MEDSolar Training Course Module 1 - cedro-undp.org · Energy Management System (EMS). NOTE 2. A clasification of Microgrids is done in module 2 of this course. NOTE 1 (Non-formal

MEDSolar Training Course

Module 1

Microgrids with PV support

Concept of microgrid and smart microgrid.

Profiles in generation/consumption sides.

Hardware blocks of the microgrid.

Connection to the mains and autonomous

(islanding) modes.

Energy management system (EMS) of the

microgrid.

SCADA capabilities.

Cases of study: MED-Solar pilot plants.

Index

Concept of microgrid and smart

microgrid.

Profiles in generation and in consumption sides.



(islanding) modes.


microgrid.

SCADA capabilities.


The most complex man-made

system…

GLOBAL ENERGY GRID

(Source: GIS 2010, Dymaxion Projection)

… are distribution and transport electricity grids

Central gen.

Structure: central generation

An electric grid system

(Source: R. Strzelecki and G. Benysek)

• Based on large centralized power plants.

• Large synchronous generators and turbines.

• Unidirectional power flow (load demand)

drawbacks

Some drawbacks

At generation level - Robustness; Efficiency; Impact

and environmental sensitivity; Some fuels are

polluting and others (atomkraft, nein danke!) are

viewed with skepticism; Very high renovation costs;

Obsolescence.

At transmission level - Control voltage by reactive

consumption; Thermal limit depends on the voltage

and reactance and imposes the limit of transmitted

power; Transient and Dynamic stability due to

requests from the load points.

At distribution level - Need of supply quality (non-

linear and critical loads); Need of communication and

control systems.distributed gen.

The solution is distributed

generation

The above problems can be minimized (Lasseter 2001) using

add-ons to the existing network based on:

Distributed Generation (DG, Distributed Generation).

Power Flow Control (PFC, Power Flow Control).

Storage Systems (ESS, Energy Storage Systems).

And even better if:

Using CIM (Computer-Integrated Manufacturing) layers.

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System).

Using power electronics and instrumentation technologies (i.

e. the CUPS, Custom Power Systems, FACTS, Flexible

Alternating Current Transmission System), “Smart Metering".

µgrid scheme

From http://electrical-engineering-portal.com

The solution is distributed

generation

MAINS

Bidirectional power flow

DG DG DG DGESS ESS

PFC(SCADA…) LOADS

µgrid definitions

Microgrid and Smart Microgrid

Concepts

An electric-energy system with DG + PFC + ESS is

called microgrid. The original term was coined by

Dr. Robert H. Lasseter in 1998.

A microgrid (electric-energy system with DG +

PFC + ESS) with SCADA + CIM, is called smart

microgrid.

The concepts and components used with this two

last blocs (SCADA+CIM) are called

Energy Management System (EMS).

NOTE 2. A clasification of Microgrids is done in module 2 of this course.

NOTE 1 (Non-formal microgrid definition). A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads

and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a

single controllable entity with respect to the grid. If desired, a microgrid can connect and

disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid connected or island-mode.

benefits

Oportunities related to (Smart)

Microgrid Systems

Support the integration of renewable resources.

Improve reliability and power quality.

Support emergency operations.

Ability to “ride through” outages.

Optimize energy usage.

Enable participation in new markets for demand response and

ancillary services.

(Source: T. Bialek, SDGE)t

Hard. Blocks MED

Smart Micro-Grid. MED-case

Hardware Block Diagram

Renewable

Generation

Mains

Energy Storage

System

Loads

Auxiliary Energy

Production

Static Power

Converters

Power

Lines

(Source: UPC)t EMS conceptual

Smart Micro-Grid. Conceptual

Energy Management System

EMS:

(Source: UPC)t

communication

profiles


Profiles in generation and in

consumption sides.



(islanding) modes.


microgrid.

SCADA capabilities.


link

A microgrid is a link between gene-

ration side and consumption side

Main AC Grid

Genset group

Passive loads

Local distribution line

PV Field

Storage

Microgrid

Generation Side Consumption Side

(Source: UPC)t PV profile

An example: Hybrid PV-diesel

Microgrid in a rural village

The microgrid must be designed (power

sizing of each element) to satisfy the

consumption needs at any time.

Generation Side Consumption Side

Time scales

Example: School La Pineda

(Badalona, Spain).

