MELJUN CORTES Computer Organization Lecture Chapter3

8/13/2019 MELJUN CORTES Computer Organization Lecture Chapter3

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MicroprocessorsChapter 3

MELJUN CORTES


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Overview

In this chapter, you will learn how to Identify the core components of a CPU

Describe the relationship of CPUs and RAM

Explain the varieties of modern CPUs

Identify specialty CPUs Install and upgrade CPUs


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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Core Components


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Concepts

The CPU (Central Processing Unit)works as a verypowerful calculator

CPUs are not very smartjust very fast at

manipulating zeroes and ones


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Man in the Box

Visualize the CPU as a man in a box.

He will gladly perform anything you want him to do, but he cant

see or hear anything outside the box.

How can we communicate with him?

We need some

way to talk to the

guy inside the box

Is anyone out

there?


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Talking to the Man

Imagine 16 lights 8 on the inside and 8 on the outside

When an inside light is on, the corresponding outside

light is on. We can switch these lights on and off.

This communication system is like the external databus


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Talking to the Man

In reality, a lot of little wires flash on or off Voltage is applied or not

Represented not as on, on, off, off

but as 1, 1, 0, 0

On

1

Off

0

On

1

Off

0

On

1

Off

0

On

1

On

1


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External Data Bus

The CPU communicates with the outside world usingthe external data bus(EDB) Instead of light bulbs, the EDB is made up of tiny wires

The state of a wire is expressed in a binary format, withzeroes and ones

Each discrete setting (series of zeroes and ones

representing the state of the wires) of the EDB is a line

of code in a program


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Registers

Inside the box are registers(temporary storage locations)

The four general-purpose registers found in all CPUs are AX,

BX, CX, and DX

10000101

00110101

11001001

10100001


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Codebook

The man in the box needs one more tool: thecodebook or instruction set

Called machine language

One command is a line of code

The complete set of commands for a processor is itsinstruction set

Place AX on EDB

Add AX to BX & store in AX

Store next line in BXStore next line in AX

Meaning

1011 0000

1000 00001001 0000

1100 0000

Instruction


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Codebook (Instruction Set)

Place AX on EDB

Add AX to BX & store in AX

Store next line in BX

Store next line in AX

Meaning

1011 0000

1000 0000

1001 0000

1100 0000

Instruction

Place AX on EDB1100 0000

Instruction (add AX and BX and place in AX)1011 0000

Data (number 2)Instruction (store data in BX)

Data (number 1)

Instruction (store data in AX)

1001 0000

1000 0000

0000 0001

0000 0010


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Clock

The CPU does no work untiltold toeven though data may

be on the EDB

You need a buzzer to tell theman in the box to start

This is referred to as a clock

A clock is actually a stream

of pulses

z

z

10000101

00110101

Time towork

10000101

00110101


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Clock

A clock cycleis the time taken by the special wire tocharge up

The CPU needs at least two clock cycles to act on

each command

A cycle is one complete up and down segment of thesine wave

The maximum number of clock cycles that can be

handled by the CPU is called the clock speed


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System Crystal

The system crystaldefines the speed at which theCPU and the rest of the PC operate

Quartz oscillator, usually soldered to the motherboard

Overheating results from overclockingthe CPU

(running it faster than its maximum clock speed)


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In Summary

The CPU is like a man in a box The external data bus gets data in and out of the CPU

Registers are used as temporary storage inside the CPU

The instruction set is like a codebook

The clock defines the speed of the CPU

10000101

00110101

11001001

10100001


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Memory


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Memory

Memoryis a device that holds binary data Memory was first stored on paper cards and then on magnetic

cards and magnetic tapes

Problems

Serial access

Slow

Random access memory (RAM) to the rescue!


