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Unit 2

1607-1754

Jamestown - first permanent English settlement - 1607

Joint-stock company

Parliamentary control of money

Personal financing risky - Raleigh lost more than $100,000


London Company formed - divided into Plymouth and Virginia Companies

12 pounds investment - $62 in gold per share

December 1606 - Godspeed, Susan Constant, and Discovery leave England

May 14, 1607 - 120 land - 104 settle - Indian attack on 5-26-1607

only 38 left alive after the first six months - death rates of 1/2 to 1/3 were not

uncommon in colonizing - settled in a low swampy area

II.

Early Map

Map Jamestown

Map Jamestown

Picture Jamestown


John Smith provide the early leadership and discipline necessary to make the colony

successful

basic problem was the expectation of easy gold

no work no eat policy

skillful Indian relations

periodically resupplied but continued to have problems

no private property

harsh military discipline - employees of the company marched to and from the

fields twice a day to the beat of a drum

lack of a cash crop


“starving time” 1609-1610

Smith had left the colony

reduced to eating dogs, cats, rats, mice, snakes, toadstools, horsehide, and the

corpses of dead men

1610 - relief expedition under Gates finds the men so pitiful they load up to go

back to England

Baron De La Warre (Robert West) intercepts them and forces them back to work -

has ample supplies and 300 men

De La Warr

1610 – De La Warr Became governor of Jamestown

He arrives with orders from the VA Company that amount to a declaration of war

against the Indians

De La Warr led troops on vicious campaigns against the Irish

He raided Indian villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched

cornfields

1614 – Peace settlement ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War

1622 – Indians struck back killing 347 settlers. The VA Company issues new orders of war against the Indians

1644 – Indians begin the Second Anglo-Powhatan War, but are defeated again

1646 – Peace treaty banished the Chesapeake Indians from white areas of

settlement

1685 – By this time, the English considered the Powhatan peoples extinct

Powhatans’ End

Their end was caused by the three Ds:

Disease – Native peoples were extremely susceptible to European illnesses

(smallpox and measles)

Disorganization

Disposability – The Indians provided no economic function for the VA colonists.

What brought the turnaround necessary to make it a permanent settlement?

Cash crop - John Rolfe successfully cross breeds native and West Indian tobacco

Jamestown goes tobacco mad

grown on sidewalk and between grave markers

stories of fantastic fortunes spur its development

used as a medium of exchange

James I disapproved of smoking - "loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose,

harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs"


Introduction of private property (1617-1618) –

Effect –

Introduction of the headright system

for each person brought to America one got 50 acres of land free

led to abuses - sea captains kidnapping children, drunks, etc.

primary purpose was not land distribution but an adequate supply of labor -

U.S.

colonial history is rift with accounts of chronic labor shortages


Political freedom

charters granted English citizens all the rights of Englishmen - English common

law applied in the colonies as well (1624 or earlier)

House of Burgesses - 1619 - first representative assembly in U.S.


1619 - the company sought to recruit “fair and uncorrupt maidens”

its purpose was to provide a stable environment

150 pounds of tobacco purchased a wife - gave the right to build a house and no longer live in barracks

Slavery

1619 – Sketchy records show that 20 Africans were sold as either slaves or servants,

thus planting the seeds of the North American slave system

Indentured servants were also used – people who bound themselves to work for a

number of years to pay their passage to the New World

1700 – Blacks made up 14% of the colony’s population

Maryland

Maryland

Lord Baltimore (George Calvert)

Was an advisor, friend of the king, and a recent convert to Catholicism

He received the charter of Maryland. He wanted to:

Reap financial profits

Create a refuge for his fellow Catholics (Protestant England was still

persecuting Catholics)

2nd Lord Baltimore (Cecilius Calvert)

When George Calvert died before the charter was completed, Maryland went to

Cecilius

Cecilius Calvert

Maryland

Was originally settled as a haven for Catholics who faced persecution in England

This was not profitable and Calvert opened the land to Protestants

Protestants out number Catholics quickly which lead to the Toleration Act in 1649

Guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians

Population

Most white colonist that came to Chesapeake came as indentured servants

To meet the need people started kidnapping kids from London and sending them as

servants

30,000 to 50,000 convicts were also sent here to work

75% of servants were males between 15 and 24

Death

High death rate plagued this area because of disease.

55% of those born in Chesapeake died before 20 in the 1600’s

Family structure was different here because of high death rate

Town Growth

Town growth was slow because of agricultural

This hurt the education of the children in this area

It was left to individual families

From 1600 to mid 1700’s only 25 percent of women could write their name

Colonizing the Carolinas

The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America

1655 England secured claims to several West Indian islands, including Jamaica.

Sugar formed the foundation of the West Indian economy.

Importing of enslaved Africans to work the sugar plantations.


1661 Barbados slave code defined the slaves’ legal status and their masters’

prerogatives.

Profitable sugar-plantation system crowded out almost all other forms of Caribbean

agriculture.

1670 Arrival in the Carolinas of displaced English settlers from Barbados, with the

slave code.

Civil War

Charles I dismissed Parliament in 1629

When he recalled it in 1640, they were mutinous

Civil war erupted. Oliver Cromwell led an army against the king and beheaded Charles

Colonization had been interrupted during this period

Charles II -Restoration

The son of the decapitated king was restored to the throne in 1660

Carolina was created in 1663, after the king granted to eight of his favorite nobles

land

Settled in 1670

Purpose of the colony

Hoped to grow foodstuffs to feed the sugar plantations in the West Indies

Export non-English products, such as wine, silk, and olive oil

Economy in the Carolinas

Carolina prospered by developing close economic ties with the West Indies

Rice eventually emerged as the principal export crop in Carolina

Rice was an exotic food in England

Rice was grown in Africa, so the Carolinas were paying high prices for African

slaves

1710 – Slaves made up a majority of the population in Carolina

The Emergence of North Carolina

North Carolina has been called “the quintessence of Virginia’s discontent.”

“Squatters, "the newcomers without legal rights to the soil, raised crops with slaves.

1712 North Carolina officially separated from South Carolina

The Emergence of North Carolina (cont.)

North Carolina shared with tiny Rhode Island several distinctions:

Most democratic

Most independent-minded

Least aristocratic of the original thirteen English colonies


Bloody relations between Indians and Europeans:

1711-1713 Tuscarora War

Tuscaroras became the Sixth Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy

1715-1716 Yamasee War in South Carolina

Map Carolinas

Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony

1733 Georgia colony founded as a buffer.

It was named in honor of King George II of England.

Launched by a high-minded group of philanthropists as a haven for wretched souls imprisoned for debt.

Georgia was determined to keep slavery out.

Founder: James Oglethorpe.

The Plantation Colonies

England’s southern mainland colonies shared:

Devotion to exporting agricultural products, mainly tobacco and rice;

Slavery;

Growth of cities;

Religious toleration;

All were in some degree expansionary.

Chapter 3

Settling the Northern Colonies, 1619–1700

The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism

1517 Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation.

German Martin Luther and John Calvin of Geneva had profound effect on the

thought and character of America.

1536 Calvin published Institutes of the Christian Religion.

The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism (cont.)

Major doctrines:

Predestination—the elect destined for eternal bliss and others for eternal torment.

Conversion—the receipt of God’s free gift.

1530 King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church

Puritans—English religious reformers wanted a total purification of English

Christianity.

Controversy over church membership led to the Separatists breaking from the

Church of England.

King James I (1603-1625) threatened to harass the bothersome Separatists out of

England

The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at Plymouth

1608 First Separatists fled to Holland.

Over 12 years they became distressed by the “Dutchification” of their children.

1620 Some Separatists (known as Pilgrims) sailed on the Mayflower to Plymouth Bay.

Mayflower Compact an agreement to form a government and submit to the will of

the majority under some regulations.

Picture Plymouth

The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth

1629 Charles I dismisses Parliament and persecutes Puritans

1630 Puritans found Massachusetts Bay Colony

1630 70,000 refugees leave England during the Great Migration (see Maps 3.1; 3.2)

Puritans believed they had a “calling” from God to lead the new religious

experiment

The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth (cont)

John Winthrop becomes governor.

Massachusetts Bay Colony becomes the biggest and most influential colony.

Colonists believed they had a covenant with God to build a holy society as a model

for all humankind.

Map

Building the Bay Colony

Franchise was extended to all “freemen”—adult males who belonged to Puritans

congregations.

Unchurched men remained voteless.

The Bay Colony was not a democracy.

Nonbelievers and believers paid taxes for the government-supported church.


(cont.)

John Cotton was a prominent lead in the Massachusetts “Bible Commonwealth.”

“Protestant ethic” involved serious commitment to work and world pursuits.

They enjoyed simple pleasures.

They passed laws regarding pleasure activities.

Life to the Puritans was serious business.

Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth

Quakers, who flouted the authority of the Puritan clergy, were persecuted.

Anne Hutchinson carried to logical extremes the Puritan doctrine of predestination known as antinomianism. (Started in 1636)

1638 she was brought to trial, set out for Rhode Island, then moved to New York,

where she and her family were killed by the Indians.

Anne Hutchinson

Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth (cont.)

Roger Williams was an extreme Separatist.

He challenged clergymen to make a clear break with the Church of England;

He challenged the legality of the Bay Colony’s charter;

He challenged the civil authority to regulate religious behavior.

1635 he was tried by the authorities.

The Rhode Island “Sewer”

1636 Roger Williams, with the aid of Indians, fled to Rhode Island.

He built a Baptist church in Providence.

He established complete freedom of religion, even for Jews and Catholics.

He demanded no oaths.

He sheltered abused Quakers.

Rhode Island became the most liberal colony.


(cont.)

Rhode Islanders:

Exercised simple manhood suffrage.

Achieved remarkable freedom of opportunity.

Rhode Island, planted by dissenters and exiles, became strongly individualistic

and stubbornly independent.

New England Spreads Out

Contained a sprinkling of Dutch and English.

1635 Hartford was founded.

1638 New Haven was founded.

1639 Connecticut’s Fundamental Orders: a modern constitution that established a

regime democratically controlled by the “substantial” citizens.

1641 New Hampshire was absorbed by the Bay Colony.

1677 Plymouth was absorbed by Massachusetts.

1679 King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts and made it

a royal colony.

Map New England

Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence

1643 experiment in union when four colonies united to form the New England

Confederation.

Primary aim was to defend against the Indians.

Each colony had two votes.

The confederation was essentially an exclusive Puritan club.

Membership—the Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, Connecticut.

1660 King Charles II was restored and wanted to take an active, aggressive hand

in the management of the colonies.

Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence (cont.)

1662 Charles II gave Connecticut a sea-to-sea charter that legalized the squatter

settlements.

1662 Granted the outcasts in Rhode Island a new charter sanctioning religious

tolerance.

1684 Bay Colony charter was revoked by the London authorities.

Chart page 48

Letter

The New England Family

Contrasts in New England life:

The settlers of 1600s New England added ten years to their life span

First generations of Puritans averaged 70 years

They tended to migrate not as single persons but as families and the family

remained the center of New England life

New England’s population grew from natural reproduction.


Married life in New England

Early marriage encouraged the booming birthrate

Women generally married in their early twenties

Produced babies every two years

A married woman could experience up to ten pregnancies and rear as many as

eight children.


Other contrasts between the southern and New England ways of life:

The fragility of southern family advanced the economic security of southern

women

Because men frequently died young, the southern colonies allowed married

women to retain separate title to the property and inherit their husband’s estates.

Women's Rights

Generally women gave up their property rights when they married

Women still could not vote.

New England authorities could intervene to restrain abusive spouses.


