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Information Processing
Sensory RegisterTemporary storageUnlimited capacity Iconic memoryEchoic memory
Iconic memory
Information Processing
Short Term Memory (STM)Holds information that we are thinking about
or are aware of (consciously)Has two primary tasks
Storing new information briefly Working on that information
Also known as working memory
Short Term Memory Storage
Verbal information is stored phonologicallyBy its sound
Some information is stored visually Images are often stored visually and verbally
Short Term Memory
Chunking
Information lasts longer in STM than in the sensory registers because we can rehearse it.Rote rehearsal
Retaining information in STM simply by repeating it over and over
Long Term Memory (LTM)
CapacityLong-term memory can store a vast amount
of information that can last for many years.
EncodingMost of the information in LTM seems to be
encoded according to its meaning.
Types of LTM Declarative Memory
Episodic memory Personally experienced events
Semantic memory General facts and information
Procedural Memory Information relating to skills, habits, motor
tasks
Organization of LTM
Associative Models of MemoryConcepts activates other conceptsPriming
Exposure to word/concept easier recall
Explicit vs. Implicit Memories
Explicit memoryMemories we are aware of, including
Episodic and semantic memories
Implicit memoryMemories for information not intentionally
committed Procedural & emotional memories
Organization of LTM
Associative Models of Memory
SchemasOrganized, repeatedly exercised patterns of
thought or behavior
Encoding
Rote rehearsal Elaborative rehearsal
Visual imageryMnemonics
Acronyms and acrostics Method of loci Pegword method
Retrieval
Organizationencoding
Retrieval Cues Encoding Specificity Principle
Environmental contextState dependent learning
Flashbulb Memories
memories centered on a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot of the event Vividness comes from importance of the event as well
as emotional content
Forgetting
Motivated ForgettingSuppressionRepressionProspective forgetting
Encoding failure Retrieval failure
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon