MEMbRANES ACCORdING TO THEIR dEGREE OF …

2011 SLOVAK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY8

I. KAJAN

LAbORATORY ANALYSIS OF PROTECTIVE WATERPROOF MEMbRANES ACCORdING TO THEIR dEGREE OF WATERTIGHTNESS

KEY WORdS

• protective waterproof membrane,• watertightness, • laboratory analysis,• sloping roof,• roof deck of attic.

AbSTRACT

Attention is paid to the problems of the protective waterproof membranes of sloping roofs. The article presents a laboratory analysis of protective waterproof membranes according to their deree of watertightness. The laboratory analysis consists of 3 kinds of laboratory measurements: watertightness by a method of constant loading by a water column, watertightness by the method of a maximal water column up to 1500 mm, and watertightness by a dynamic method through rain simulation.

Igor KAJAN email:[email protected] field: sloping roofs, protective waterproofmembrane

DepartmentofBuildingConstructionsFacultyofCivilEngineeringSlovakUniversityofTechnologyRadlinského1181368Bratislava

2011/1 PAGES 8 – 17 RECEIVED 29. 4. 2010 ACCEPTED 10. 1. 2011

1. INTROdUCTION

The laboratorymeasurements are aimed at themost importantfunctionofprotectivewaterproofmembranes, i.e., thedrainageof water that has penetrated through the main waterproofingsystem. Laboratory measurements aimed at ascertainingwatertightness are performed using three methods. The threemethodsallincludeloadsbyrainwater.Belowarethefollowinglaboratorymethods:• Constantloadingbyawatercolumn• Loadingbyamaximalwatercolumnupto1500mm• Loadingbythedynamicmethodthroughrainsimulation.

The laboratorymeasurementsaimedatascertainingwatertightnesswere realized in the development laboratories of the DörkenCompanyinHerdecke,Germany.

2. SAMPLES SELECTION

The samples were extracted according to STN EN 13 416“Waterproofingstripsandfoils–Asphalt,plasticandrubberstripsand foils for waterproofing roofs – Sampling regulations. Thesamples were extracted from all the materials that are availablein Slovakia so that they would represent the whole range of thematerial composition and mechanical properties of protectivewaterproofmembranes.An overview of the samples used for thelaboratorymeasurementsispresentedinTable1.

3.1 Laboratory measurements of watertightness by the method of constant loading by a water column

Methodology of laboratory measurementThe methodology of the laboratory measurement is in line

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9LAbORATORY ANALYSIS OF PROTECTIVE WATERPROOF MEMbRANES ACCORdING ...

with STN EN 1928 [72]. The aim of themeasurement was todetermine which volume of water will flow or leak throughaprotective waterproofmembrane if the protective waterproofmembraneisinahorizontalposition,andifloadedbya50mmdistilledwatercolumnfor4hours.Theinspectionunit ismadeofplexiglassandconsistsofasmalltub,switchaggregatesandacatching tub. The tub is the place where the distilled waterwithaconstantheightof50mmisput; itconsistsof theupperpartofthetub,asupportingsheetunderaprotectivewaterproofmembraneandthelowerpartofthetub.Thesamplewasplacedoverthesupportingsheet,anditwasenclosedinthetestingtubfromtheupperandlowerparts.Afterpouringthedistilledwaterup to aheight of 50 mm, the watertightness of the protectivewaterproofmembranewasmonitoredfor4hours.Anevaluationof the individual samples specified the volume of water thatflowedthroughduringthe4hours.ThetestingunitispresentedinFigures6.1and6.2.

Limiting conditions during the measurement processThe measurement was done under laboratory conditions withatemperatureof20°Cand50%relativehumidity.

