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Cm trenctclme` Ojcme, Igmocus (o?65-1:3 A.O.) wes ldtgm je`gnes Ojcmes !"e#g $l.1%, sgolmn lm`& tl Olmduocus jc'sg`d. g

wes olmmgotgn tl Olmduocus tjrlu#j jcs stun& umngr tjgncsoc`gs ld *+g-gr, tjg #remnslm ld Olmduocus. 'lm# ltjgrtjcm#s, jg wes de'lus dlr jcs cgw e/lut tjg cm/lrm meturg ld

'em. oolrncm# tl jc', tjg cm/lrm meturg ld 'em cs #lln. Cm tjgdl``lwcm#, C sje`` dl``lw tjg 'ecm tjrust ld jcs er#u'gmt emn

sjlw wjgrg ct jes de``gm sjlrt.

Igmocus lm

^jg Cmalrm Meturg ld Iem

m g;ogrt drl' ^jg _cx [etrcerojs ld Ojcmgsg Juiemcsi

utjlr gtgr I.. Ojem

`` rc#jts rgsgrgn

9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

Cm tjgEme`gots,cd rgengrs rgoe``, ct cs secn tjet Olmduocusjen mlt secn emytjcmf ealut tjg cmalrm meturg ld iem emn tjgVey ld Jgevgm.(Eme`gots,785?) Autjg wes e`sl rglrtgn tl jeg secn tjet juiem agcmfs erg alrmcmgvctea`y uprcfjt rgfern`gss ld ocrouistemog.( Cacn.4853)>cn jg 'gem tl se& tjet ggr&lmg cs /lrm'lre``& urc#jt7 Cm cgw ld jcs ltjgr use#g ld tjg wlrn!urc#jt% ( lr strec#jt) g`sgwjgrg cm tjgEme`gots,ctolu`n /g

er#ugn tjet ct wes sl. 4lr cmstemog, jg secn tjet tl g`gvetg tjguprcfjt oem e`sl cmd`ugmog tjg orllbgn tl agolig uprcfjt2 (Cacn, 51811 ) tjet lmg sjlu`nrgpey cmury !ctj!jet cs uprcfjt" aut rgpey vcrtug !ctj vcrtug2(!!

#acn.5>8?>)emn tjet tl rg`csj uprcfjtmgss !ctjlut `germcmf !c`` aga`cmngn ay ncsjlmgsty.(""#$%&'Cacn,568:)

*jg trlu/`g wctj tjcs cmtgrrgtetclm, C sjlu`n `cg tl lcmt

lut, cs tjet Olmduocus wes e`sl mlwm tl jeg secn tjet

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olmoge`igmt ld !rlmf ay detjgr dlr slm lr slm dlr detjgr nlgs

olmtecm !jet cs uprcfjt. ( ( ) * ) ( * + $ , - Cacn.5?85:) lw olu`n olmoge`'gmt ld wrlm# /g olmscngrgn 'lre``&

urc#jt7 mn wjgm jg secn tjet tjlsg !jl erg alrm bml!cmferg tjg agst" tjlsg !jl bml! ay !ey ld `germcmf erg sgolmnagst" tjlsg !jl `germ agoeusg ld ncddcou`tcgs cs `gss flln" emntjlsg !jl nl mlt `germ gvgm cm tjg deog ld ncddcou`tcgs cs tjg`gest g$ucppgn ld tjgi e``2R./'#.;'5#1$;5#?>)7-Cacn. 5483Y cs ct mlt e`rgen&retjgr o`ger tjet es der es Olmduocus wes olmogrmgn, tjg cm/lrmmeturg ld 'gm cs mlt lmg emn tjg se'g7 Agscngs, jg e`sl secn tjetrcojgs emn jlmlrs erg !jet igm ngscrg% !jc`g plvgrty emn

`l! stetus erg !jet igm jetg.(46:38... 209Cacn. >87) mngr tjcs `c#jt, olu`n ct mlt e`sl /g er#ugn tjet wjetOlmduocus jen cm 'cmn cs tjet #gmgre``& sgecm#, tjg meturg ld'em cs tjet ld em cmdgrclr 'em7

g``, eoolrncm# tl Igmocus, tjcs cs mlt sl. *jg cm/lrmmeturg ld 'em cs #lln. ^l ag juiemg cs &tjg meturg ld' iem.(=Allb ld Igmocus, Ojeptgr ?)Aut sl'g ld jcs `cstgmgrs ncn

mlt e#rgg. 4lr cmstemog, (el)*c secn+ cmalrm meturg cs mgctjgrflln mlr gvc`. ( < K E A E A Cacn.Ojeptgr 55)#t cs `cbg