The laws of Puritan New England sought to defend the integrity of marriages:

Divorce was exceeding rare and the authorities commonly ordered separated

couples to reunite

Outright abandonment was among the few permissible grounds for divorce

Adultery was another

Half-Way Covenant

The Half-Way Covenant weakened the distinction between the “elect” and others.

The doors of the Puritan churches swung fully open to all comers, whether

converted or not.

Strict religious purity was sacrificed to the cause of wider religious participation.

Women were now in the majority.

The Glorious Revolution

1688-1689 The Glorious Revolution overthrew Catholic James II and enthroned

Protestant rulers William III and Mary II.

The Salem Witch Trials

1692 The Salem Witch trials:

A group of girls claimed to have bewitched by certain older women

A hysterical “witch hunt” ensued, leading to the legal lynching of twenty individuals, nineteen of whom were hanged and one pressed to death.

Two dogs were also hanged.

The reign of horror in Salem grew not only from the turmoil of the wars with the

Indians, but also from the unsettled social and religious conditions of evolving

Massachusetts.

Ended in 1693

Old Netherlanders at New Netherland

16th century the Netherlands rebelled against Catholic Spain.

17th century was a Dutch golden age.

Dutch expanded their commercial and naval powers becoming a leading colonial

power.

Dutch East India Company became powerful.

1609 Henry Hudson ventured in Delaware Bay and New York Bay, the Hudson River.

Old Netherlanders at New Netherland (cont.)

1623-1624 New Netherland was planted in the Hudson River area by the Dutch

West India Company (see Map 3.4).

They purchased Manhattan Island from the Indians.

New Amsterdam—later New York City—was a company town.

It was run by and for the Dutch company.

Dutch Residues in New York

1664 England seized New Netherland from the Dutch.

Charles II granted his brother, the Duke of York, the former New Amsterdam area.

New Amsterdam was renamed New York.

England received a splendid harbor and the stately Hudson River.

Dutch influence:

Named places

Left their imprint of the gambrel-roofed architecture

Influenced social customs and folkways

Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania

Quakers, English dissenters, known as the Religious Society of Friends:

refused to support the established Church of England taxes;

built simple meeting houses;

congregated without a paid clergy;

They took no oaths;

They were people of deep conviction:

They abhorred strife, warfare and refused military service.

Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania (cont.)

1660 William Penn was attracted to the Quaker faith, suffering much persecution.

Penn’s thoughts turned to the New World, where he wanted to experiment with

liberal ideas in government and also to make money.

1681 he secured land from the King.

The king called the land Pennsylvania (“Penn’s Woodland”).

Pennsylvania was the best advertised colony.

His liberal land policy attracted a heavy inflow of immigrants.

Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors

1681 Penn launched his colony

“Squatters” were Dutch, Swedish, English, and Welsh

Philadelphia (“brotherly love”) was carefully planned

He bought land from the Indians and Chief Tammany

He treated the Indians fairly

Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors (cont.)

Pennsylvania seemed, for a brief period, the land of amicable Indian-white relations.

Quaker tolerance proved the undoing of Quaker Indian policy.

There was no tax supported state church.


“Blue laws” prohibited “ungodly revelers,” stage plays, playing cards, dice, games,

and excessive hilarity.

By 1700 colony surpassed all other colonies but Virginia and Massachusetts in

population and wealth.


1664 New Jersey was started by two noble proprietors having received land from

the Duke of York.

1674 the Quakers bought West New Jersey.

Later East New Jersey was acquired.

1703 Delaware was granted its assembly.

Quakers Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors (cont.)

Noted features of the colony:

A. No provision for a military defense;

B. No restrictions on immigration;

C. Quakers developed a strong dislike of slavery;

D. Made some progress toward social reform;

E. Contained rich ethnic groups;

F. Afforded economic opportunity, civil liberty, and religious freedom

The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies

The middle colonies—New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania common

features:

The soil was fertile and the expanse was broad;

Became known as the “bread colonies”;

Rivers played a vital role—the Susquehanna, the Delaware, and the Hudson fur

trade;

Industry flourished in the middle colonies;

Stimulated commerce and the growth of seaports—New York and Philadelphia

The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies (cont.)

