Agree or Disagree? To constantly remember everything all the
time, would probably be worse than remembering nothing at all.
William James (c1890) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHeEQ85m79I
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=en23bCvp-Fw
Slide 3
Do Now 1.Draw a penny in the top right-hand corner of your
paper. 2.On the back of your paper, draw the home screen of your
cell phone. 3.Do you think you will be able to remember this set of
numbers by the end of class? 1 4 9 2 1 7 7 6 1 8 1 2 1 8 6 0 1 9 1
7 1 9 4 1 2 0 0 1
Slide 4
Which Penny is the Correct Penny?
Slide 5
A.
Slide 6
Memory Cognition: all the mental activities associated with
thinking, knowing, and remembering information Memory: the capacity
to register, store, and recover information over time, or more
simply, the persistence of learning over time.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DybifAhMA24
Slide 7
How Does My Memory Work? We use different models to explain
memory. 1.Information Processing Model 2.Three Stage Model
Slide 8
Information Processing Model Compares our mind to a computer
Memory a three-step process: Encoding: processing of info into the
memory system Storage: retention of encoded material over time
Retrieval: process of getting info out of memory storage
Slide 9
1.) Encoding Visual Encoding: encoding of pictures and images.
Acoustic Encoding: encoding of sound, especially sounds of words.
Semantic Encoding: encoding of meaning.
http://www.psychbytes.com/Flash/Encoding/Encoding.htm
Slide 10
1.) Encoding The processing of information into the memory
system (what you do to learn something). Typing info into a
computer. Getting a girls name at a party.
Slide 11
2.) Storage The retention of encoded material over time.
Pressing Ctrl+S to save the info. Trying to remember her name when
you leave the party.
Slide 12
3.) Retrieval The process of getting the information out of
memory storage. Finding your document and opening it up. Seeing her
the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval
failure).
Slide 13
The Three Stage Model Characterized by time frames: Stage 1:
Sensory Memory A brief representation of a stimulus while being
processed in the sensory system Stage 2: Short-Term Memory (STM) is
working memory Limited capacity (~7 items) Limited duration (~30
seconds) Stage 3: Long-Term Memory (LTM) has large capacity and
long duration
Slide 14
Stage 1: Sensory Memory Iconic Memory Momentary sensory memory
of visual stimuli Photograph-like quality lasting only about a
second Echoic Memory Momentary memory for auditory stimuli If you
are not paying attention to someone, you can still recall the last
few words said in the past four seconds.
http://www.garyfisk.com/anim/iconic.swf
Slide 15
Stage 2: Short-Term Memory The stuff we encode from sensory
memory goes to STM Holds about 7 (+/- 2) items for about 20
seconds. We recall digits better than letters.
http://www.garyfisk.com/anim/lecture_stm.swf
Stage 2: Short-Term Memory Try to remember the following
letters: FB-IAO-LM-TVI-BMB-MW Now, recall all of the letters Lets
try that again: FBI-AOL-MTV-IBM-BMW Now, recall all of the letters.
They were the same letters, just chunked differently!
Stage 3: Long-Term Memory Unlimited storehouse of information.
Declarative Memories Knowing that Facts & experiences we
consciously know and can verbalize. Procedural Memories Knowing how
Skills & procedures to do things by previous experience without
that experience being consciously recalled. Swimming
Slide 20
Stage 3: Long-Term Memory Declarative 1.Episodic Personal
experiences 2.Semantic General knowledge Procedural
Slide 21
Biology of a Long-Term Memory Retrieval: Process of getting
information out of memory storage. Recall vs. Recognition You must
retrieve the information from your memory EX: Fill-in-the-blank or
essay tests Harder You must identify the target from possible
targets EX: Multiple- choice tests Easier
Slide 22
Clive Wearing: The man with no short- term memory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c62C_yTUyVg Biology of a Long-Term
Memory
Slide 23
Forgetting
Slide 24
Theories of Forgetting 1.Retroactive Interference: new info
blocks out recall of old info EX: Getting a new lock and forgetting
your old lock combo
Slide 25
Theories of Forgetting 2.Proactive Interference: Old info
blocks out new info EX: Calling your girlfriend by your ex-
girlfriends name
Slide 26
Theories of Forgetting 3.Decay Theory: memory trace fades with
time Without rehearsal, we forget things over time. Except this guy
Ebbinghauss Forgetting Curve
Slide 27
Theories of Forgetting 3.Decay Theory Ebbinghauss Forgetting
Curve Memorized long list on nonsense syllabus Bok, waf, ged, nuf
Forgetting occurs soon after initial learning, then levels off.