Tab. 1 Overview of samples used for the laboratory measurements of watertightness.Sample

identification Type of protective waterproof membranes Basis weight (g/m2)

1 Microperforated Microperforated 140

2

Microporous

Basedonnon-wovenfabrics 115

3 Basedonnon-wovenfabrics 150



6 Basedonnon-wovenfabrics+dispersedcoat 220

7 Basedonnon-wovenfabrics+microporouscoat 190

8 Microfibre 60

9 Microfibre 80

10 Microfibre 127

11 AsphaltedstriptypeA 610

12 Asphaltedwithglassfabricbearinginsert 250

13 Asphaltedwithglassfabricbearinginsert 610

14 Asphaltedwithpolyestermatbearinginsert 630

15PEfoil

Polyethylenefoilwithnon-wovenfabrics 150

16 PEFoil 140

17 Monolithic Monolithic 127

50

7

5

6

4

3

2

1

Fig. 1 Principal picture of the laboratory unit section for measuring watertightness by the method of constant loading by a water column of 50 mm.1–Distilledwater,watercolumn50mm,2–Structureoftutub’supperpart,3–Testedprotectivewaterproof samplemembrane300x200mm,4-Structureof tub’s lowerpart,5–SupportingsheetunderaprotectivewaterproofmembranewithØ8mmlugs,6 – Tub switch aggregate, 7 - Collection tub for water seeping through protectivewaterproofmembrane

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2011/1 PAGES 8 — 17

Tab. 2 Overview of the results of the laboratory watertightness measurement by the method of constant loading by a water column.

Type of protective waterproof membrane

Basis weight (g/m2)

Test results / Number of sample Note

1 2 3

1Micro

perforatedMicroperforated 140

Leakedthrough(1780ml)


Notleakedthrough

2

Microporous

Basedonnon-wovenfabrics

115Notleakedthrough

Notleakedthrough

Notleakedthrough

Watertoadheresonlettersonfoil

3Basedonnon-wovenfabrics

150 Notleakedt. Notleakedt. Notleakedt. -ll-


120 Notleakedt. Notleakedt. Notleakedt.



6Basedonnon-wovenfabrics+microporouscoat


7Basedonnon-wovenfabrics+microporousspray


8 Microfibre 60 Notleakedt. Notleakedt. Notleakedt.Water

toadheresonlettersonfoil

9 Microfibre 80 Notleakedt.. Notleakedt. Notleakedt. -ll-

10 Microfibre 127 Notleakedt. Notleakedt. Notleakedt. -ll-

11 AsphaltedstripTypeA 610 Notleakedt. Notleakedt. Notleakedt.

Fromlowerpartdry,fromwatersidesaturated

12Asphaltedwithglassfibrebearinginsert

250Leakedthrough(100ml)



13Asphaltedwithglassfibrebearinginsert


14Asphaltedwithpolyestermatbearinginsert


15PEfoil

Polyethylenefoilwithnon-wovenfabrics


16 PEFoil 140 Notleakedt. Notleakedt. Notleakedt.

17 Monolithic Monolithic 127 Notleakedt. Notleakedt. Notleakedt..

Note:Notleakedt.=Notleakedthrough

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Evaluation of the laboratory measurements for the method of constant loading by a water columnDuring the testing all the samplesmentioned inTable 1 achievedtheresultsthatarepresentedinTable 2.Fromtheresultsitisclearthattheconstantwatercolumnwithaheightof50mmhadadverseeffectsonthemicroperforatedprotectivewaterproofmembraneandontheasphaltedmicroporousprotectivewaterproofmembranewithaglassfabricbearinginsert(250g/m2).3.2 Laboratory measurements of watertightness by

the method of a maximal water column up to 1500 mm

Methodology of laboratory measurementThe laboratorymeasurement isconcentrated to reach themaximalpossible pressure up to 1500mm of awater column. It is one oftheteststhatcannotoccurinpracticeandintheactualsituationofaslopedroof,thoughitisalaboratoryvaluethatpartlycharacterizesthe watertightness qualities of protective waterproof membranes.Three samplesof everymaterialwere tested; the test principle is:during aperiod of up to 3 minutes, the water column increasesfrom0mmupto1500mm;thesamplesurfaceresistingthewaterpressure is100cm2.The testingdeviceconsistsof stationaryandmovableparts.The sample is connected to the stationarypart; onthe sample alaboratory filter paper indicates the water leakagethroughthesample;onthestationarypartthereisalsoadeviceforreadingthewaterlevel.Themovablepartassuresdirectmovementandanincreaseinthewaterlevelandalsothewaterpressureonthesample.Theheightof1500mmisinteresting,asthedispersionatthemeasuredheightsfrom0mmupto1500mmisthegreatest.Theillustrationsofthelaboratorydevicearepresentedinfigures4and5.