The middle colonies were midway between New England and the southern plantations:

Landholding intermediate in size;

Local government was between personalized town meetings and diffused county

government of the south;

Fewer than in New England, more than the South.


Distinctions of their own:

More ethnic population;

An unusual degree of religious toleration and democratic control;

Desirable land was easier to acquire;

Considerable amount of economic and social democracy;

Finally, Britain continued its hands-off policies.

Timeline Chapter 3

Chapter 4

The Tobacco Economy

Chesapeake planters recruited some 100,000 indentured servants to the region by 1700.

These “white slaves” represented more than three-quarters of all European

immigrants.

Indentured servants led a hard life

They looked forward to becoming free and acquiring land

Even after freedom they had to hire themselves for pitifully low wages.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Many impoverished freedmen were frustrated with broken hopes and failure to find single women to marry

Virginia’s Governor William Berkeley.

The freed indentured servants could not make enough money to pay high taxes or

buy land.

They want to explore the Native American land but a treaty prohibited it

Nathaniel Bacon put together a group and started attacking Indian tribes

Bacon’s Rebellion

Berkeley’s friendly policies toward the Indians caused him to refuse to retaliate against a series of brutal Indian attacks.

Bacon’s Rebellion ended when he died of disease.

House of Burgess

Cut taxes

Opened up Native American land

Slave Trade

Bacon’s Rebellion help fuel the move from Indentured Servants to African slaves

What were the advantages?

Advantages

Less discontent because they would not be freed

Cheaper than indentured servants

More plentiful

Slave Trade

Started with criminals and war captives

As demand increased African raiders moved inland looking for slaves

Once captured they were marched to the coast

Inspected

Branded

Put in prison

Slave Trade

Middle Passage

The transportation from Africa to the New World

1680s mass expansion of slavery in colonies:

7 million came to the New World in three centuries

400,000 to North America

Many died because of

Suffocation

Disease

violence

Picture

Map Slave Trade

Picture Middle Passage

Slave Trade

Olaudah Equiano

A slave who learned to read and write and record his experiences in his

autobiography

Slave Trade

Early Abolitionist

The earliest were the Quakers (1688) under the leadership of two men.

Samuel Sewall

Judge that stated “all Men, as they are the sons of Adam”

John Woolman

Urged Quakers to free their slaves

Slave Trade

Rebellion

Harsh rules did not prevent rebellion

Stono, South Carolina was site of one of the largest uprising

30 white Colonists were killed before militia contained it. Those slaves that survived were tortured to great extremes.

Led to new laws

Slave Trade

Slave Codes

Sets of laws passed to prevent escape and discourage revolt

Forbade slaves to meet together

To leave the plantations

Learn to read and write

Own weapons

A master who killed a slave while correcting him could not be charged with

murder

Southern Society

As slavery spread, the gaps in the South’s social structure widened:

A defined hierarchy of wealth and status

At the top were the powerful great planters

Most of these leaders were a hard-working, business-like lot, laboring long hours.

Beneath the planters were the small farmers, the largest social group.

Still lower were the landless whites.

Beneath them were the former indenturers.

Southern Society

Few cities sprouted in the colonial South; thus an urban professional class, lawyers

and financiers, were slow to emerge.

Southern life revolved around the great plantations.

Waterways were the principle means of transportation.

Roads were very wretched.

Timeline Chapter 4

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Unit 2

1607-1754


Joint-stock company










II.

Early Map

Map Jamestown

Map Jamestown

Picture Jamestown



successful





no private property



lack of a cash crop





corpses of dead men


back to England



De La Warr



against the Indians



cornfields





settlement


Powhatans’ End




Disorganization












Effect –





U.S.



Political freedom








Slavery






Maryland

Maryland









Cecilius

Cecilius Calvert

Maryland





Population



servants



Death




Town Growth












prerogatives.


agriculture.


slave code.