!etgr. #d ylu `gt ct d`l! gest" ct !c`` fl gest. #d ylu `gt ct d`l!!gst" ct !c`` fl !gst.(ONGDFJCFHDBJCBH2

Cacn. )4urtjgr, eoolrncm# tl lm#nu-+c, ct olu`n e`sl ag secn tjetcmalrm meturg cs oepea`g ld altj flln emn gvc`. ^jcs cs !jy

!jgm (cmf Vgm emn (cmf Vu &flln bcmfs' !grg cm pl!gr"pglp`g rg`csjgn fllnmgss" emn !jgm ,u emn -c &!cobgn bcmfs'

!grg cm pl!gr" tjgy rg`csjgn vcl`gmog.(@

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Ol''gmt Ct cs tl /g l/sgrgn tjet tjrgg olmtgmncm# lsctclms wgrg te/`gn

dlr olmscngretclm. *jg dcrst cs tjet cmalrm meturg cs mgctjgr flln mlr gvc`

(EAEACacn.)mltjgr cs tjet cmalrm meturg cs oepea`g ld altj

flln emn gvc`()A)ACacn.)

mn tjg tjcrn cs tjet sligcmalrm meturg cs flln" !jc`g ltjgrs gvc`(TATACacn.)jet

wes mlt 'gmtclmgn (lr ngg'gn e/surn et tjg tc'g) cs tjg lssc/c`ct& tjet

tjg cmalrm meturg ld iem cs gvc`.cstlr& jen tl wect dlr 8um-+c (tjg tjcrn

etrceroj ld Olmduocemcs') /gdlrg tjcs `est gmtgrgn tjg dre&.

ctj rgsgot tl tjg dcrst olmtgmncm# lsctclm, Igmocus wesrgergn.#t cs trug tjet !etgr nlgs mlt ncstcmfucsj agt!ggm gestemn !gst. /ut cs !etgr mlt prgncsplsgn tl fl nl!m retjgr tjem

up; ^jg fllnmgss ld iem5s cmalrm meturg cs `cbg tjgnl!m!ern tgmngmoy ld !etgr. 1s ct cs tjg meturg ld !etgr tl flnl!m!ern" ct cs e`sl tjg meturg ld iem tl ag flln. 4urtjgr,!etgr cs ea`g tl sp`esj !jgm jct" d`l! vcl`gmt`y tjrlufj eorggb" lr dlrogn tl stey cm tjg jc``s &ay e nei'. #t cs tjg meturg

ld !etgr tl ycg`n tl gxtgrme` dlrogs.^jcs cs e`sl trug ld iem5scmalrm meturg )) ct olu`n ag pusjgn cmtl nlcmf !rlmf.(GPEY]FBEY]/7\kAOGe7 2ETAGET

7aoGKngdfjc+h:bG`$iCm IA$lO:Cacn.)

*jet cs wj& cm ygers ld flln jervgst" ylumf bcns erg `e*yemn ngpgmngmt. #t cs lm`y cm ygers ld aen jervgst tjet iemy ldtjgi jevg agolig vcl`gmt._uoj ojemfgs cm agjevclr erg mltncotetgn ay tjg _lm ld Jgevgm &lr gipgrlr'. #t cs nug retjgr tltjg cmd`ugmog &ld gmvcrlmigmt' arllncmfcm tjgcr icmns.(4

p qr s pq W 8tuvwx$3yz${mCacn.)jet tjcs sjlws cs tjet !jgm e pgrslm nlgs gvc`" ct cs mltagoeusg ld jcs meture` gmnl!igmt.(|)Atv}Cacn.)

