R ICHARD H. JAHNS

Department o f Geology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305

Donnel Foster Hewett was a true giant in many ways. Gifted with great physical and mental vitality, an astonishing capacity for accumulating, sifting, and interpreting inform ation, and a special knack for recog­nizing and dismissing the trivial, he made his long life a highly productive one. It also was a very happy one, thanks to his love for his work, his lively and pene­trating interest in other people, and the sharing o f more than six decades with Mary, his warmly devoted wife. To a host o f geologists he became a legend in his own tim e, and often he was affectionately referred to in terms such as “Mr. Manganese,” “Mr. Geological Survey,” or simply “ that amazing character, Foster Hew ett.” It is fair to say (to use one o f his own favorite

expressions) that he always seemed to be where the action was, quite possibly because he so often shared in its generation.

This remarkable man was born to George C. and Hetty Foster H ewett in Irwin, Pennsylvania, on June 24, 1881. Both his father and paternal grandfather were success­ful engineers whose careers were allied mainly with the coal-mining industry, and he thus had early exposure to a technical field later to be embraced in his own career. Few of those who have survived Foster, however, can be aware of the m any boyhood experiences that aroused his interest in geology and effectively primed him for much of his subsequent professional work. It seems appropriate to recall some o f them here, along with other inform ation derived in part from Foster’s own handw ritten biographi­cal notes.

The family moved from Pennsylvania to West Virginia in 1882, when George Hewett became manager o f the Kanawha River Coal and Coke Company. There Hetty Hewett died in 1884, and Foster, only three years old and needing home care, was taken into the family of Mrs. Frank A. Hopper, a maternal aunt in Washington, D.C. In his own words, “During the ten years that I lived with my aunt, I was a welcome member o f the family and was shown much devotion. There were, however, four children in the family, and as Mr. Hopper was a clerk in the War D epartm ent, we lived simply. From 1885 to 1893 my father operated coal mines in Colorado and Wyoming, but he generally came east once a year. In 1888 and in 1892 I was taken to Colorado to visit him for the summer. On these visits he took me on trips to mining districts and encouraged my interest in minerals.” During the Washington years, Foster also went o ff on long Saturday walks with young friends into the country northwest of the city. He later recalled that his interest in the out-of-doors took form in his boyhood and subsequently led him to field work in geology.

Memorial to Donnel Foster Hewett1881-1971

91

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George Hewett remarried in 1895 and quickly sent for his son. The family lived together in Atlanta, Georgia, where Foster side-stepped high school in favor of college preparation at the Georgia School o f Technology. His first contact with the U.S. Geological Survey came during the 1895 Atlanta Exposition when he was hired, at the age of fourteen, to help unpack, arrange, and watch over the Survey’s mineral exhibit there. It was an experience he thoroughly enjoyed. He also enjoyed several trips with his father to coal and metal mines in Georgia, Alabama, and Colorado, as well as his initial exposure, in 1896, to an annual meeting of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers.

Early in 1897 Foster left Georgia Tech for four months o f training in a local business college. He then worked as a stenographer and typist for nearly a year, a useful experience that also directed him back toward engineering. He moved to Washington, D.C., completed preparatory work at National Capital University School and Columbian University (now George Washington), and matriculated at Lehigh University in the fall o f 1898. At that time Lehigh had a mining and metallurgy program in which the student elected to work toward a four-year degree in one field or the other. After a conference with his father, young Hewett chose the major in metallurgy. The choice must have been a happy one, for he later reported keen enjoyment from every course he took during his four years as an undergraduate. He was particularly happy with the training he received from J. W. Richards (“a rare teacher”) in crystallography and mineralogy, from John L. Stewart in economics, and from Joseph Barrell in geology and petrology. These three men were primarily responsible for focusing his interests on economic geology, mineralogy, and mineral economics, a multiple emphasis that characterized much o f his professional career.