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RAM

RAMis organized similar to a spreadsheet

Data can be read or written to by addressing the RAM

location

Typically represented as KB, MB, or GB

Volatilezeroes outwhen power lost


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Memory Controller Chip

The memory controller chip(MCC) is a device thatfacilitates the flow of data from the RAM to the CPU

MCC


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Address Bus

The address busenablesthe CPU to control the

MCC

Another set of wires in

addition to the externaldata bus

Used by the CPU to tell

the Northbridge which

line of code it wants fromRAM

MCC


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Address Bus

The number of wires in the address bus determinesthe maximum amount of RAM the CPU can handle

An 8088 had 20 wires, which provided 220 combinations

(1,048,576 or 1 MB) Many current CPUs use 36 wires, which provide 236

combinations (68,718,476,736 or 64 GB)


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Terminology

Bits are represented as b(i.e., Kb) Bytes are represented as B(i.e., KB)

240

230

220

210

1,099,511,627,776about 1 trillion

1,073,741,824about 1 billion

1,048,576about 1 million

1024about 1000

Tera

Giga

Mega

Kilo

240

230

220

210

G

K

M

T


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Decimal Compared to Binary

22 21 20

4 2 1

643 Decimal

102 101 100

100 10 1

6 4 3 0 1 1

101 Binary

600 +

40 +

3

643

4 +

0 +

1 +

5 Decimal


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Modern CPUs

CompTIA A+

Essentials


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CPU Overview

Several specification are used to describe andcompare CPUs: Make (Intel, AMD)

Model (Pentium, Athlon, etc.)

Packages, or how its mounted (PGA, SEC, SEP) External speed (speed of crystal) Multiplier (applied to crystal) Cache (L1 and L2)

Internal speed (speed when crystal multiplied) Pipelining Hyper-threading

Well cover these in older and newer CPUs


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Pentium CPUThe Early Years

CPU makers have added a large number ofimprovements over the years Larger external data buses

Larger address buses

Faster clock speeds

Intel introduced the Pentium CPU in the early 1990s 32-bit registers

Speeds up to 300 MHz

Ability to run multiple programs at once

Access super-fast cache RAM

Processes two or more lines of code at the same time


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32-bit Addressing

Current operating systems are referred to as 32-bit(232) Can directly address 4 GB of memory

Early Pentiums had 32-bit address bus

Newer CPUs have 36-bit address bus

236allows addressing 64 GB of RAM

Some 32-bit operating systems address the extra

memory via extensions

Memory is swapped in and out of the 4 GB base as

needed


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Pipelining

A pipelineis a series of steps taken by the CPU toprocess a command

Pipeliningis the process of processing more than one

command at a time through the use of separate sets ofcircuitry

Works like an assembly line

Commands go through the processor on a conveyer

belt Enables the processor to work on more than one thing

at a time


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Cache

Cacheis separate storage areaused for quick access of data

CPU runs faster than RAM

Using a faster RAM cache close tothe CPU helps the CPU run without

waiting

L1: close to the CPU and fastest

L2: faster than RAM

1011 0101

1001 0001

1011 0110

0001 1101

1101 1101

1100 0111

1001 1111

1100 1010

RAM Cache

RAM

CPU


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L2 Cache

L2 was originally on themotherboard

Referred to as external

cache

Not uncommon on todays

CPUs

Size of the cache varies

from 0 to

1 MB

C S


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Clock Speed and Multipliers

The clock is derived fromthe crystal

Referred to as externalspeed

Clock is multiplied and CPUruns at quicker speed

CPU runs at much quickermultiplied speed 66 MHz crystal

Sent through a 2X multiplier

Gives a 132 MHZ CPU

Original clock

Clock with 2x multiplier

Has twice as many cycles

for CPU to operate with

CPU V l


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CPU Voltages

Older CPUs needed 5 volts CPU voltage was reduced to 3.3 volts

Later improvements reduced voltage even more with

no single standard

Smaller size resulted in lower voltage and smaller chips Voltage regulator module(VRM) is a small card that

enables a CPU to standardize voltage regulators

CPU reports voltage requirements with CPUID

Old CPU


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Older CPUs

High-end

systems

Remarks

Socket 8Socket 7Socket 4, 5Socket

PGAPGAPGAPackage

256 KB,

512 KB, 1 MB

L2

16 KB1x to 3x

60200 MHz

5066 MHz

EarlyPentiums

16 KB1.5x to 2x

60150 MHz

5075 MHz

AMD K5

2.5x to 3xMultiplier

6066 MHzExt. speed

166200 MHzInt. speed

16 KBL1

Pentium Pro


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B T


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Bus Types

Frontside busAddress bus and external data bus are combined

together between the CPU, MCC, and RAM

Backside bus

Connection between the CPU and L2 cache Remember that L2 cache used to be external cache but is now

