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Geography Location: Southern Asia,
Bordering the Bay of Bengal Between India and Burma
Rivers Included in the FAP: Ganges, Jamuna-Bramahputra, Meghna
Source of Flooding: All Three Rivers Meet in Bangladesh
Background• Post 1954 and 1955 floods were
the turning point for studies and large investment in flood control in Bangladesh
• After devastating floods of 1987 and 1988 the Flood action Plan was created
• Rice paddy being protected by man-made embankment
Background• Post 1954 and 1955 floods
were the turning point for studies and large investment in flood control in Bangladesh
• After devastating floods of 1987 and 1988 the Flood action Plan was created
• Rice paddy being protected by man-made embankment
Goals of FAP Protect Rural Infrastructure Control Flooding Accordingly with Agriculture, Fisheries, and
Navigation Along Rivers Create Effective Management of Land and Water in the Country Increase Flood Awareness and Improve Flood Preparedness and
Disaster Management Create an Early Warning System and Flood Forecasting System Reduction of Flood Flows in Major Rivers Structures and Embankments to Protect Region Coordinate Planning of Roads and Railways with Embankments
Along with Clear Drainage of Flood Waters Create Global Awareness of Floods and Control Efforts for
Possible Relief and Monetary Efforts
Economy of Bangladesh Low Compared to Rest of
the World: Considered 3rd
World Country
30% of Population Under Poverty Line
$269.3 Billion GDP: 47th
Largest Economy in the World
$1,700 GDP per Capita: 196th in World
Continuing to Grow at Rate of 6% Annually
Economics of FAP Funded by 15 Donors, Including the World Bank
World Bank Served as Coordinator of Funds
International Aid Necessary to Fund FAP
Flood Plan Coordination Organization
Oversaw the Economic Aspect of Project
The Bangladeshi and Foreign Critics Questioned Whether the FAP was Best Use of Such a Large Amount of Money
Cost of FAP Initial Estimates: More
Than $155 Billion in Constructing Costs
Costs of Maintaining Could Cost $5-$10 Billion
FAP the Largest Development Project in Bangladeshi History
Economic Problems Plan was Drafted by World Bank, but Money
Remained the Problem
Foreign Donors Criticized the FAP
Bangladesh Cannot Afford the Maintainence Costs of the Embankments
Includes Resources Needed, Worker’s Wages, Along with Other Costs
Many Economists Worldwide Find the FAP to be Unrealistic and Too Expensive of a Project for the Government of Bangladesh to Afford
International Participation ‘88 Floods Spurred ‘89 G7 Paris
Meeting to Take Action World Bank: Organized and
Allotted Funds Given by Donors UNDP, USAID, France, Japan,
Netherlands, Germany “Extraordinary absence of formal
evaluations of floodcontrolinvestments” – James Boyce “Our century needs to build
cathedrals, otherwise we’d perish of boredom.” – Attali
Belgium and Norway Riverbed Silt Deposits Previous Embankments
Domestic Reaction Politicians See Opportunity to Increase International
Aid and Investment; Economic Development Over Tradition
Zoning the Embankments Often Split the Farmland
Fisherman Saw Drop in River Stock: 80% of Bangladeshi Protein
Shrimp Fisherman Deprived of Brackish Water
Boatmen Unable to Transport Goods, New Reliance on Rickshaws
Benefits of Construction Farming & Industry Net
Gain
“Longest linear development in the world.”
Emergence of Fish Farms
New Roads to Replace Water Routes
Double as Marketplaces, Pastures, Crop Fields, Flood Refuges
Effect on AgricultureNegative Positive
Soil fertilization
Lower crop yield
Loss of natural flood-induced pest control
Greater losses of crops during extreme flooding and embankment failure
Loss of land to embankments and roads
Reduce crop loss from flooding
Extended cropping periods & areas due to improved drainage
Irrigation
Effects on Inland Fisheries Strong Correlation
Between Fish Catch and Flood Area
Embankments Restrict Free Movement of Fish from Oxbow Lakes to River and Floodplain
Impedes Spawning, Migration, and Feeding
Reduces Diversity and Quantity of Fish
Effect on Inland Fisheries FAP is More Balanced than Previous Flood Control
Projects
Participation of the People
Environmental Impact Assessment, Emphasizing Mitigation of Impacts on Fish
Interlinked Flood Control Compartments and Controlled Flooding
Allow for Normal Floods in a Predictable Way
Benefit Agriculture and Fisheries
World Bank Conclusion “Project outcome satisfactory, sustainability likely,
though the institutional development only modest.”
“…use of the Independent Panel of Experts is effective.”
“…international competitive bidding procedures are highly advantageous.”
Works Cited Bangladesh – River Bank Protection Project Conclustion Abstract. (2002, June 20). http://www-
wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000094946_02070404010188
Best, Jim. Lecture 14: Jamuna-Brahmaputra Case Study-Flooding in Bangladesh. (2011, April 20).
http://cgz.e2bn.net/e2bn/leas/c99/schools/cgz/accounts/staff/rchambers/GeoBytes/GCSE/Case%20Studies/Case%20Study.%20Flooding%20in%20Bangladesh.htm
CIA-The World Factbook: South Asia: Bangladesh. (2011, March 8).Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publicatoins/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html
Custers, Peter. Bangladesh's Flood Action Plan: A Critique. Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 28, No. 29/30 (Jul. 17-24, 1993), pp. 1501-1503.
Flood Action Plan, Bangladesh. (2011, April 20).http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/F_0104.HTM
Global Changes: 20 Million at Risk from Bangladesh Floods. (2011,April 20). http://www.global-changes.com/20-million-at-risk-from-bangladesh-floods/
Irrigation Support Project for Asia and the Near East (ISPAN) & United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (1992).Bangladesh Action Plan for Flood Control: Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment. Irrigation Support Project for Asia and the Near East. Ministry of Irrigation, Water Development, and Flood Control, Dhaka.
Paul, BK. Farmers Responses to the Flood Action Plan (FAP) of Bangladesh-An Empirical Study. World Development Vol. 23:2, pp. 299-309. Feb 1995.
Potten, David. "The Impact of Flood Control in Bangladesh." Asian Affairs Vol. 25.2 (1994): pps. 156. Sultana, P. and Paul Thompson. Effects of Flood Control and Drainage on Fisheries in Bangladesh and the Design of
Mitigating Measures. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management, Vol. 13. 1997. pp 43-55.