Foster did more than study at Lehigh. He spent many pleasant evenings with the Stewart family, experiences that doubtless contributed to the “open-door” style o f the Hewett home life in later years, and he also continued with long week-end walks until he was thoroughly familiar with the Bethlehem region. He managed the track team for a year and served as president o f the Junior Class. His summers were devoted to work in the west, in 1899 as a survey rodman for the Colorado Springs and Cripple Creek District Railway, in 1900 as a mining reporter for the Colorado Springs Gazette, in 1901 as an assistant assayer in Spearfish, South Dakota, and in 1902 as an assayer in Colorado Springs. Following his graduation with high honors in 1902, he spent another academic year at Lehigh as an assistant in the Department of Metallurgy, working mainly in the metallurgy and mineralogy laboratories and taking additional courses under Barrell, whom he greatly admired as a fine person and brilliant scientist. The two young men became good friends, and Hewett served as an usher at Barrell’s wedding in December 1902.

In June 1903 Foster Hewett entered a uniquely exciting period o f his life when he joined the staff o f the Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory. With his own sense and apprecia­tion of history, he has described those times as highly dynamic, when “ the entire country engaged in an orgy of spending money in mining ventures, inspired largely by the recent discoveries o f gold and silver deposits in the west. Many persons in Pitts­burgh, having gained great wealth when such companies as the U.S. Steel Corporation were formed, invested money in mining ventures.” His comments on the flavor o f his

DONNEL FOSTER HEWETT 93

work assignments are illuminating: “From the first month, I was very busy. Commonly, we were asked to appraise the value o f some mineral property, after rather than before our clients had made investments. Most o f my trips were o f short duration, five to ten days, and my work included mine surveys if no maps were available and the collection of enough samples to permit an estimate o f the outlook for production. It is fair to say that frequently I was given responsibility for judgments that covered the geology of the mine area, the reserves, mining and milling problems, and mining economics far beyond my capacity. I dwell on this aspect o f my work because even during those early years, I became more and more impressed by the part that a knowledge o f geology played in appraisals o f the merits o f mining properties. This conviction has grown with the years.”

From 1903 to 1909 Hewett was committed to intensive field work, with major trips to sixteen U.S. states and territories and to various parts o f Canada, Mexico, Europe, and South America. He examined and studied many kinds o f mineral occur­rences, with emphases mainly on arsenic, cobalt, iron, manganese, vanadium, and precious and base metals. Early parts o f this work led to an experience o f a kind enjoyed by few geologists—participation in discovery of a great mineral deposit. This was the vanadium occurrence at Mina Ragra, Peru, which Hewett was one o f the first to see and certainly was the first to recognize for its enormous economic potential. He played a key role in its examination, appraisal, and early development while represent­ing clients o f the Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, and two o f its several new minerals that he brought back with him were subsequently named in his honor. These are the calcium vanadates hewettite and metahewettite.

Having been well trained in determinative mineralogy, Hewett made good use of the blowpipe and charcoal block, chemical reagents, and the microscope in his property examinations. “ I recall that in 1904,” he noted years later, “my grandfather offered to give me anything in the way o f equipment that would facilitate my work; I chose a petrographic microscope which cost about $300.00. Also, to permit close studies of the minerals o f the mines I examined, I bought and installed in the laboratory a two- wheel grinding and polishing machine. From then on, I gave more and more attention to the details o f the minerals and rocks that I encountered in mine work.” It can be added that he made and studied polished sections o f ore specimens several years before publication of the first article on “ the new science of mineragraphy.” The close coordi­nation o f field work and mineralogical studies yielded excellent returns for him, and some o f today’s geologists can recall his urging them to include a blowpipe and micro­scope with their field gear.

Stimulated by his experiences in mapping for the vanadium studies in Peru, Hewett began to plan for further graduate work in geology and to aim toward Yale University when Joseph Barrell elected to move there from Lehigh in 1907. Additional plans took form as he began to court, in person and by mail, a lovely young Pennsylvania lady with a quiet sparkle. He and Mary Amelia Hamilton were married in January 1909, and in September of that year they moved to New Haven. They had only enough money to stay one year, at the close o f which Foster expected to return to Pittsburgh and enter independent mining practice. But a Peru-based incident in December 1909 caused him to review his plans. As he put it, “When the American Vanadium Company was formed in 1906, the company had 5,000 shares o f common stock but I held none. Early in

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1907, when things began to look well for the company, Joe Flannery gave me 50 shares, one percent o f the capital, in appreciation o f my services. During Christmas week 1909, at New Haven, I received a dividend check for $500 and then another in March and another in June 1910. Before I left New Haven for the summer, I decided to remain at Yale another year and work for a doctorate in geology.” Thus he was able to complete his residence requirements, later preparing a dissertation and receiving the Ph.D. degree in 1924.

