MELJUN Database Lecture Meljun

8/14/2019 MELJUN Database Lecture Meljun

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DATABASATABAS

E

SYSTEMYSTEMMELJUN CORTESELJUN CORTES





ATA ORGANIZATIOTA ORGANIZATIOTERTER is the basic building block of DATADATA which

consist of upper & lower case letter numericdigit (0, 1, 2, etc.) or special character (-, +,

ACTERCTER are put together to form a FACTFACT.re called Field, Item, Word, or String of Chara number, a name, or a combination of Char

RD – a collection of related FACTS.

:loyee Record – it is collection of FACT about one emicates name, address, phone #, pay rate, earning m

date & so on.

MELJUN CORTESELJUN CORTES



is a collection of related RECORDRECORD.:1.) A collection of all employee record for one com

would be an Employee FileEmp

loyee File.2.)

Inventory FileInventory

File – collection of all inventory recoa particular company or organization.

ATA ORGANIZATIOTA ORGANIZATIO

Student ID# : 034456

Student Name : MELJUN CORTESCourse : BSCS – 4

Birthday : October 2, 1975

Zodiac Sign : Libra

Student ID# : 034456Student Name : MELJUN CORTES

Course : BSCS – 4


Zodiac Sign : Libra

Student ID# : 034456Student Name : MELJUN CORTES

Course : BSCS – 4


Zodiac Sign : Libra

FILEILE

RECORDECORD

MELJUN CORTES



ATA ORGANIZATIOTA ORGANIZATIOHIERARCHY OF DATAIERARCHY OF DATA :

HARACTER – are combined to make a Fact.

ACT – are combined to make Record.

ECORD – are combined to make File.

ILE – are combined to make DataBase

DataBase

File

Record

Fact

Character

ote: The Heart of most Organization is DATAATA.

DataBase – is a collection of integrated & related master filemaster file.

Note: A data base is used as the raw materialraw material or input datainp

ut data

for all of the application system perform by the

organization.MELJUN CORTESELJUN CORTES



YSTEMSTEM


Number Date Customer Amount

101 Oct 30, 2009 MELJUN CORTES 12,500

102 Dec. 12, 2009 PIOLO PASCAUL 78,452

103 Nov. 15,2009 MARTIN RIVERA 89,500

104 Jan. 14,2010 SAM MELBY 10,500

ROW is a RECORD.ROW is a RECORD.

COLUMN is a FIELD.COLUMN is a FIELD.

UMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.MN TITLES are FIELD NAME.type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.ype of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.

number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.umber of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.

TABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.ABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.

TABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTW

FIELD NAMEIELD NAME

RECORD

RECORD

RECORD

RECORD

TABLE


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ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEMMPLE OF DATABASE STRUCTURE:

cture for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfture for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfber of Data Records : 268 recordser of Data Records : 268 records

of last update : 10/26/1996of last update : 10/26/1996

ame of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbfme of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbf

Field NameField Name Field Data Types Field Width Dec Indexield Data Types Field Width Dec Index

AppNumberppNumber character 6haracter 6AppDateppDate datedate 88

Nameame character 20haracter 20

Address character 30ddress character 30

LoanAmount numeric 12 2oanAmount numeric 12 2

Rebate numeric 7 2ebate numeric 7 2Interest numeric 7 2nterest numeric 7 2

Balance numeric 12 2alance numeric 12 2

Penalty numeric 7 2enalty numeric 7 2




DATA – is a raw materials or input to

any data processing

system.

- is considered as INPUT DATA.

- is manipulated to provide

OUTPUT DATA.

Example: Student Admission Form & Enrollment Form

Pay Slip of an employee

INFORMATION – when this OUTPUT DATA can be

used to help people make economic

decision making.

DATA PROCESSING – is that procedures of transforming

INPUT DATA into

desired OUTPUT DATA.





INFORMATION PROCESSING – a special case of data

processing is the

procedure of transforming dataata into

informationnformation which

can be used to make betterdecision.

