Upload
rosa-weaver
View
219
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
MEMORY
What is MEMORY? Definition – internal record of some prior event or experience - set of mental processes that receives, encodes, stores, organizes, alters, and retrieves information over time
Kinds of Memory
Semantic Memory: – factual information– do not remember when we
learned it Example learning your ABC’s
Episodic Memory: - memory of a specific event- event is “etched” in mind
Example day you got married
Implicit Memory: - skills or techniques learned- once learned, stay with you
for years to come Example how to ride a bike
Flashbulb Memories
• Where were you when you first heard:– That JFK was shot and killed?– That The WTC had been crashed into? – That the Browns won the Super Bowl?
Definition – memory of a significant event which has emotional ties to it - can remember it like “it was yesterday”
Three Stages of Memory
Stage 3 - Long-Term Memory (LTM) - large in capacity
- long duration
Stage 1 - Sensory Memory - brief representation of a stimulus while being processed in the senses - iconic (eyes/snapshots) - eidetic (eyes/photographic) - echoic (ears/sounds)
Stage 2 - Short-Term Memory (STM) - is working memory - limited capacity (7 items) - duration is about 30 seconds
The Memory Model
Integrated Model Concepts
• Encoding – process of translating info into neural codes (language) that will be retained in memory
• Storage – the process of retaining neural coded info over time
• Retrieval – the process of recovering info from memory storage
Three Processes of Memory
Integrated Model of Memory
Organization of Memory
Retrieval Cue – a clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall and retrieval of a stored piece of information from long-term memory
Two Types:1. Recognition ability to recognize previously encountered items/experiences2. Recall ability to remember information of experiences
Memory Measures• Recognition is when a specific cue (face or
name) is matched against LTM• Recall is when a general cue is used to
search memory• Relearning - situation where person learns
material a second time. • Quicker to learn material 2nd time
Tip-of the Tongue Phenomenon: - person can’t easily recall the item, but
shows some recall for its characteristics (“…it begins with the letter ….”)
Anatomy of
Memory
Amygdala: located in temporal lobe & associated with memory, emotions, & aggressionBasal Ganglia & Cerebellum: memory for skills, habits and Classical Conditioned responsesHippocampus: memory recognition, spatial, episodic memory, long-term memoriesThalamus: formation of new memories and working memoriesCortical Areas: encoding of facts, storage of episodic/semantic memories, skill learning, priming.
Forgetting Definition: the inability to recall
previously learned information
- Forgetting rate is steep just after learning and then becomes a gradual loss of recall
Theories of Forgetting Proactive Interference: - old information interferes w/recall of new information
Retrieval Failure: - information is still within LTM, but cannot be recalled because retrieval cue is absent
Motivated Forgetting:-involves loss of painful memories (protective memory loss)
Decay Theory: - memory trace fades w/time
Retroactive Interference:- new information interferes with recall of old
Serial Position EffectRecall immediatelyafter learning
Recall several hoursafter learning
Recall from Recall from LTM STM
LTM
Primacy Effect – remembering stuff at beginning of list better than middle
Recency Effect – remembering stuff at the end of list better than middle
Study Strategies
Distributed Practice: - refers to spacing learning periods
Massed Practice: - refers to learning that is “crammed” into a single session
VS.
Distributed practice leads to better retention
Memory StrategiesMnemonic Devices:- strategies to improve memory by organizing
information– Method of Loci: ideas are associated with a place or part of a building– Peg-Word system: peg words associated with ideas (e.g. “one is a bun”)– Word Associations: verbal associations
are created for items to be learned
Amnesia Definition: forgetting produced by brain
injury or by trauma Two Types:
– Retrograde Amnesia: problems with recall of information prior to a trauma
– Anterograde Amnesia: problems with recall of information after a trauma
Point of Trauma
Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia
Issues in Memory• Reasons for inaccuracy of memory:
– Source Amnesia: attribution of a memory to the wrong source (e.g. a dream is recalled as an actual event)
– Sleeper Effect: a piece of information from an unreliable source is initially discounted, but is recalled after the source has been forgotten
– Misinformation Effect: we incorporate outside information into our own memories