Having successfully made his way through a three-day qualifying examination in April 1911, Hewett joined the U.S. Geological Survey two months later, thereby beginning a mutually stimulating and rewarding association that was to last, with only two brief interruptions, for sixty years. He was given an initial field assignment in the Big Horn Basin of Wyoming, and by the time he completed it in 1919 he also had made studies o f metal-producing districts in Idaho and Oregon. From this early work came four major Survey reports o f which he was author or coauthor, ten shorter reports and scientific papers, and a wealth o f basic information that contributed to later discoveries of oil, gas, and base metals. He also was able to define significant zonal relationships in some o f the metalliferous deposits he examined, to demonstrate that bentonite is an alteration product o f volcanic ash, and to outline methods for measuring folded beds and tilted stratigraphic sections that were adopted by many other geologists.

An earlier casual interest in manganese began to take root in 1912, when Hewett was given responsibility for preparing a chapter on that commodity for the Survey’s annual publication on mineral resources o f the United States. For seven years he pro­vided definitive summaries entitled “Manganese and Manganiferous Ores,” and by 1917 he was deeply involved in examining many of the deposits noted in these summaries. Indeed, he resolved sooner or later to see as many o f the world’s deposits as possible and to learn all he could about manganese mineralogy, occurrence and genesis, uses, and economics. He pursued this objective with characteristic vigor and undeviating interest for the rest o f his life, and he achieved remarkable success despite his many other activities. That he was a realist in this ambitious effort was indicated by a remark he made late in his life: “Long before I reached the supposedly wise age o f eighty, I decided that I’d try to read everything written about manganese; a dividend from that would be some coverage o f things I couldn’t see, touch, or map.”

During World War I much o f Hewett’s time was spent in field studies o f manganese deposits, chiefly in the southeastern United States, and in economic analyses o f essen­tial mineral commodities then in short supply. His work on factors of demand, avail­ability, and price, together with his appreciation o f geologic constraints, led to the concept that development and utilization o f mineral resources by an evolving country must have a predictable pattern. He later was able to apply this concept, to the great benefit o f his own country, when the strategic minerals program was established prior to United States entry into World War II.

A new field project was undertaken in the fall of 1921 when the Hewetts moved to Goodsprings, Nevada. There as they entered the early middle years o f life together, they learned to love the southwestern desert and its people, and there they made a frame shack into a home that was open to all who came their way. Foster soon became widely known as a willing and canny identifier o f minerals and ores, and his blowpipe

DONNEL FOSTER HEWETT 95

was kept warm as he serviced a small flood of specimen-bearing prospectors. He so thoroughly enjoyed these contacts and learned so much from them that he actively encouraged similar ones wherever he happened to be headquartered thereafter. This led, nearly thirty years later, to what became an essentially world-wide network of informal agents who kept him generously supplied with specimens o f manganese minerals.

When work on the Goodsprings district and its mines was completed, Hewett began to map the adjacent and partly enclosing Ivanpah quadrangle, an area o f nearly 3,900 square miles in California and Nevada. He handled most o f this project during parts o f 1924, 1926, 1927, and 1929, looking upon the combination o f difficult terrain, com­plex geology, and primitive living conditions as an antidote for the long intervening sessions of office work in Washington, D.C. From the Goodsprings and Ivanpah studies came valuable new information on mineral deposits and stratigraphic relationships, recognition o f the important role played by thrusting in the structural history of this region, and the identification o f hydrothermal dolomite with haloes o f alteration around base-metal deposits in limestone. After this work he was involved in examina­tion of manganese deposits in Arizona and Nevada, field studies in Alaska, and a resources survey o f the region around Boulder (Hoover) Dam.