internal to the CPU housing

CPU

L2 Cache

RAMMCC

Frontside bus

Backside

bus

Old CPU


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Older CPUs

AMD & Intel

Split

RemarksSocket 7Slot 1Socket 7Socket

PGASECPGAPackage

0 to 256 KB512 KBL2

32 KB

2.5x to 4.5x

166200 MHz

6675 MHz

LaterPentiums

32 KB

3.5x to 4.5x

233450 MHz

66100 MHz

Pentium II

3.5x to 5.5xMultiplier

60100 MHzExt. speed

200550 MHzInt. speed

32 or 64 KBL1

AMD K6

P ti I t


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Pentium Improvements

MMX (multimedia extensions) Designed for graphical applications

Increased clocks and multipliers

Up to 4.5x

Pentium II

Faster than Pentium Pro

Used SEC

AMD K6

Proprietary 3DNow! Requires a Super Socket 7

Old CPU


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Older CPUs

Slot A7Slot 1,

Socket 370

Slot 1,

Socket 370

Socket

SECSEC-2, PGASEP, PGAPackage

512 KB256512 KB0 to 128 KBL2

32 KB

4x to 10.5x

266700 MHz

66 MHz

Intel Celeron(P II)

32 KB

4x to 10x

450 MHz1.2

GHz

100133 MHz

Pentium III

5x to 10xMultiplier

100133 MHzExt. speed

500MHz

1GHz

Int. speed

128 KBL1

AMD Athlons

Old CPU


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Older CPUs

Celeron Offshoot of Pentium II for the

low-end PC

Pentium III Intels answer to 3DNow! by

AMD

AMD Athlon SEC package used slot A

M C t CPU


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More Current CPUs

4910021573875Wattage

180 nm180 nm180 nmProcess

WillametteThunderbirdCodename

Socket 423 or 478Socket ASocket ASocket

PGAPGAPGAPackage

256 KB64 KB256 KBL2

128 KB

6.5x to 14x

650 MHz

1.4 GHz

100133 MHz

AMD Athlon

128 KB

6.5x to 13.5x

650 MHz

1.8 GHz

100 MHz

AMD Duron

13x to 20xMultiplier

100133 MHzExt. speed

1.32 GHzInt. speed

128 KBL1

Pentium 4

IT T h i i


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IT Technician

Processing and Wattage

CompTIA A+

Technician

P i d W tt


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Processing and Wattage

Wattage is a measure of power Goal is to consume as little power as possible

while still having a powerful CPU

Solution: make it smaller so it takes less voltage;

less voltage is less wattage

Processing

Measures thickness of wafers

Some of todays processors are 65 nanometers About as thick as 455 hydrogen atoms

Or 1/3077thof the width of a human hair

Hydrogen atom

Penti m Competitors


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Pentium Competitors

AMD Athlon Thunderbird Double-pumped frontside bus doubled the data rate without

increasing the clock speed

Returned to PGA with Socket A

AMD Duron Generic name given to all lower-end Athlon processors

AMDs competitor to Intels Celeron for the low-end PC

Intel Pentium 4 (Willamette) Completely redesigned core called NetBurst

Used 20-step pipeline

Quad-pumped frontside bus

More Current CPUs


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More Current CPUs

49706072Wattage

150 nm180 nmProcess

ThoroughbredPalominoCodename

Socket ASocket ASocket

PGAPGAPackage

256512 KB256512 KBL2

128 KB

13x to 16.5x

1.32.2 GHz

133 MHz

AMD Athlon

128 KB

13x to 16.5x

1.32.2 GHz

166 MHz

AMD Athlon

Multiplier

Ext. speed

Int. speed

L1

More Current CPUs


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More Current CPUs

86~844568Wattage

65 nm90 nm130 nmProcess

Cedar MillPrescottNorthwoodCodename

Socket 478 or 775Socket 478 or

775

Socket 478 or

775

Socket

PGAPGAPGAPackage

256, 512 KB256, 512 KB256, 512 KBL2

128 KB

13x to 23x

1.33.8 GHz

100 MHz

Pentium 4

128 KB

13x to 23x

1.33.8 GHz

133 MHz

Pentium 4


200 MHzExt. speed

1.33.8 GHzInt. speed

128 KBL1

Pentium 4

Newer Processors


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Newer Processors

AMD Athlon XP (Palomino and Thoroughbred) Enhanced version of the Athlon core processor