Fig. 2 View of testing appliances.

Fig. 4 View of the testing device for the measurement of watertightness by the method of a maximal water column up to 1500 mm during the test.

Fig. 3 View of Sample No. 12 after the test.

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Limiting conditions during the measurement processThe measurement was performed in laboratory conditions underatemperatureof20°Cand50%relativehumidity.

Evaluation of the laboratory measurements for the method of maximal loading by a water column up to 1500 mmDuring the testing all the samples mentioned in Section 3.2achievedtheresultsthatarepresentedinTable3.Fromtheresultsit is clear that the maximal water column measured up to 1500mm,which was reached in 3 minutes, had very adverse effectson the microperforated protective waterproof membrane and onthe microporous asphalted protective waterproof membrane withaglassfibrebearinginsert.

3.3 Laboratory measurements of watertightness by the dynamic method through rain simulation

Methodology of laboratory measurementThe aim of the laboratory measurement is to load the protectivewaterproofmembranebythefallingofsimulatedrain.Therainwassimulatedbythefallingandflowofwaterfromtworosetteheadson the protective waterproof membrane inbuilt into an inclinedplane.Waterwith aspecified flow ran into the rosette heads andfell down to the protective waterproof membrane placed on thefilterpaperandplexiglass.Theplexiglasswasfixedonaninclined“roof “ surface; the reasonwhywas that therewas abaseunderthewaterproofmembrane,filterpaperandplexiglass.Throughtheplexiglass you can observe the filter paper where the protective

6

8

7

5

4

3

1

2

Fig. 5 Principal picture of the laboratory unit section for measuring watertightness by the method of a maximal water column up to 1500 mm. 1–Readingdeviceofwaterlevel´sheight,2–Bearingstructureandstructureassuringmovementofthevalvewithdistilledwater,3–Movingcylinderwithdistilledwater,4–Withdrawablestructureofthepressuretub´supperpart,5–Filterpaperoverprotectivewaterproofmembrane,6–Protectivewaterproofmembrane,7–Watercollectingtub,8–Bearingstructureofthedevice

Fig. 6 Overview of the results of the laboratory measurement of watertightness by the method of maximal loading by a water column up to 1500 mm presented in the diagram.

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Tab. 3 Overview of the results of the laboratory measurement of watertightness by the method of maximal loading by a water column up to 1500 mm.