In 1933 Hewett became the acutely uncomfortable beneficiary o f a special assign­ment to investigate, in collaboration with G. W. Crickmay, the thermal waters of the Warm Springs area in Georgia. Remarkably therapeutic properties had been claimed for these waters by influential persons on various grounds o f special buoyancy, ele­ments o f composition and origin, penetrability by ultraviolet rays, and even cross- sectional shape o f entrained gas bubbles (square rather than round!). Franklin D. Roosevelt, recently elected President, was an enthusiastic advocate who had bathed in the waters after being stricken with infantile paralysis. In 1927 his request that the USGS make a detailed study o f Warm Springs had been turned down in polite but somewhat impolitic terms and, now, in language plainly bespeaking residual irritation, he had reissued his request from a stronger position. Thus Foster Hewett was soon on his way to the deep South, where he determined that the thermal waters had no excep­tional physical or chemical properties, and that they represented rainfall that had fallen on a nearby mountain, moved downward along a bed o f permeable quartzite, and then ascended along a fault. Many interested people almost literally were watching over his shoulder as he worked, and he found it necessary to conduct himself with special cir­cumspection and tact as he kept them informed o f his results. He left them acutely disappointed, yet satisfied that the work had been properly done. What the President thought remains a question; a specially bound copy o f the report (Water-Supply Paper 819) was sent to him, but its receipt was never acknowledged.

In the fall o f 1935 Hewett was appointed Chief o f the Survey’s Section o f Metal­liferous Geology, an introduction to the busiest and most hectic decade o f his life. Foreseeing a period o f extraordinary resource needs, he conceived and organized a wide-ranging program o f strategic minerals investigations and began carefully to recruit promising young geologists for anticipated staffing requirements. He labored long, hard, and on many fronts to promote this program as an absolute necessity for the nation. Although he quickly received approval and support from the Survey’s Director,

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W. C. Mendenhall, his patience was sorely tried before final authorization was obtained from the Congress in 1939. By that time field work on several early projects already had been completed or was well under way, as Foster never was loath to place a firm bet on something he thought was right.

Subsequent events left no doubts about the Hewett wisdom, but his all-out commit­ment to the strategic minerals program cost him dearly in time, energy, and health. His life became a succession of struggles with the U.S. Bureau of Mines over division o f responsibilities, visits to countless field projects o f both the Bureau and the Survey, and painstaking reviews of reports as he monitored the progress o f many resource studies and planned for others throughout the United States and in several Latin American countries. Nor did he neglect his normal administrative chores, even though they were not to his taste and remained low on his list o f priorities. This repeatedly frustrated some o f his colleagues, even though they recognized him as an exceptional leader with a heavy burden o f responsibilities.

With the end o f World War II, Foster slackened his pace and relinquished his admin­istrative duties to become a staff geologist. By then painfully aware o f serious physical problems, he entered a hospital for needed internal repairs. Upon emerging from sur­gery and other treatment in May 1945, he elected to move with Mary to California for a period o f convalescence in La Jolla. Soon he bought a home in Pasadena, establishing informal headquarters at the California Institute o f Technology and renewing contacts with old friends in that area. Having been surgically separated from one of his kidneys and still weak from his long hospitalization, he was concerned that he might no longer be able to handle the field work he so dearly loved. He gingerly tested himself on several desert trips with encouraging results, and he passed an involuntary final examination nearer Pasadena when his transportation broke down deep in the San Gabriel Moun­tains and he walked thirteen miles without undue difficulty to the nearest telephone. This convinced him that he could be a “field man” again, and his almost childlike joy was a touching thing to observe.

Foster was primed for hard work by the time the “Mojave Project” of the Geologi­cal Survey was activated in April 1947. This was a major undertaking that involved geologic mapping and mineral resources studies in a vast desert area o f southeastern California then being given new topographic coverage. He had helped in its planning, and with his earlier experience in the region it was only natural that he should become an informal collaborator and principal technical consultant as numerous younger geolo­gists began to staff the project. It also was appropriate that his own last major field efforts, made intermittently but often during a period of nearly eight years, should be in his favorite part o f the world. It was a happy and exciting time.