Data Processing System – includes all people, procedures &

computer device used to produce

desirable outputor meaningful

information.Information Processing System – includes all people,

procedures, computer

devices used to procedure

useful that can be used in

decision making





verview of DATA ProcessingEx. Payroll System

INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT

Example:

1.) Pay Rate

2.) HoursWorked

3.) Payroll

Deduction

Example:

1.) Classifying

2.) Sorting

3.) Calculating

4.) Storing

5.) Summarizing

6.) Reproducing

Example:

1.) Pay Slip

2.) PayrollReport




FORMATION SYSTEORMATION SYSTEHardware, Software, People,

Procedures, Policies, DATA arecombined to create an

INFORMATIONNFORMATION

SYSTEMYSTEM.The term INFORMATION SYSTEM is a generic reference to a

Computer-Based

System that provides the following:

1.) DATA PROCESSING – capabilities for a company .- DATA PROCESSING capability

refers to the System’s ability to handle

and process DATA.

2.) INFORMATION SYSTEM – people need to make better more

informed Decisions.

- The more sophisticated INFORMATIONMELJUN CORTESELJUN CORTES



DATABASATABAS

E

SYSTEMYSTEMMELJUN CORTESELJUN CORTES



ATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM

Database

Concepts

Datavs.Information




DatabaseDatabaseComputerized Record

Keeping System

Collection of Data usedby an organization to

1. Record its Operations

2. Support Decision Making




Dataa ta

Raw facts and figures

Can be of typeText

Number

Sound, Image, Chart,Video


DATABASE SYSTEATABASE SYSTE



I n fo rmat ioo rma o

nProcessed Data

Used for Decision Making

Data is alsoINFORMATION

Information createsDATA






cture for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfture for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbf

ber of Data Records : 268 recordser of Data Records : 268 records













YSTEMSTEM






104 Jan. 14,2010 SAM MELBY 10,500







FIELD NAMEIELD NAME

RECORD

RECORD

RECORD

RECORD

TABLE



A DataBase Management SysteDataBase Management Syste

(DBMS)DBMS)often just called ‘Database

Software’InputInput

Processin

g Outpututput

Storing

Querying

Sorting

FORMSORMS REPORTSEPORTS

SourcesDocuments

Like:

Enrollment

Forms

Printed

Documents

Like:

Assessment Forms




Databaseatabase

TerminologyerminologyTerm Meaning

Database

Table

Record

Field

Data Type

An organised collection (or Store) of data.

A collection of related records, such

as all the pupil records in a class.

A collection of related fields,such as a pupil’s record.

An individual data item, such

as Firstname or Date of Birth.

Type of information in a field such

astext, numeric, date and boolean

(Yes/No)




The Russian Dollhe Russian Doll

Analogynalogy

Fields

inside of…

A

Database

Tables

inside

of…ecords

inside of…

Data

inside of…


TABASE SYSTEM



YSTEMSTEM






104 Jan. 14,2010 SAM MELBY 10,500







FIELD NAMEIELD NAME

RECORD

RECORD

RECORD

RECORD

TABLE




cture for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfture for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbf

ber of Data Records : 268 recordser of Data Records : 268 records













What is ahat is a DBMSBMS?

A collection of computer programs that allow

storage, modification, and extraction of

information from a databasenformation from a database. There are

many different types of DBMS ranging from

small systems that run on personalcomputers to huge systems that run on

mainframes.

Examples--

Computerized library systemsComputerized library systems, automated

teller machines, flight reservation systems,

computerized parts inventory systemscomputerized parts inventory systems.





Introductiontroductio

n To DBMSTo DBMS

ConceptsonceptsMELJUN CORTESELJUN CORTES




What is ahat is a DBMSBMS?

A collection of computer programs that allowstorage, modification, and extraction of

information from a databasenformation from a database. There are

many different types of DBMS ranging from

small systems that run on personalcomputers to huge systems that run on

mainframes.

Examples--

Computerized library systemsComputerized library systems, automated

teller machines, flight reservation systems,

computerized parts inventory systemscomputerized parts inventory systems.