Type of protective waterproof membrane Basis weight

(g/m2)Test result /Sample number

Note1 2 3

1Microperfo-

ratedMicroperforated 140

Cannotbemeasured,materialis

microperforated

2

Microporous

Basedonnon-wovenfabrics

115N

1500mmP

1220mmN

1500mmFoldsaturatedonsurfacebywater

3Basedonnon-woven

fabrics150

P880mm

P770mm

P995mm

Foldsaturatedonsurfacebywater

4Basedonnon-woven

fabrics120

N1500mm

N1500mm

N1500mm


5Basedonnon-woven

fabrics140

N1500mm

N1500mm

N1500mm


6Basedonnon-woven

fabrics+dispersioncoat220

N1500mm

N1500mm

N1500mm

7Basedonnon-wovenfabrics+microporous

coatna190

N1500mm

N1500mm

N1500mm

8 Microfibre 60P

1180mmP

1420mmP

1210mm

9 Microfibre 80N

1500mmN

1500mmN

1500mm

10 Microfibre 127N

1500mmN

1500mmN


11 AsphaltedstriptypeA 610P

1040mmP

910mmP

1110mm

12Asphaltedwithglassfibre

bearinginsert250

P280mm

P250mm

P240mm

13Asphaltedwithglassfibre

bearinginsert610

N1500mm

N1500mm

N1500mm

14Asphaltedwithpolyester

matbearinginsert630

N1500mm

N1500mm

N1500mm

15PEfoils

Polyethylenefoilwithnon-wovenfabrics

150N

1500mmN

1500mmP

1160mm

16 PEFoil 140N

1500mmN

1500mmN

1500mm

17 Monolithic Monolithic 127N

1500mmN

1500mmP


Note:N=Notleakedthrough;P=Leakedthrough

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2011/1 PAGES 8 — 17

waterproofmembraneflowedorleakedthrough.Theflowof2.4l/min.foronerosetteheadwassimulatedfor4hours.Theinclinationoftheroofplanewas10.5°(18.53%,1:5.396).Thetestmonitoredhow long from thebeginningof the test theprotectivewaterproofmembraneresistedthesimulatedrainfallingfromaheightof4m.The laboratory device consisted of astationary part, i.e., aframeandmovableandadjustableparts,i.e.,aninclined“roofplane”.Onaninclinedroofplanemadeofsteelprofilesplexiglasswasput,onwhich was laid filter paper. The protective waterproofmembranewas laid parallel to the gutter. Two to three strips were put onthe roofplaneparallel to thegutter (according to thewidthof thestrips).Thestripsoverlapped,andtheoverlapmetthespecificationsof the individual strip producers. For aschematic drawing of the

testing device, see Figure 10.10; for views of the testing devices,seeFigures9,10.

Limiting conditions during the measurement processThe measurement was done outside without the direct effects ofwindand thesunrise.During themeasurement theair temperaturerangedfrom13°Cto22°C;therelativehumiditywas83%.

Evaluation of the laboratory measurements for the dynamic method by rain simulationForall thesamplesmentioned inchapter6.1 thatwere tested, therewereresultsachievedthataredevelopedinTable4.Fromtheresultsitisclearthatingeneralthesimulatedraincausedthreekindsofloading:• Fallingofraindropsontheprotectivewaterproofmembrane(A*)• Fallofraindropsonaprotectivewaterproofmembrane(B*)• Effectsofwaterflowingontheprotectivewaterproofmembrane(C*)Note:Specification(A),(B),(C)seeFigure9.These three types of stress affected the protective waterproofmembranefor4hours

Fig. 7 View of tested sample and testing device during the test.

Fig. 9 Schematic drawing of the testing device and the principle of the watertightness test by the dynamic method through rain simulation.1–Rosetteheadssecuringspreadingthewater,2–Bearingstructureofsteelprofiles,3–Waterinletthroughwatermeter,4–Protectiveandsealingpartalongthestructure,5-Protectivewaterproofmembrane,6–Filterpaper,7–Adjustablepartofthestructureofgalvanizedsteelprofiles;theroofplaneconsistsofplexiglass(A),(B),(C)–typeofloadingbyrain

Fig. 8 Detailed view of tested sample during the test.

4

7

5

6

1

2

3

10

,5°

400

0

(A)(B)

(C)

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4. RESULTS OF LAbORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF PROTECTIVE WATERPROOF MEMbRANE

Thelaboratorymeasurementswereaimedatloadingwatertightness,the diffusion of water vapour and the mechanical qualities ofprotectivewaterproofmembranes.Thelaboratorymeasurementsofwatertightnesswereperformedbythreemethods:• Methodofconstantloadbyawatercolumn• Methodofloadbyamaximalwatercolumnupto1500mm• Dynamicmethodofrainsimulation.

Knowledge gained and conclusions from the laboratory measurements aimed at watertightness• Watertightness is the main function of protective waterproofmembranes; themonitored laboratorymeasurementsprove thatthismostimportantfunctionisnotmetbyallthetestedprotectivewaterproofmembranes.

Tab. 4 Overview of results of the laboratory measurement of watertightness by the dynamic method through rain simulation.

Type of protective waterproof membrane Basis weight

(g/m2)Test result

1 Microperforated Microperforated 140 After15minleakedthrough2

Microporous

Basedonnon-wovenfabrics 115 Notleakedthrough3 Basedonnon-wovenfabrics 150 After4hourssoaked4 Basedonnon-wovenfabrics 120 Notleakedthrough5 Basedonnon-wovenfabrics 140 Notleakedthrough

6Basedonnon-wovenfabrics+dispersioncoat

220 Notleakedthrough

7Basedonnon-wovenfabrics+microporouscoat

190 Notleakedthrough

8 Microfibres 60 Notleakedthrough

9 Microfibres 80Notleakedthrough(onthevergeof

leakage)10 Microfibres 127 Notleakedthrough

11 AsphaltedstripTypeA 610After4hoursleakedthrough,flowed

through12 Asphaltedwithglassfabricbearinginsert 250 After20minflowedthrough

13 Asphaltedwithglassfabricbearinginsert 610After4hoursleakedthrough,flowed

through

14 Asphaltedwithpolyestermatbearinginsert 630Notleakedthrough(soakedonthearea

2x10cm2)15 PEfoils Polyethylenefoilwithnon-wovenfabrics 150 Notleakedthrough16 PEFoil 140 Notleakedthrough17 Monolithic Monolithic 127 Notleakedthrough

Fig. 10 View of 2 testing devices during the test.