In those postwar years, the Hewett home and office in Pasadena frequently were visited by prospectors who had learned of Foster’s willingness to determine their mineral “unknowns.” It was a period o f intensive searching for radioactive materials, and these visits provided him with introductions to several interesting new occurrences that he and others described for the published record. One suite o f unusual radioactive materials, sent to Foster in 1949 from a California locality near the center o f the Ivanpah quadrangle, included large masses o f a mineral tentatively identified as bast- naesite, a rare-earth fluocarbonate. Using optical and chemical tests, he confirmed the

DONNEL FOSTER HEWETT 97

identification. After several visits to the source locality near Mountain Pass had con­vinced him o f its high economic potential, he advised the owners on programs of exploration and was instrumental in arranging for a detailed investigation by the Geological Survey. Thus, nearly half a century after his experience at Mina Ragra, Foster Hewett had a major hand in discovery o f another great mineral deposit, now recognized as the world’s richest known concentration o f rare earths.

In 1951, when Foster reached the statutory retirement age o f 70, his full-time employment by the Survey was continued indefinitely by special presidential order. This was both a rare honor and a sound investment; his continuing enthusiasm, pro­ductivity, imagination, and influence on his associates yielded dividends for another twenty years. Early in that period he made his last major career decision and geographic shift. As he then put it, “My health is good, but I may not live forever. I have left too many loose ends on the origin o f manganese minerals to neglect them any longer.” This prompted a move to Menlo Park, where the Geological Survey was developing a major center o f operations, and it led to a series o f important publications on the mineralogy and origin o f manganese deposits. Through collaboration with younger colleagues who were expert in sophisticated analytical techniques and whose input he fully appreciated, he was able to integrate an enormous body o f information on com­position and occurrence of manganese minerals and to point out some provocative relationships between manganese and silver metallization. He also contributed in funda­mental ways to genetic understanding o f the complicated group o f natural manganese oxides, indicating which ones are solely o f hypogene origin, which ones solely o f super­gene origin, and which ones are formed by both kinds of processes.

The old Hewett pattern o f widespread contacts with sources o f new study materials remained unchanged to the last. One o f his Survey colleagues has expressed the closing stages very well in another memorial:

Foster carried on a voluminous world-wide correspondence with geologists, and many shipped manganese samples to him. It was always a moment o f excitement for Foster to open a box of these treasures, and he would select the most interesting specimens, rush to the diamond saw, and obtain a slab which he could polish and etch. Then his friends would provide spectrographic and X-ray diffraction data and, if the mineral or minerals were rare or exciting, his neighbors along the hall would hear the good news.

Such news generally was extended with minimal delay to nearby Stanford University, where Foster had close ties with several old friends. He enjoyed meeting with them at weekly informal luncheons reminiscent o f the noontime “brown-bag” sessions years before in the Survey’s Washington offices, and to the delight o f all he would hold forth in characteristically colorful language on topics ranging from the latest outrages on the political scene to the origin o f manganese nodules on the sea floor. His arguments for a hypogene rather than supergene source for such nodules, incidentally, have since been fortified by results o f deep-sea drilling.

Few persons have been blessed with Foster Hewett’s remarkable combination o f body, mind, and spirit, and even fewer have used such a blessing so well. He savored life and all it had to offer, and he had a special gift for transmitting his enjoyment to others. Little escaped his notice and appreciation, whether it was a subtle geologic relationship, the nuances of shading in a desert landscape, or some obscure element of

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history that could be correlated with an old ruin. Whatever he noted he sought to explain, for his was the archetypal spirit o f inquiry. Small wonder that he never really grew old! Nor is it surprising that his wife never did either, for Mary also had great wisdom, a zest for living, and much love for other people. She and Foster were devoted to each other, and each complemented the other in many respects. Shortly after Foster’s passing on February 5, 1971, Mary remarked that never had they been angry at the same time, and she smilingly added that so wonderful was their life together that she could hardly wait for the next installment. She survived Foster by six months.

The Hewetts never were privileged to have children of their own, but in effect they adopted a great many younger people from the following two generations. They gave much o f themselves and received much through this love, and they seemed to sense those critical times when encouragement, advice, or some other kind of help was most needed. Both were also concerned with the financial needs o f students, and over the years they provided scholarships, loans, and much special support for young people at California Institute of Technology, Stanford University, University o f California at Riverside, Yale University, and other institutions. Often the aid was given in a form indicating a highly personal understanding o f requirements, as when Foster purchased a house trailer so that a California Institute of Technology graduate student could live in it with his bride while beginning his thesis research in a remote part o f the Mojave Desert. These acts of thoughtfulness and generosity, rarely discussed and never pub­licized, brought much happiness to the Hewetts.