Explains why we forget FACTS, but not why we forget
EXPERIENCES
Slide 28
Theories of Forgetting Spacing Effect: We encode better when we
study or practice over time (i.e. space out learning) DO NOT
CRAM!
Slide 29
Theories of Forgetting 3.Decay Theory Marigold Linton tests how
people forget real events Wrote down two memorable events every day
for 12 years. Tested recall of these events each year Expected
rapid forgetting reported by Ebbinghaus Instead, found long-term
forgetting was slower and much more constant.
Slide 30
Theories of Forgetting 4.Motivated Forgetting: involves the
loss of painful memories (protective memory loss) We sometimes
revise our own histories One theory: Repression
Slide 31
Theories of Forgetting 5.Retrieval failure: info is still in
LTM, but cannot be recalled because retrieval cue is absent.
Cue-dependent forgetting State-dependent forgetting
My Trip to the Cheesecake Factory You go to the Cheesecake
Factory for dinner. You are seated at a table with a white
tablecloth. You study the menu. You tell the female server you want
Avocado Egg Rolls, extra sauce, Roadslide Sliders, Thai Lettuce
Wraps, and Chino-Latino Steak (medium). You also order a Cherry
Coke from the beverage list. A few minutes later the server returns
with your Avocado Egg Rolls. Later the rest of the meal arrives.
You enjoy it all, except the Chino-Latino Steak is a bit
overdone.
Slide 34
My Trip to the Cheesecake Factory 1.How did you order the
steak? 2.Was the red tablecloth checkered? 3.What did you order to
drink? 4.Did the male server give you a menu? 5.Which item came
first?
Slide 35
Memory Construction We sometimes alter memories as we encode or
retrieve them. Your expectations, schemas, & environment may
alter your memories.
Slide 36
Memory Construction A TWA Boeing 747 had just taken off from
Miami International Airport for Los Angeles when a passenger near
the rear of the aircraft announced that the plan was being taken
over by the Peoples Revolutionary Army for the Liberation of the
Oppressed. The hijacker held a.357 magnum to the head of Jack
Swanson, a flight attendant, and forced him to open the cockpit
door. There, the hijacker confronted the pilot, Jane Randall, and
order her to change course for Cuba. The pilot radioed the Miami
air traffic control center to report the situation but then
suddenly hurled the microphone at the hijacker. The hijacker fell
backward through the open cockpit door and onto the floor, where
angry passengers took over from there. The plan landed in Miami a
few minutes later, and the hijacker was arrested.
Slide 37
Memory Construction Leading Question: About how fast were the
cars going when they smashed into each other? When people who saw
film of a car accident were asked a leading question, they recalled
a more serious accident than they had witnessed. Depiction of
Accident Memory Construction
Slide 38
Special Topics in Memory Autobiographical Memory Recollection
of events in our life More recent events are easier to recall
Slide 39
Special Topics in Memory Childhood Amnesia (Infantile Amnesia)
Generally poor memory for events prior to age 2-3 May occur because
brain is not fully developed at birth Hippocampus not fully formed
until age 2 May be due to lack of a clear sense-of-self in young
children May be due to absence of language.
Slide 40
Special Topics in Memory Extraordinary Memory Eidetic Imagery
(Photographic Memory) Usually due to well- developed memory
techniques The Woman Who Could Not Forget
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoxsMMV538U&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHeEQ85m79I&feature=relmfu
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1th1fVIc8Vo&feature=related
Slide 41
Special Topics in Memory Eidetic Memory: Photographic memory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4ugfCjqlZ4
Slide 42
Special Topics in Memory Flashbulb Memory: A clear moment of an
emotionally significant moment or event. Where were you when You
heard about 9/11? Osama bin Laden was killed? During the OJ
chase?
Slide 43
Special Topics in Memory Eyewitness testimony Shown to be
unreliable Peoples recall for events may be influenced by what they
heard or constructed after the incident Memory is reconstructed
Memories are not stored like snapshots, but are instead like
sketches that are altered and added to every time they are called
up http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-SBTRLoPuo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtelV9lmzQc