Examples ofxamples of

DATABASE(1)ATABASE(1)Admission System

Examination System

Library SystemPayroll & Personnel

Management System

Accounting SystemHotel Reservation System

Airline Reservation System





Examples of DATABASExamples of DATABASE

(2)Patient Recording System

Inventory System

Sales and Purchase and AccountingSystem

Enrollment System

Knowledge-Based ManagementSystem

Every Government, Military, Privateand other organizations plusIndividual can make use of DB





Data Managementata Management

Manual Filing Systemanual Filing System

Computerized Filingomputerized Filing

Systemystem

Database Systemsatabase Systems





Filing SystemFiling SystemEvery Department/Company has its ownEvery Department/Company has its own

Data File(s)Data File(s)

Application to Maintain Data File(s)Application to Maintain Data File(s)

-- Computerized Data Maintenance-- Computerized Data Maintenance

SystemSystem







Databaseatabase

Systemystemingle, Central, Large Repository

Shared Resource

Have Logical Connectionsamong data items

DBA is responsible of itsdesign, creation andmaintenance



Is a PERSONs a PERSON



Members

Management

Application

Catalog

Management

Application

Transaction

Management

Application

Lists of All Members,

New Members,

Joins between

specified Dates. etc

Lists of All Books,

New Books,

Issued Books,

Lost Books,. etc

Books Issued Today,

Books Receipt Today,

etc

Members

Catalog

Register

DBMSBMS

atabasetabase



Library Systemibrary System -- Exaxa



DBMSBMSSoftware Package that providesoftware Package that provides

Support to applicationsupport to applicationssystemystem

-- Computerized DATA- Computerized DATA

HandlingandlingUser-interface for on-lineser-interface for on-line

queriesueries





Advantages of DBMS (1dvantages of DBMS (1)

Sharing of Data

Control of Redundancy

-(unnecessary wastage of disk space)

Data Consistency

Improvement of Data Standards

Improvement of Data Integrity

-(Intra-record, inter-record, referential)

Balancing of ConflictsFaster Development of New Applications





Advantages of DBMSdvantages of DBMS

(2)2)Better Security

Passwords

Encryption

Views and Stored Procedures

Better Data Accessibility

(query language- SQL programming)

Economy of Scale

Transaction handling

Better backup and Recovery Procedures





Disadvantages ofisadvantages of

DBMSBMSHigher Costs of

DBMS

Hardware

ConversionProgramming

Slow Processing of Some

ApplicationsMore Security Risks

More Difficult Recovery





Kinds of Databaseinds of DatabaseRelational: Oracle 9i/8i, SQL-Server 2000/7.0/6.5,Relational: Oracle 9i/8i, SQL-Server 2000/7.0/6.5,

Teradata, Sybase(SQL Anywhere),Teradata, Sybase(SQL Anywhere),

DB2, InformixDB2, Informix

MS-Access, Foxpro 2.6/2.5,dbase IV/3 +MS-Access, Foxpro 2.6/2.5,dbase IV/3 +

Network e.g.Network e.g. IDS Server IDS Server

Paradox, FoxBase, Dbase3+, DbaseIVParadox, FoxBase, Dbase3+, DbaseIV

DBU, Visual FoxPro, MS-Access – Windows 7DBU, Visual FoxPro, MS-Access – Windows 7





Relational DBMSRelational DBMSATABASE SYSTEMTABASE SYSTEM

TABLETABLE

TABLETABLE

TABLETABLETABLETABLE



Important RDBMSmportant RDBMS

ObjectsbjectsTablesables

Viewsiews

TriggersriggersStored Procedurestored Procedures

Functionsunctions

Primary Keyrimary Key

Foreign Keyoreign Key





SQL



SQL:

It is an acronym for Structuredt is an acronym for Structured

Query Language.uery Language.

