Memory

What are these graphs showing?

In your table group, provide an interpretation of the data shown here. Define the terms:RecognitionSerial positionPrimacy effectRecency effect

Be prepared to share your findings with the class in 15 minutes.

What is the model on the next slide showing?

In your table group, provide an interpretation of the model on the next slide.

Define ALL of the terms shown in the model:

Be prepared to share your findings with the class at our next meeting.

A written response will be collected from each table group during the next class.

Information Processing Model of Memory (Modal Model)

Sensory Memory

WorkingMemory

Long-termMemory

Bottleneck

Selection

Consolidation

Retrieval

Rehearsal

Input

Preattentive Processing Attentive Processing

Top-down Control

Bottom-up Control

Encoding

Iconic Memory (~200-300 ms)

Echoic Memory (~500 ms)

Central Executive

Phonological Loop

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Explicit Implicit

Declarative Procedural

Semantic Skill

Episodic Priming

Classical-

Conditioning

Space bar for iconic memory task

K Z R

Q B T

S G N

Leave blank

How many letters can you remember?

Sperling (1960) found that when asked to remember any of the letters after they were flashed for 50 msec, they generally remembered about ½ of them

But …

If he cued them to remember the letters in a certain row by giving them a cue after the letter presentation, they could remember almost all of the letters.

An example of chunking increasing the amount of information remembered

DE AF BI IR SC IA AT FE PA

Leave Blank

DEA FBI IRS CIA ATF EPA

The Ebbinghaus Retention Curve

Taught himself nonsense syllables (such as DAX, VUM, KEL) and tested himself in various conditions (1885)

Can you influence the forgetting curve?

Why do you think Leslie learned more?

90 %

75 %

50 %

The serial position curve comparing immediate and

delayed recall

Amnesia• Case Study H.M. (Henry Molaison)

– Bilateral hippocampal and amygdala lesions with portions of medial temporal lobe destroyed as well to reduce epilepsy

– Caused severe anterograde amnesia (cannot remember new information) and retrograde amnesia (inability to recall long term memories) for some years before the surgery

– H.M. did retain the ability to learn new procedural information (like the mirror star tracing task) so memory deficiency was limited to declarative information.

– Similar to case study N.A. (fencing foil through eye) and to Korsakoff’s syndrome (alcoholic vitamin B1 deficency [thiamine]) causing severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia (involvement of mammilary bodies).

– Compare to Alzheimer’s Disease in which cerebral atrophy causes progressively severe retrograde amnesia (‘first in – last out’ principle of memory formation and loss).

Attention

• What is attention? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kW86cDBZNLo

• Dichotic Listening – for auditory attention http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8B1NqyB_h5E

• Stroop Task – for visual attention

• Attention is composed of two basic processes:– The Central Executive (Working memory)

• Prefrontal/Parietal/Language areas

– Selection process (bottleneck)• Anterior cingulate

The prefrontal cortex controls higher cognitive functionsPrefrontal Syndromes

Dorsolateral Orbitofrontal (Phineas Gage)

Dysexecutive type Disinhibited type

Diminished judgement, planning, insight, time organization

Stimulus-driven behaviors - Utilization

Motor behavior issues (aphasia and apraxia)

Inappropriate social behavior

Diminished self-care Distractible (Attention deficit)

Perseveration (Wisconsin Card sort task)

Emotional lability

Prefrontal Circuits

The ‘Panic’ Circuit

Schematic illustrations of putative neural circuits of behavioral flexibility (A), selective attention (B), sustained attention (C), and impulse control (D). http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fncir.2013.00063/full#sthash.11INmbbK.dpuf

Want to explore the experiments in the study of memory?

http://step.psy.cmu.edu/scripts/categories.html#memory

References