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• Thesamplesofmicroperforatedprotectivewaterproofmembranemetnoneofthewatertightnesstests;theirmaterialandstructuraldesign did not meet the basic requirements for protectivewaterproofmembranes.

• The watertightness results of the microporous protectivewaterproof membranes based on non-woven fabrics werevarious.Asisobviousfromthelaboratorymeasurements,theirwatertightnessisnotdependentonthebasisoftheirweight.Itisnecessary to note that theirwatertightness is dependent on thewaterprooflayerbeingdiffusionallyopenbetweenthetwonon-wovenfabrics,whiletheproducerisresponsibleforitsquality.

• The microporous protective waterproof membranes made ofmicrofabricsachievedpositive results except for the laboratorymeasurement conducted by the method of amaximal watercolumn up to 1500 mm, whereas the microporous protectivewaterproof membrane 60 g/m2, sample No.8 achieved lowervalues. It is necessary to note that the watertightness of thismaterialclearlydependsonthebasisofweight.Thereasonisdue

tothestructureofthematerial;itisacompactmaterialmadeofpolyethylenefibreswithahighdegreeofdensity.

• AsphaltedstripTypeAdidnotmeettherequirementsintwoofthethreemeasurementstested.

• Microporous protective waterproof membrane asphalted withglassfabricbearinginsert250g/m2provedtobeunreliable.Itdidnotmeettherequirementsinanyofthetests;thethicknessofitsasphaltedlayerdidnotprovidewatertightness.Theproducerprefers these materials to be contactless into three membraneroofs.

• The microporous protective waterproof membranes asphaltedwith a 610 g/m2 glass fabric bearing insert and a 630 g/m2polyestermatdidnotachievepositiveresultsduringthelaboratorymeasurement by the rain simulationmethod. It is necessary tostatethatthetestbyfallingrainisthemostunfavourableofthetestsaccordingtotheloading.Inthefallingofthesimulatedrain,point(A)couldbeseenasthemostloadedplacewheretheraindropsfelldirectly.

Fig. 11 View of microperforated protective waterproof membrane during the test.

Fig. 12 View of asphalted strip with 250 g/m2 glass insert after finishing the test, leakage on the whole surface of the strip.

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REFERENCES

[1] OLÁH,J.: Recommended planning principles for roofs.Bratislava;CSS,2002.

[2] OLÁH,J.-ŠMEHYL,R.-KAJAN,I.:-MIHÓK,M.: Defectsof roof decks and their optimal repairs, JAGA GROUP,Bratislava,2006.

[3] OLÁH,J.-MIKULÁŠ,M.:Coveringandadditionalconstructionroofs.Bratislava;JAGAGROUP,2001.

[4] ŠVEDA,M.: Insolution II.,Waterproofing based on plastic,STUvBA,2007.

[5] KAJAN,I.: Solution to problems of protective waterproofmembranes of sloping roofs. In: Strechy, fasády, izolácie,roč.11,2004,č.6,pp.20-24.

[6] KAJAN,I.: Slooping roofs of habitable garrets and TheirStatics.In:ASB,roč.12,2005,č.4,pp.110-112.

[7] STNEN 13859-1: 2005 Flexible sheets forwaterproofing -

Definitionsandcharacteristicsofunderlays-Part1:Underlaysfordiscontinuousroofing.

[8] STN EN ISO 12572: 2003 Hygrothermal performance ofbuilding materials and products. Determination of watervapourtransmissionproperties.

[9] STNEN12311-1:2002Flexiblesheetsforwaterproofing.Part1: Bitumen sheets for roof waterproofing. Determination oftensileproperties.

[10] STN EN 13416: 2002 Flexible sheets for waterproofing.Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing.Rulesforsampling.

[11] STN EN 1928: 2001 Flexible sheets for waterproofing.Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roof waterproofing.Determinationofwatertightness.

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