It is the language in which, thet is the language in which, theclient sends the requestlient sends the request

to the database forto the database fordataata

Eg. Select name, addressg. Select name, address

From emprom emp

SQL:





PL/SQL:PL/SQL:It is an acronym for Programming Language/Structured QueryProgramming Language/Structured Query

LanguageLanguage

Apart from writing the SQL you also have the programminglanguage constructs like

• If then else (checking conditions)

•

Looping (Executing the set of statements more that once)• Exception and error handling (Taking care of run time errors)





Database Designatabase Design

Database designis the process of producing a detailed

data model of a database. This logical data model contains all theneeded logical and physical design choices and physical storageparameters needed to generate a design in a Data DefinitionLanguage, which can then be used to create a database. A fullyattributed data model contains detailed attributes for each entity.

Process:• Determine the data to be stored in the database• Determine the relationships between the different data elements• Superimpose a logical structure upon the data on the basis of

these relationships.







In database packagesatabase packages, the term Cursor refers to a controlstructure for the successive traversal (and potentialprocessing) of records in a result set.

A Transaction Log (also database log or binary log) is ahistory of actions executed by a database managementsystem to guarantee ACID properties over crashes or

hardware failures. Physically, a log is a file of updates doneo the database, stored in stable storage.

A Database Index is a data structure that improves thespeed of operations in a table. Indexes can be created usingone or more columns, providing the basis for both rapid

random lookups and efficient ordering ofaccess to records.

A Stored Procedure is a subroutine available to applicationsaccessing a relational database system. Stored procedures(sometimes called a sproc or SP) are actually stored in the

database.

Databaseatabase

Objectsbjects







TRANSACTIONRANSACTION

MANAGEMENTANAGEMENT

What is a Database Transaction ?

A database transactiondatabase transaction is a unit of interaction with a

database management system or similar system that istreated in a coherent and reliable way independent of other transactions. In general, a database transaction must be

atomic, meaning that it must be either entirely completedor aborted. Ideally, a database system will guarantee theproperties of Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation andDurability (ACID) for each transaction.

A Simple Transaction1. Begin the transaction2. Execute several queries3. Commit the transaction





ACIDCIDIn computer scienceomputer science, ACID (Atomicity, Consistency,

Isolation, Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee thatdatabase transactions are processed reliably. In the context of databases, a single logical operation on the data is called a

transaction.

Atomicity - Atomicity refers to the ability of the DBMS to guaranteethat either all of the tasks of a transaction are performed or none of them are.Consistency - Consistency refers to the database being in a legal state

when the transaction begins and when it ends. This means that atransaction cannot break the rules, or integrity constraints, of thedatabase.Isolation - Isolation refers to the ability of the application tomake operations in a transaction appear isolated fromall other operationsDurability -Durability ensures that the results of a completedtransaction are permanent and can survive future system and





Kinds of Databaseinds of Database

Consultantsonsultants

DATABASE DesignersDATABASE Designers

is a personis a personDATABASE DevelopersDATABASE Developers

is a personis a person

DBA (Data Base Administrator)DBA (Data Base Administrator)is a personis a person





DATABASEATABASE

Designers:esigners:These consultants Analyze,hese consultants Analyze,

design the completeesign the complete

structure of the database.tructure of the database.

They design Tables, Views,hey design Tables, Views,

Normalization, ER Diagram,ormalization, ER Diagram,

Integrity constraints, etc.ntegrity constraints, etc.







DBB ADMINISTRATORDMINISTRATOR :These consultants’ profilehese consultants’ profileincludes installation,ncludes installation,configuration, migration,onfiguration, migration,

backup, recovery operationsackup, recovery operationsVarious Tasks of the DBA are:arious Tasks of the DBA are:

a) Granting access) Granting access

b) User creation and deletion) User creation and deletion

c) Performance tuning) Performance tuning

d) Query optimization) Query optimization





Related Skills in DATABASE

SYSTEMata Warehousingata Warehousing

Development of a data warehouse includes development of systems toextract data from operating systems plus installation of a warehouse

database system that provides managers flexible access to the dataData Miningata Mining

A class of database applications that look for hidden patterns in a groupof data that can be used to predict future behavior

Data Modelingata Modeling

The analysis of data objects and their relationships to other data objects.Data modeling is often the first step in database design and object-oriented programming as the designers first create a conceptual model of

how data items relate to each other. Data modeling involves a progressionfrom conceptual model to logical model to physical schema.























