Intel Pentium 4 (Northwood, Prescott, Cedar Mill) Increased frontside bus to 800 MHz

Introduced hyperthreading

Hyperthreading

Looks like two CPUsto the operating system

More Current CPUs


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More Current CPUs

49706072Wattage

150 nm180 nmProcess

ThoroughbredPalominoCodename

Socket ASocket ASocket

PGAPGAPackage

256512 KB256512 KBL2

128 KB

13x to 16.5x

1.32.2 GHz

133 MHz

AMD Athlon XP

128 KB

13x to 16.5x

1.32.2 GHz

166 MHz

AMD Athlon

Multiplier

Ext. speed

Int. speed

L1

More Current CPUs


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More Current CPUs

2 MBL3

851156070Wattage

130, 90 nm130 nmProcess

Extreme EditionThorton/BartonCodename

Socket 478 or 775Socket ASocket

PGAPGAPackage

512 KB256, 512 KBL2

128 KB

10x to 16x

1.62.2 GHz133, 166, 200 MHz

Athlon XP


200, 266 MHzExt. speed3.23.7 GHzInt. speed

128 KBL1

Pentium 4

Mobile Processors


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Mobile Processors

Mobile processors For laptops

Use less power to overcome problems of heat and

power requirements

Utilize throttling

Previously called system management mode (SMM)Allows a CPU to slow down during low demand times

Intel calls it SpeedStepAMD calls it PowerNow!

More Processors


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More Processors

Intel Xeon processors

Series of powerful CPUs

Massive L2 caches

Xeon is codeword for high-end

Can easily be used in symmetric multiprocessing systems(multiple physical processors) Early Xeon used slots

Later Xeons went back to PGA packages

64 Bit Processors


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64-Bit Processors

64-bit processingrefers to a 64-bit address bus We already had 64-bit external data buses

Intel Itanium processors

Itanium was Intels first 64-bit chip

Itanium II is made for the PC


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Dual core CPUs


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Dual-core CPUs

Due to practical limit of ~4 GHz in clock speeds,alternatives were sought

Dual core features two CPUs on same chip

Pentium D

Athlon Dual Cores

Dual core CPUs


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Dual-core CPUs

8911095130Wattage

90 nm90, 65 nmProcess

Smtihfield/PreslerCodename

Socket 939 or AM2Socket LGA 775SocketPGA775 LGAPackage

Two 512 KB or 1 MBTwo 1 or 2 MBL2

Two 128 KB

14x to 20x

2.63.6 GHz166, 200 MHz

Pentium D


200 MHzExt. speed22.4 GHzInt. speed

128 KBL1

Athlon Dual Core

Intel Core CPUs


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Intel Core CPUs

8911095130Wattage

90 nm90, 65 nmProcess

YonahCodename

Socket 939 or AM2Socket LGA 775SocketPGA775 LGAPackage

Two 512 KB or 1 MBTwo 1 or 2 MBL2

Two 128 KB

14x to 20x

2.63.6 GHz166, 200 MHz

Intel Core


200 MHzExt. speed22.4 GHzInt. speed

128 KBL1

Intel Core 2


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Installing CPUs

Why Replace a CPU?


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Why Replace a CPU?

Cost Chances are youll need to replace the motherboard as

well as the CPUis it worth it?

Cooling Faster CPUs will probably need better cooling

Performance

Faster CPUs may not be the best answer to speeding

up your PC

Many times you really need more RAM


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CPU Installation Guidelines


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Dont touch the pins(ESD)

Match the notch and dotprinted on the cornersof the CPUthey must

line up Incorrectly installing

your CPU may destroythe CPU and/or

motherboard!



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Use a heat sink

compound

Install a fan on top of the

CPU after the CPU has

been inserted into the

socket

Plugging in the CPU Fan


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Plugging in the CPU Fan

The Art of Cooling


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The Art of Cooling

Modern CPUs need to be keptcool

OEM fans are included in retail-

boxed CPUs

Specialized fans usually exceed

OEM fans

Liquid cooling works by runninga liquid (usually water) through

a metal block that sits on top of

your CPU to absorb heat

Overclocking


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Overclocking

Overclocking is running a CPU at a speed higherthan rated

Voids the warranty

Black market exists


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Documents

MELJUN CORTES Computer Organization Lecture Chapter3