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MemoryMemory
Encoding and StorageEncoding and Storage
Automatic vs. EffortfulAutomatic vs. Effortful
Automatic – encoding information Automatic – encoding information unconsciously. This includes information unconsciously. This includes information about time, spacing, frequency and well-about time, spacing, frequency and well-known (learned) information.known (learned) information.
EX- ?EX- ?Effortful- encoding that required a Effortful- encoding that required a
conscious effort, and attention.conscious effort, and attention.Ex-?Ex-?
How do we encode?How do we encode?
Can you recall the Twelve Days of Can you recall the Twelve Days of Christmas?Christmas?
Rehearsal- repeating information several Rehearsal- repeating information several times to encode it into memorytimes to encode it into memory
Write down the US presidents….Write down the US presidents…. Serial Position effect= we tend to Serial Position effect= we tend to
remember those items presented first or remember those items presented first or last on a list.last on a list.
What do we encode?What do we encode?
Demo-Demo- Visual Imagery- If a visual picture accompanies words, Visual Imagery- If a visual picture accompanies words,
recall improvesrecall improves Meaning- If a passage is give context, recall improvesMeaning- If a passage is give context, recall improves Mnemonic Devices= any memory device used to aid Mnemonic Devices= any memory device used to aid
memory( organization, auditory or visual cues)memory( organization, auditory or visual cues) Ex?Ex? Chunking=organizing information by meaning, or in Chunking=organizing information by meaning, or in
small groups.small groups.
Storage- How do we Storage- How do we retain Information?retain Information?
Sensory Memory-Sensory Memory-
Iconic Memory= a short Iconic Memory= a short memory of a visual memory of a visual stimulusstimulus
Echonic Memory=Echonic Memory=
A momentary memory of A momentary memory of an auditory stimulusan auditory stimulus
Ex- Psychsim labEx- Psychsim lab
DefinedDefined
Short Term Memory- a form of transient Short Term Memory- a form of transient memory- limited in length and capacity.memory- limited in length and capacity.
Types of Long-term Types of Long-term MemoryMemory
EpisodicMem ory
Sem anticMem ory
E xp lic it M em ory
P roceduralMem ory
C lassicalConditioning
Prim ing
Im p lic it M em ory
Long-term M em ory
Subtypes of Explicit Subtypes of Explicit MemoryMemory
Episod ic M em ory Sem antic M em ory
Explic it M em ory
Episodic memoryEpisodic memory
Memory tied to your own personal Memory tied to your own personal experiencesexperiences
Examples:Examples: What month is your birthday?What month is your birthday? Do you like to eat caramel apples?Do you like to eat caramel apples?
Q: Why are these explicit memories? Q: Why are these explicit memories? A: Because you can actively declare your A: Because you can actively declare your
answers to these questionsanswers to these questions
Semantic memorySemantic memory
Memory not tied to personal eventsMemory not tied to personal events General facts and definitions about General facts and definitions about
the worldthe world Examples:Examples:
How many tires on a car?How many tires on a car? What is a cloud?What is a cloud? What color is a banana?What color is a banana?
Subtypes of Implicit Subtypes of Implicit MemoryMemory
C lassica lC ond ition ing
Procedura lM em ory
Prim ing
Im p lic it M em ory
Classical conditioningClassical conditioning
PavlovPavlov Previously Previously
neutral stimulus neutral stimulus now comes to now comes to elicit a elicit a response after response after pairing with an pairing with an unconditioned unconditioned stimulusstimulus
Natural reflex
Conditioned reflex
CR(salivation)
UCR(salivation)
CS (ringing bell)
Neutral stimulus + UCS (food in mouth) (ringing bell)
Procedural memoryProcedural memory
Memory that enable you to perform specific learned Memory that enable you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responsesskills or habitual responses
Examples:Examples: Riding a bikeRiding a bike Using the shift stick while drivingUsing the shift stick while driving Tying your shoe lacesTying your shoe laces
Q: Why are these procedural memories implicit?Q: Why are these procedural memories implicit? A: Don’t have to consciously remember the steps A: Don’t have to consciously remember the steps
involved in these actions to perform theminvolved in these actions to perform them Try to explain to someone how to tie a shoelaceTry to explain to someone how to tie a shoelace
PrimingPriming
Pass out demonstration sheetsPass out demonstration sheets
Priming demonstrationPriming demonstration
Unscramble the following word:Unscramble the following word:
L T E P AL T E P A
Answer:Answer:
P E T A LP E T A LP L A T EP L A T E
PrimingPriming
Why did half the class say plate Why did half the class say plate and the other half say petal?and the other half say petal?
They were primed to do soThey were primed to do so There were two different sheets There were two different sheets
of unscrambled wordsof unscrambled words
Priming sheet 1Priming sheet 1 Unscramble the following Unscramble the following
word:word:
F I N E KF I N E K O P O N SO P O N S K R O FK R O F P U CP U C E C U S A RE C U S A R L T E P AL T E P A
Answer:Answer:
K N I F EK N I F E S P O O NS P O O N F O R KF O R K C U PC U P S A U C E RS A U C E R P L A T EP L A T E
Priming sheet 2Priming sheet 2 Unscramble the following Unscramble the following
word:word:
N Y P A S N Y P A S F E L AF E L A K T A L S K T A L S D U B D U B L O B S O M SL O B S O M S L T E P AL T E P A
Answer:Answer:
P A N S YP A N S Y L E A F L E A F S T A L K S T A L K B U D B U D B L O S S O M B L O S S O M P E T A L P E T A L
Two types of primingTwo types of priming
C onceptua l Perceptua l
Prim ing
Conceptual primingConceptual priming
When priming stimulus influences your flow When priming stimulus influences your flow of thoughtsof thoughts
Thought to involve activation of concepts Thought to involve activation of concepts stored in semantic memorystored in semantic memory
Example: Previous priming demonstrationExample: Previous priming demonstration Example: If you hear a story about a pitbull, Example: If you hear a story about a pitbull,
when someone later asks you to name a when someone later asks you to name a dog, you’re more likely to say “pitbull” dog, you’re more likely to say “pitbull”
Perceptual primingPerceptual priming
Can you identify the fragmented Can you identify the fragmented stimulus below?stimulus below?
Perceptual primingPerceptual priming
What if you What if you were shown were shown the following the following slide earlier in slide earlier in the lecture?the lecture?
Perceptual primingPerceptual priming
Can you identify Can you identify the fragmented the fragmented stimulus to the stimulus to the right?right?
Perceptual primingPerceptual priming
What if you were What if you were shown the shown the following slide following slide earlier in the earlier in the lecture?lecture?
Perceptual primingPerceptual priming
When a priming stimulus enhances When a priming stimulus enhances ability to identify a test stimulus ability to identify a test stimulus based on its physical featuresbased on its physical features
Priming is implicit because you don’t Priming is implicit because you don’t need to consciously recall seeing the need to consciously recall seeing the priming stimulus in order for priming priming stimulus in order for priming to occurto occur
Are memories organized?Are memories organized?
Demonstration:Demonstration: Recite the days of the weekRecite the days of the week Recite the days of the week Recite the days of the week in alphabetical in alphabetical
orderorder Demonstrates that long-term memory is Demonstrates that long-term memory is
organizedorganized not just a random jumble of informationnot just a random jumble of information
How are memories organized?How are memories organized?
End here…..End here…..