Foster was a long-time member of the Geological Society o f America, serving on the Council from 1931 to 1933 and as vice president in 1935 and 1945. He served as pres­ident of the Society o f Economic Geologists in 1936, and also was an active member o f the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, the American Chemical Society, the American Institute o f Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, the Mineralogical Society o f America, and the Washington Academy o f Sciences. He was so highly esteemed by his scientific colleagues that he received nearly all the major honors that could come to a geologist. These included an honorary D.Sc. degree from Lehigh University (1942), election to the National Academy o f Sciences (1937) and American Academy o f Arts and Sciences (1949), the Distinguished Service Medal o f the Department o f the Interior (1951), the Penrose Medal o f the Society o f Economic Geologists (1956), and the Penrose Medal o f the Geological Society of America (1964).

Some o f us will best remember Foster Hewett in more personal terms as a blithe spirit with scientific housing; some as a happy warrior who would argue forcefully with a colleague, a committee, or a cabinet member; some as a remarkably insightful man who could be generous in praise o f good work and corrosively, even explosively, critical o f sloppy thinking; some as a keen political analyst capable of documenting and vehemently expressing his views; some as a fascinating raconteur with almost total recall o f long-ago names, dates, places, conversations, and impressions; and others, perhaps, as a deeply sensitive individual who always held his hand out to others and who could forgive but never forget a wrongdoing. All o f us assuredly will remember him as a rare and wonderful human being.

DONNEL FOSTER HEWETT 99

SELECTED B IBL IO G R APH Y OF D . F. HEWETT

1905 Temiskaming: Eng. and Mining Jour., v. 80, p. 447-448.1906 A new occurrence of vanadium in Peru: Eng. and Mining Jour., v. 82, p. 385.1910 Vanadium-deposits in Peru: Am. Inst. Mining Metall. Eng. Trans., v. 40, p. 274-299.1912 A graphic method for dips on geologic sections: Econ. Geology, v. 7, p. 190-191.1913--Sulphur deposits o f Sunlight Basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 530, p. 350-362. ------- Manganese and manganiferous ores in 1912: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources o f the

U.S., 1912, p t . l , p. 203-221.1914 The ore deposits o f Kirwin, Wyoming: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 540, p. 121-132.------- Sulphur deposits in Park County, Wyoming: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 540, p. 477-480.------- The Shoshone River section, Wyoming: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 541, p. 89-113.------- Manganese and manganiferous ores in 1913: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources o f the

U.S., 1913, pt. 1, p. 57-74.------- (and Pardee, J. T.) Geology and mineral resources o f the Sumpter quadrangle, Oregon:

Oregon Bur. Mines, Min. Resources o f Oregon (1914), v. 1, p. 3-128.1915 Manganese and manganiferous ores in 1914: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources o f the

U.S., 1914, p t . l , p. 165-181.1916 Manganese and manganiferous ores in 1915: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources o f the

U.S., 1915, p t . l , p. 29-43.1917--Some manganese mines in Virginia and Maryland: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 640, p. 37-71. ------- (and Lupton, C. T.) Anticlines in the southern part o f the Big Horn Basin, Wyoming:

U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 6 5 6 ,1 9 2 p.------- The origin o f bentonite and the geologic range of related materials in Big Horn Basin,

Wyoming: Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 7, p. 196-198.------- Manganese: Am. Inst. Mining Metall. Eng. Bull. 129, p. v-xiii.1918 (and others) Possibilities for manganese ore on certain undeveloped tracts in Shenandoah

Valley, Virginia: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 660, p. 271-296.------- Manganese and manganiferous ores in 1916: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources o f the

U.S., 1916, pt. 1, p. 731-756.1919 Manganese, in Our mineral supplies: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 666, p. 23-34.------- (and others) Manganese deposits o f the west foot of the Blue Ridge, Virginia: Virginia

Geol. Survey Bull. 1 7 ,1 6 6 p.------- Manganese and manganiferous ores in 1917: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources o f

the U.S., 1917, pt. 1, p. 665-696.1920 (and Harder, E. C.) Recent studies of domestic manganese deposits: Am. Inst. Mining

