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Memory interference Retroactive interference Psychology Internal Assessment NAME: Aldo muhammad hamka NUMBER: SUBJECT: Psychology Level: HL (Higher Level) Date of submission: Friday .august.26.2011 Word count : 2000 1

Memory Interference (Repaired) (Repaired)

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Memory interferenceRetroactive interferencePsychology Internal Assessment

NAME: Aldo muhammad hamka NUMBER:SUBJECT: Psychology Level: HL (Higher Level)Date of submission: Friday .august.26.2011Word count : 2000

Table of contents Abstarct ............................................................................................................3Introduction ......................................................................................................3Method .............................................................................................................7Design ............................................................................................7Participants.....................................................................................7Materials .......................................................................................8Procedures ....................................................................................8Results ...............................................................................................................9Discussion..........................................................................................................10References .........................................................................................................12Appendices.........................................................................................................13Standardized briefing...................................................................13Copy of inform consent..............................................................15Calculations ................................................................................16Copy of materials..........................................................................17

Abstract The experiment of Briggs(1954) has shown us that we can forget something that goes into our LTM .They prove it by tried the theory of retroactive interfernce, the findings show that there is a retroactiv interfernce if the participants tried to recalled the first list of wordsThis experiments was conducted with some modification of Barness and Underwood memory interference experiment. The aim of this experiment are to investigate whether there is a retroactive interfernce caused by the second list of words .Measured by the correct answer given by the participants the independent variable are second list of words and the dependent variable are the number of response correctly The sample of this experiments are 20 students from grade ten to twelve . they did the task individually in a 2 group control and experiment, they were given first list of paired words and when the control group taking rest the experiment group learned the second paired list of words.The result shown are not significance enough to prove the hypothesis , so there is not much difference between the control and the experimental as some participants in the experimental shown perfect recalled of first list of words IntroductionWithin the process of association and rehearsal, the content of short-term memory can become long-term memory (LTM). While long-term memory is also susceptible to the forgetting process, long-term memories can last for a matter of days to as long as many decades.As it was possible to someone to forget things that they have permanently placed in the LTM, i was interested with the idea that even the was known the most valuable storage of our brain can be breached by the information that are freshly known or learned. Evidence shown that fogetting in LTM are caused by Interference .The thory assumed that the memory in our LTM can be disturb or interfered by what the things we are already learned or we will learn in the future This theory believe that the information in our LTM may become confused or combined with other information during encoding thus distorting the memory that we already have.This theory have three main kinds the proactive interference (PI ) , retroactive interference (RI),and output interference (OI). Proactive interference are a difficulty in learning a new information because of the already existing information . Retroactive interference are a difficulty of recalling information that have been learned if the new addition information are learned and the last is output interference There are many experiment and new suggestion about this theory , one of the first experiment of this theory was conducted by Briggs (1954) experiment about retroactive interference (RI) where they used 2 list of eight paired-associates (A-B) ,(A-C) .The participants was divide into 2 groups ,those two group have to learn the (A-B) list until they have a perfect recall after that one group take a rest and the other group study the second list (A-C), after that the two group tried to recall the first list. The result shown that the group that study the second list before recall the first list mix up the first list with the second list ,but some people showing consistency in their answer . Retroactive interference theory assumed that a new information can disturb the recall of previous information, it is said that it was the result of decreased recall of the primary studied functions due to the learning and recall of succeeding functions ,but as a contrass in the Briggs experiment if the participant given 24 hours time before recalled the first list the spontaneous recovery illustration as an account of Ai-Bi items (A-B) competing with Ai-Ci items(A-C).The idea behind this experiment are the prove that even Long term memory can be disturb and somehow change , although we cant consider it as forgotten it have the same concern as it. As i said the idea of this experiment make me interested and somehow excited , although the information are rarely found this experiment are somehow simple but hard in the process . the aim of this experiment are to see if the retroactive interference will shown if the second list of eight paired- associates (A-C) learned before recalling the first list of eight paired-associates(A-B) H 0 Null hypothesis : the learning of the second list of words will give no effect on the recalling of the first list of wordsH 1 Experiment hypothesis : the : the learning of the second list of words will give effect on the recalling of the first list of words

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MethodDesign Independent sample design will be taken as technique of experiment. The reason we use the independent sample design are because it is not possible to use the same participants in 2 experimental conditions as it will conflict with our experiment as they would remember the list that was given on the first time to the second trial . Independent sample design are also used because the participants will less likely to guess what is the hypothesis of the study ,althought this is not the concern of our experiment as we demand the participants to have a perfect recall of the list and it also to counter participants Naiveness and to avoid order effect .The independent variables was the second list of words that given to the participant after the first list of word are learned .And the dependent variable was the number of response correctly recalled and identified with stimullus and list in the (A-B),(A-C )paradigm . We modify the consent that are already described and the briefing are carried out the day before the experiment were excecuted and the de-briefing are carried out afer the experiment was done.Participants There will be 20 paticipants consist of IB students vary from age 15-17 that have a mean of 16 years old. The reason behind we used a IB students are because the language from the briefing until de-breifing are using english language and it required an english speaking student so the experiment will success and the data will be comperhend. The sampling method that are chosen are random to avoid subjective reason in the control group and experimental group , we use a coupon system to make it random so the participant will take a coupon and if he/she got the coupon were there said 1 he/she will be go to the experimental group and it also the same if he/she got the 2 . As we interested of how the student tried to remember the list and how they gonna perform when they tried to recall it and we hope that it will help them to know how they perform within certain amount of time . The target of populations f this experiments are