#d jg dl``l!s jcs meture` tgipgreigmt" jg cs ea`g tl nl !jet csflln. ^jcs cs !jy # sey tjet tjg cmalrm meturg ld iem cs flln.(~|$C)A-~3ACacn.)

s tl jlw jg mgw tjet tjcs cs rge``& sl, Igmocus rg`& cs

tjet e`` juiem agcmfs nl jevg e icmn tjet oemmlt ager tl sggtjg suddgrcmfld ltjgrs.(T{Cacn. Ojeptgr ?)2mg oesg

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cm lcmt cs tjet ml lmg cs ea`g tl ager emn sgg tjet e ojc`n csealut tl de`` cmtl e !g``.(a]T*{'

Cacn.) "uoj e olmogrm dlr tjg jg``gss, eoolrncm# tl jc', cs mlt

nug tl tjg deot tjet lmg jes emy nge`cmf !ctj tjg ojc`n5spergmts. ?gctjgr cs lmg nrcvgm ay tjg ngscrg ld !emtcmf tl

gmjemog lmg5s rgputetclm cm tjg oliiumcty" lr dlr dger ldorctcocsis ay lmg5s drcgmns.(t3 ](t3

] t9$mCacn.)Ct cs nug retjgr tl jcs cme/c`ct& tl/ger sggcm# tjg suddgrcm# ld jcs dg``lw-/gcm#s.

4urtjgr, eoolrncm# tl Igmocus, tjg jecm# ld tjcs um-agercmf icmn( { )cs e`sl ettgstgn /& tjg deot tjet wjgm ctol'gs tl s`eu#jtgrcm# emc'e`s dlr dlln, 'em& wlu`n retjgr sggtjgi e`cvg tjem stemn tl !etoj jl! tjgy ncg.1mn cd lmg jgerstjgcr sorgeis" lmg cs mlt ea`g tl ager getcmf tjgcr iget. ^jcs cs

!jy e bcmf`y pgrslm !lu`n retjgr stey e!ey drli tjg bctojgm.( $ $ ' $ $ K : Z Cacn.

Ojeptgr 5)>lr tjg ealvg rgeslms" # sey tjete`` juiems jevg eicmn tjet oemmlt ager tl sgg tjg suddgrcmf ld ltjgrs. (3

T{KCacn.Ojeptgr ?)

jet 'ust e`sl /g 'eng o`ger, secn Igmocus, cs tjet tjcsdgg`cmf ld oliicsgretclm cs dlumn cm e`` igm2 tjg dgg`cmf ldsjeig emn ncsfust &ealut !jet cs !rlmf' cs e`sl dlumn cm e``

igm. _l cs tjg dgg`cmf ld rgspgot emn rgvgrgmog" es !g`` es tjgdgg`cmf dlr !jet cs rcfjt emn !rlmf.(*{T'9

{T'{T':t{TCacn. Ojeptgr

55)s e 'ettgr ld deot, lr sl jg durtjgr lcmtgn lut, tjg dgg`cmf

ld oliicsgretclm cs tjg frlumn ld juiemgmgss. ^jg dgg`cmf ldncsfust emn sjeig cs tjg frlumn ld rcfjtglusmgss. ^jg dgg`cmfld juic`cty emn ngdgrgmog cs tjg frlumn ld prlprcgty" emn tjg

dgg`cmf ld rcfjt emn !rlmf cs tjg frlumn ld !csnli.(*{='9{'{':t{

Cacn.Ojeptgr ?)

jet tjcs 'gems, eoolrncm# tl Igmocus, cs tjet

juiemgmgss" rcfjtglusmgss" prlprcgty emn !csnli erg mltdlrogn uplm us drli tjg lutscng. ^jgy pgrtecm retjgr tl !jet

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cs e`rgeny cm lur plssgssclm" gvgm tjlufj tjgyjevg mlt aggm

tjlufjt ld cm tjcs !ey.(*{='9{'{':t{=[[[tTp

- Cacn. 55) Cm sjlrt, tl jevg tjgsg dlur aesco dgg`cmfs cs `cbgjevcmf dlur `cias. Jg !jl o`ecis mlt tl jevg tjgi cs ojgetcmf

jcisg`d.(T:O$TT:Cacn.Ojeptgr ?)

s tl jlw jg mgw tjet e`` ju'em 'cmns erg e/`g tl dgg` cmtjg se'g we&, Igmocus rg`& cs tjet cd lur ilutjs erg ea`g tltestg tjg seig d`evlrs" lur gers erg ea`g tl jger tjg seigslumns" emn lur gygs erg ea`g tl sgg tjg ageuty ld tjg seig

ol`lrs" ct !lu`n ag ilst umrgeslmea`g tl tjcmb tjet lm`yjuiem icmns erg mlt ea`g tl dgg` cm tjg seig !ey.(M