Metall. Eng. Trans., v. 63, p. 3-50.------- Manganese, in Spurr, J. E., ed., Political and commercial geology and the world’s

mineral resources: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., p. 90-108.------- The Heart Mountain overthrust, Wyoming: Jour. Geology, v. 28, p. 536-557.------- Manganese and manganiferous ores in 1918: U.S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources o f

the U.S., 1918, pt. 1, p. 607-656.------- Measurements o f folded beds: Econ. Geology, v. 15, p. 367-385.1921 (and Shannon, E. V.) Orientite, a new hydrous silicate o f manganese and calcium from

Cuba: Am. Jour. Sci., 5th ser., v. 1, p. 491-506.------- Manganese deposits near Bromide, Oklahoma: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 725, p. 311-329.1923 Carnotite in southern Nevada: Eng. and Mining Jour., v. 115, p. 232-235.1924 Deposits o f magnesia alum near Fallon, Nevada: U S. Geol. Survey Bull. 750, p. 79-86.1925 (and Schaller, W. T.) Hisingerite from Blaine County, Idaho: Am. Jour. Sci., 5th ser.,

v. 10, p. 29-38.------- Carnotite discovered near Aguila, Arizona: Eng. and Mining Jour., v. 120, p. 19.

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1926 Geology and oil and coal resources o f the Oregon Basin, Meeteetse, and Grass Creek Basin quadrangles, Wyoming: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 145, 111 p.

1927 Late Tertiary thrust faults in the Mojave Desert, California: Natl. Acad. Sei. Proc., v. 14, p. 7-12.

1928 A manganese deposit o f Pleistocene age in Bannock County, Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 795, p. 211-218.

------- (and Shannon, E. V., and Gonyer, F. A.) Zeolites from Ritter Hot Spring, Grant County,Oregon: U.S. Natl. Mus. Proc., v. 73, art. 16, 18 p.

------- Dolomitization and ore deposition: Econ. Geology, v. 23, p. 821-863.1929 Cycles in metal production: Am. Inst. Mining Metall. Eng. Trans., v. 85, p. 65-93.1930 (and others) Geology and ore deposits of the Wood River region, Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey

Bull. 814, 215 p.------- (and Rove, O. N.) Occurrence and relations of alabandite: Econ. Geology, v. 25, p. 36-56.------- Manganese-iron carbonate near Chamberlain, South Dakota: U.S. Dept. Interior Spec.

Paper, 8 p.1931 Geology and ore deposits of the Goodsprings quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof.

Paper 162 ,172 p.------- Zonal relations of the lodes o f the Sumpter quadrangle, Oregon: Am. Inst. Mining Metall.

Eng. Trans. 1931, p. 305-346.------- (and Webber, B. N.) Bedded deposits of manganese oxides near Las Vegas, Nevada:

Nevada Univ. Bull., v. 25, no. 6, 17 p.1932 Cycles o f mineral production, in Mineral economics: New York, Am. Inst. Mining Metall.

Eng., p. 62-90.------- Manganese in sediments, in Twenhofei, W. H., ed., Treatise on sedimentation: Washington,

D.C., Natl. Research Council, p. 562-581.1933 Influence of technology on control o f mineral production, in Elements o f a mineral

policy: New York, The Mineral Inquiry, p. 130-133.-------Sedimentary manganese deposits, in Ore deposits o f the western states (Lindgren volume):

New York, Am. Inst. Mining Metall. Eng., p. 488-491.------- (and Pardee, J. T.) Manganese in western hydrothermal ore deposits, in Ore deposits of

the western states (Lindgren volume): New York, Am. Inst. Mining and Metall. Eng., p. 671-682.

1934 Economic geology: American Year Book, 1933, p. 746-747.1935 Economic geology: American Year Book, 1934, p. 730-731.1936 (and others) Mineral resources o f the region around Boulder Dam: U.S. Geol. Survey

Bull. 871, 197 p.1937 (and Crickmay, G. W.) The warm springs of Georgia, their geologic relations and origin;

a summary report: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 819, 40 p.------- (and Schaller, W. T.) Braunite from Mason County, Texas: Am. Mineralogist, v. 22,

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