illness.
Vignette When compared with adolescents
who were unable to recognize the
mental illness in the vignette, those
in the RMI group reported they
were significantly more likely to
seek help from and expressed an
increased likelihood to seek help
from professionals Those in the
LSC group reported they were
significantly less likely to exhibit
help-seeking behavior and
expressed an increased likelihood
of helpseeking from health
professionals than the UMI group
40 | P a g e
15 Matthias Angermeyer
Herbert Matschinger
Georg Schomerus
Attitudes towards
psychiatric treatment
and people with
mental illness:
changes
over two decades
To examine whether
these changes are
reflected in changes in the
public’s conceptualisation
of mental disorders, the
acceptance of mental
health treatment and
attitudes towards people
with mental illness.
Survey
Interview
Although the public has become
more inclined to endorse a
biological causation of
schizophrenia, the opposite trend
was observed with the other two
disorders. The public’s readiness to
recommend help seeking from
mental health professionals and
using psychotherapy and
psychotropic medication has
increased considerably. Attitudes
towards people with schizophrenia
worsened, whereas for depression
and alcohol dependence no or
inconsistent changes were found.
16 Angela M. Parcesepe
Leopoldo J. Cabassa
Public Stigma of
Mental Illness in the
United States: A
Systematic Literature
Review
1)Evaluate methods used
to study
the public’s stigma toward
mental disorders
2) Summarize stigma
findings focused on the
public’s stigmatizing
beliefs and actions and
Literature
review
Public stigma of mental illness in
the U.S. continues to be
widespread among children and
adults. Our literature review
summarizes population-based
studies’ findings on the public’s
stigmatizing beliefs and actions and
attitudes toward mental health
41 | P a g e
attitudes toward mental
health treatment for
children and adults with
mental illness
3) Draw
recommendations for
reducing stigma towards
individuals with mental
disorders and advance
research in this area
treatments for children and adults
with mental illness, highlights
avenues for future research in this
area, and can serve as a point of
departure to inform future anti-
stigma interventions.
17 Siobhan Parle How does stigma
affect people with
mental illness?
To study how does stigma
affect
people with mental illness
Literature
review
The literature confirms the public
hold negative beliefs about those
with mental health problems.
Despite national campaigns, there
has not been a significant change
in the way the public perceive
mental illness.
18 Nicola J. Reavley
Anthony F. Jorm
Stigmatizing attitudes
towards people with
mental disorders:
findings from an
This paper reports
findings from a national
survey on stigmatizing
attitudes towards people
Telephone
interview
Chronic schizophrenia was most
likely to be associated with
dangerousness, unpredictability
and a preference for not employing
42 | P a g e
Australian National
Survey of Mental
Health Literacy and
Stigma
with depression, anxiety
disorders and
schizophrenia or
psychosis.
someone with the problem, while
social phobia was most likely to be
seen as due to personal weakness.
Attitudes concerning
dangerousness and social distance
were greater in relation to men with
mental disorders compared to
women. Other people were
perceived as more likely to hold
stigmatizing attitudes than the
respondents reported for
themselves.
19 M.C. Angermeyer
A. Holzinger
H. Matschinger
Mental health literacy
and attitude towards
people with mental
illness: A trend
analysis based on
population surveys in
the eastern part of
Germany
To examine the
development of mental
health literacy and the
desire for social distance
towards people with
schizophrenia and major
depressive disorder in
Eastern Germany over a
time period of eight years
Trend analysis
Interview
While there was an increase in the
mental health literacy of the public,
the desire for social distance from
people with major depression and
schizophrenia remained
unchanged or even increased.
43 | P a g e
20 Harry Minas
Hervita Diatri
Pasung: Physical
restraint and
confinement of the
mentally ill in the
community
To identify the cases of
mental illness physical
restrain in North Sumatra,
Indonesia.
Cross-
sectional
Observational
research
Fifteen cases of pasung,
approximately even numbers of
males and females and almost all
with a diagnosis of schizophrenia
were identified. Duration of restraint
ranged from two to 21 years.
21 Claire Henderson
Sara Evans-Lacko
Graham Thornicroft
Mental Illness Stigma,
Help Seeking, and
Public Health
Programs
In this article, we
reviewed the evidence on
whether large-scale
antistigma campaigns
could lead to increased
levels of help seeking.
Survey This suggested that even if Time to
Change were to increase initial
treatment seeking, that is, if public
knowledge, attitudes, and
behaviors improved, a lack of
reduction in the risk of negative
experiences with health
professionals would continue to
deter people from seeking further
help.
22 Jen Lee The
David King
Bernadette Watson
et al.
Self-Stigma,
Anticipated Stigma,
and Help-Seeking
Communication in
People with Mental
Illness
To determine the effect
that different types of
stigma have on help-
seeking decisions
Online survey Respondents believed that others
viewed them more negatively than
they viewed themselves.
44 | P a g e
23 Ainul Nadhirah Hanafiah
Tine Van Bortel
A qualitative
exploration of the
perspectives of mental
health professionals
on stigma and
discrimination of
mental illness in
Malaysia
The state of stigma and
discrimination of people
with mental illness was
investigated from the
perspectives of mental
health professionals in
Malaysia.
Interview
Cross-
sectional
Seven principal themes, each with
their own sub-themes, emerged
from the analysis of ‘stigma of
mental illness’ from mental health
professionals’ point of view,
including: (1) main perpetrators, (2)
types of mental illness carrying
stigma, (3) demography and
geography of stigma, (4)
manifestations of stigma, (5)
impacts of stigma, (6) causes of
stigma and (7) proposed initiatives
to tackle stigma. Stigma manifests
itself most often in forms of
labelling, rejection, social exclusion
and in employment. Family, friends
and workplace staff are reported to
be the main perpetrators of
discriminatory conducts.
45 | P a g e