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1mylmg !jl eaemnlms tjcs petj retjgr tjem dl``l!s ct" lr tl `gt

fl ld tjcs &um)agercmf' icmn emn nlgs mlt bml! jl! tl dcmn ct"cs pctcdu` cmnggn7(={'$${

.K`Cacn. Ojeptgr 55)^jcs cs sl agoeusg mlt tl jevg e icmntjet dgg`s dlr tjg suddgrcmf ld ltjgrs cs mlt e juiem agcmf2 mlt

tl jevg e icmn tjet dgg`s esjeign emn ncsfustgn &!ctj !jet cs!rlmf' cs mlt e juiem agcmf2 mlt tl jevg e icmn tjet bml!sjuic`cty emn ngdgrgmog cs mlt e juiem agcmf2 emn mlt jevcmf

e icmn tjet bml!s rcfjt emn !rlmf cs e`sl mlt e juiem agcmf.(:E*{t'E9{t'E{t

'E:t{tCacn. Ojeptgr ?)

"l, ct cs lm tjg /escs ld tjg e/lg `cmg ld rgeslmcm# tjetIgmocus wes tl olmo`ung tjet tjg cm/lrm meturg ld 'em cs #lln.Ct cs g;tgrme` rgssurgs emn ocrou'stemogs tjet jeg `urgn emnmltojgn gl`g cmtl gc`. Ct durtjgr dl``lws tjettl ag juiemg cscmnggn &tjg cmalrm meturg ld' iem. ^jet cs e`sl tl sey"

juiemgmgss cs tjg Vey &ld iem'.(= Cacn.)

Ol''gmt jet sjlu`n mlt /g e``lwgn tl gsoeg mltcog cs tjet ngsctg tjgcmsc#jt emn g`l0ugmog ld Igmocus, tjg tjrgg olmtgmncm# lsctclms lstgn

ger`cgr wgrg eotue``& scngstggn retjgr tjem rgdutgn. Cm tjg dcrst cmstemog,

/gdlrg e ojc`n ol'gs cmtl cts lwm, c.g., wctj 'g'lr& emn tjg sgmsg ld sg`d

tjet ct gmtec`s, ct cs mlt et e`` sc``& dlr el-+c tl jeg ojereotgrc+gn ct es

mgctjgr flln mlr gvc`. "golmn`&, tjg deots tl wjcoj Igmocus e``ungn erg

retjgr lmg-scngn. Cd tjg 'lrg umngscre/`g ld ojc`ncsj tgmngmocgs (suoj es

em#gr, #rggn, 9ge`lus&, sg`dcsjmgss, emn tjg `cg) erg e`sl tegm cmtl

eoolumt, ct olu`n e`sl /g er#ugn tjet tjg cm/lrm meturg ld 'em cs altjflln emn gvc`. *jcrn`&, wjet Igmocus jen mlt rge``& emswgrgn cs !jy

umngr e flln ru`gr `cbg ,el" tjgrg !es suoj em gvc` iem es cemf2 emn

dlr e aen detjgr suoj es (u)slu" ct cs plssca`g tl jevg e flln slm `cbg

_jum.( VIZTSX I(TRCacn. Ojeptgr 55)*jet cs tl se&,

cd tjg cm/lrm meturg ld 'em cs #lln, emn tjet ct cs gmcrlm'gmte` deotlrs

tjet jeg usjgn gl`g cmtl gc`, jlw erg suoj olumtgr gcngmogs tl /g

g;`ecmgn7 Cm cgw ld e`` tjgsg ncddcou`tcgs, ct 'ust /g secn tjet tjg

gcngmog tl wjcoj Igmocus rgdgrrgn wgrg cm deot `gss tjem ocrou'sgot.jgm e`` rg`gemt deots erg tegm cmtl eoolumt, ct cs grjes 'lrg

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Olmduocem c'gretcg ld ju'emgmgss emn rc#jtglusmgss cs eotue``&

#rlumngn cm tjg cm/lrm sgmsctcctcgs ld 'em. s suoj, tjgrg cs ml g;ousg

dlr em&lmg mlt tl tr& emn /gol'g 'lre`. 2u#jt c'`cgs oem, sl tl sge.