Civil War








land

Settled in 1670









slaves








Most democratic








Map Carolinas










Slavery;

Growth of cities;



Chapter 3








Major doctrines:





Christianity.


Church of England.


England







Picture Plymouth






experiment





for all humankind.

Map



congregations.





(cont.)











Anne Hutchinson















(cont.)

Rhode Islanders:














a royal colony.

Map New England



Confederation.









settlements.


tolerance.


Chart page 48

Letter














eight children.




women



Women's Rights







couples to reunite



Half-Way Covenant



converted or not.













Massachusetts.

Ended in 1693





power.














Dutch influence:

Named places








They took no oaths;




























the Duke of York.














features:




trade;
















Timeline Chapter 3

Chapter 4

The Tobacco Economy



immigrants.




Bacon’s Rebellion




buy land.



Bacon’s Rebellion



House of Burgess

Cut taxes


Slave Trade



Advantages



More plentiful

Slave Trade




Inspected

Branded

Put in prison

Slave Trade

Middle Passage






Suffocation

Disease

violence

Picture

Map Slave Trade


Slave Trade

Olaudah Equiano


autobiography

Slave Trade

Early Abolitionist


Samuel Sewall


John Woolman


Slave Trade

Rebellion




Led to new laws

Slave Trade

Slave Codes





Own weapons


murder

Southern Society








Southern Society






Timeline Chapter 4

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9/15/2016

3

Unit 2

1607-1754


Joint-stock company










II.

Early Map

Map Jamestown

Map Jamestown

Picture Jamestown



successful





no private property



lack of a cash crop





corpses of dead men


back to England



De La Warr



against the Indians



cornfields





settlement


Powhatans’ End




Disorganization












Effect –





U.S.



Political freedom








Slavery






Maryland

Maryland









Cecilius

Cecilius Calvert

Maryland





Population



servants



Death




Town Growth












prerogatives.


agriculture.


slave code.

Civil War








land

Settled in 1670









slaves








Most democratic








Map Carolinas










Slavery;

Growth of cities;



Chapter 3








Major doctrines:





Christianity.


Church of England.


England







Picture Plymouth






experiment





for all humankind.

Map



congregations.





(cont.)











Anne Hutchinson















(cont.)

Rhode Islanders:














a royal colony.

Map New England



Confederation.









settlements.


tolerance.


Chart page 48

Letter














eight children.




women



Women's Rights







couples to reunite



Half-Way Covenant



converted or not.













Massachusetts.

Ended in 1693





power.














Dutch influence:

Named places








They took no oaths;




























the Duke of York.














features:




trade;
















Timeline Chapter 3

Chapter 4

The Tobacco Economy



immigrants.




Bacon’s Rebellion




buy land.



Bacon’s Rebellion



House of Burgess

Cut taxes


Slave Trade



Advantages



More plentiful

Slave Trade




Inspected

Branded

Put in prison

Slave Trade

Middle Passage






Suffocation

Disease

violence

Picture

Map Slave Trade


Slave Trade

Olaudah Equiano


autobiography

Slave Trade

Early Abolitionist


Samuel Sewall


John Woolman


Slave Trade

Rebellion




Led to new laws

Slave Trade

Slave Codes





Own weapons


murder

Southern Society








Southern Society






Timeline Chapter 4

1

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9/15/2016

4

Unit 2

1607-1754


Joint-stock company










II.

Early Map

Map Jamestown

Map Jamestown

Picture Jamestown



successful





no private property



lack of a cash crop





corpses of dead men


back to England



De La Warr



against the Indians



cornfields





settlement


Powhatans’ End




Disorganization












Effect –





U.S.



Political freedom








Slavery






Maryland

Maryland









Cecilius

Cecilius Calvert

Maryland





Population



servants



Death




Town Growth










Documents

Meeting of Culturescoachhoshourushistory.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/6/5/... · 2019. 9. 30. · “Protestant ethic” involved serious commitment to work and world pursuits. They enjoyed