MaterialsThe materials are the 3 list of words the A list consist of animals name ,the B list consist of house utensils name ,and the C list consist of cars developers name.The last is the inform consent that the participant will get before the briefing.Procedure of experiment1.) The researchers introduce themselves and explain the objective of the experiment to the target participants. The inform consent is delivered

2.) The researcher collected data of those are willing to participate in the experiment . The researchers allocate the participant randomly into the experiment group (the group who will be given the second list of eight paired- associates (A-C) after learned the first list of eight paired-associates(A-B) )and the control group (the group who will be given a time to rest after learned the first list of eight paired-associates(A-B) ) .

3.) On the day of the experiment , the participants were gathered .One class rooms are taken for the experiment group and the control group. The standardized introduction is read before the list of eight paired- associates (A-B) is given .The experiment and the control group will be given time to studied the first list (A-B) until perfect recall.

4.) The control group was given time to rest as the experiment group studied the second list(A-C) 5,10,15 or 20 times

5.) After the second list studied A paper was given to both of the groups and tested in the recalling ability of the first list (A-B). After all the participants are finish the De-briefing was conducted and the researcher told the participants what the experiments are about.

ResultTable NoExperimental group Participants numberRecalled data list(A-B)Control group Participants listRecalled data list(A-B)

116117

224128

337138

448148

557157

666168

778178

888188

998198

10107208

Mean6.97.8

Range41

Standard deviation1.220.4

U value 2773

Graph

The table above shows how many (A-B) pair that the participants recalled correctly it measured by the correct pair. The mean number of the control group are 7.8 and 6.9 for the experimental group. We also counted the range to know the difference between the two extreme points on the distribution curve, where the value of the function falls to zero and standard deviation for measurement of variability or diversity which resulted for range 4 for experimental group and 1 for control group , as for the standard deviation it resulted 1.22 for experimental group and 0.4 for control group. All the data above shown that there is more diversity in value on the experimental group other than control group.To test the significance of the result , the Mann Whitney U test are used because the data are ordinal in an independent samples design. As the result shown on the table the U for experimental group are 27 and 73 for the control group it means th smallest U will be used and matched with the table and cause for the 10,10 participants are 23 so it means we have to accept the null hypothesis. Discussionthe result of the experiment show that the null hypothesis must be retained as the Mann Whitney U test resulted in that way . although there is some differences between the experimental group and control group when they tried to recalled the pair of words correctly , the diiference are not significance enough to prove that the memory of the experimental group was interference by the second list as some of the participants gained a perfect score which means that the people that get lower score are somehow just cant recalled it correctly . There is some other factors that influence the outcome of this experiment such as , the time for the participants to learn about the second list of paired words are short and it may causes the second list to go into the STM not LTM and when they try to recalled it will not cause much interference as the second list of words are may have been forgotten. Another thing that the confidentiality of the answer , for some participants it may occurs for them to cheat the answer by seeing others paper or even trade answer, even though we are watching them very closely we cant know what the participants doing all the time . So based on the factors that influence our outcome we suggest that for conducting a better future experiments and to try to overcome the two limitations that we got is to , first make the time for the experimental group to learn the second paired list of words longer to create more interference to the LTM and try to make the participants as individual as possible , in this term individual it is not by chance to test the participants one by one cause it can have two outcome that they will do better cause there will be no interference from outside or they will not perform well bacause if the participants are alone they will not have a sense of competition for others although this sense of competitions are the one that may cause the participants to cheat their answer.The conclusion is that the data that our got are not significance enough to prove that the effect of the second list of words will make an retroactive interference to the participants memory as some maybe affected but others are not. Shown by the Mann Whitney U test our hypothesis are wrong and we have to retained the null hypothesis.

Refferences http://simplypsychology.org/forgetting.htmlhttp://allpsych.com/psychology101/memory.htmlhttp://uk.ask.com/wiki/Interference_theory#Span_Performancehttp://frank.mtsu.edu/~sschmidt/Cognitive/Forgetting.pdfhttp://web.anglia.ac.uk/numbers/biostatistics/mann_whitney/local_folder/chapter_07_mann-whitney.xls http://www.saburchill.com/IBbiology/downloads/002.pdfhttp://easycalculation.com/statistics/standard-deviation.phpPsychology course companion

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