Time scale dependence in the design

Monday to Friday load Saturday and Sunday load

Averaged-week load

(Source: UPC)t

Monthly production capabilities.

Different profiles depending on the time scaleHardware blocks





(islanding) modes.


microgrid.

SCADA capabilities.


General vision

Smart (micro) Grid Hardware.

Practical Approach

blocks

Smart (micro) Grid Hardware.

Practical Approach

(Source: Infineon)tr

An Smart micro-grid includes 6 basic hardware (with

software!) blocks:

1. Generation from renewable

2. Distribution / transportation with PFC

3. Monitoring and control

4. Energy storage system (ESS)

5. Smart metering

6. Efficient power management (Energy

Management System, EMS)

RES

1.- Use of renewable sources


• The decentralized generation should ensure the robustness in the

micro-grid.

• Static power processors convert electrical energy generation suited to

the grid.

• The static conversion of electrical energy must also be employed to

neutralize shocks and stabilize the energy flow.

General aspects

distribution

2.- Distribution / transportation

lines


• The energy produced (by renewable or conventional sources) must

be transported with low losses.

• The distribution may be by AC lines or low voltage DC lines (≤1 kV),

but always minimizing losses.

• In DC buses voltage inverters (VSC) have a primary role.

• The FACTS must compensate reactive power in CA lines.

General aspects

monitoring

3.- Monitoring and Supervisory

control


• Monitoring and Supervision systems should identify faults and

troubleshooting for action as disconnection of branches and

reconfiguration of operational branches if necessary.

• The SCADA philosophy can ensure, through redundancies, a better

solution to the problems that may arise.

General aspects

ESS

4.- Energy Storage System


• The energy generated during low consumption periods must be stored

for its use during periods of higher consumption. Cost of auxiliary

generators is reduced.

• Moreover, the energy 'excess' can be used to charge electric vehicles

or UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) for critical loads.

General aspects

metering

5.- Smart metering


• The smart metering systems (smart metering), essentially smart meters

(smart meters) allow power generation and consumption telemetering

in real time and can change supply and demand conditions, allowing the

user to partially participate in the energy management of the system.

• Smart devices (smart appliances) require communication buses /

control, to dialogue with smart meters.

General aspects

EMS

6.- Energy Management System

• Efficient energy management allows an optimization of resources that

results in a lower consumption of electricity.

• The techniques of power electronics are essential in the sidelight loss

reduction in static conversion processes. For example in power

systems, computers, lighting, drives or traction.

• The EMS are a “little-hardware & much-software” system.

General aspects

(Source: Infineon)tr Gridconnection




Connection to the mains and

autonomous (islanding) modes.


microgrid.

SCADA capabilities.


Improv/island


Islanding modes

The micro-grid can be considered an electrical load (positive or

negative!), located on the mains end-user level.

If the micro-grid includes generation, it can

work disconnected from the mains

(Autonomous or Islanded micro-grid)

Electrical energy path

Micro-grid

Operation modes


Islanding modes

Basic operation modes and transitions of a micro-grid (CERTS*)

Connection to mains

Loads can be powered both by mains and local micro-generators, depending

on the client's situation.

Autonomous (Islandig) mode

Coordination between sources and loads across the grid frequency.

Power-flow control in each micro-generator to power balance

If the generation is too low non-critical loads are disconnected.

Disconnection transition

In front of IEEE 1547 events, brownouts or failures, the static switch of the

micro-grid has the ability to switch to the islanding mode automatically.

Reclosing transition

The reconnection of the microgrid is achieved automatically if a trigger event

is presented. In this case, a phase synchronization is needed.

*Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (USA) EMS





(islanding) modes.

Energy management system (EMS) of

the microgrid.

SCADA capabilities.


Information flow

Information flow for a typical

microgrid EMS

(Source: IEEE P&EM, may-Jun 2008)ISO 50001

Global goals according

Standard ISO-50001

(Source: Envidatec GmBH)

ISO-50001 suggest procedures

and performances to satisfy in a

energy system, as in a microgrid.

Definitions

EMS Definition according

standards

(Source: Envidatec GmBH) MED EMS

The Energy Management

System (EMS)

EMS structural vision

EMS conceptual vision

In an ISO-50001 context, the EMS

acts in Planning, Operation,

Monitoring and Measuring

Hierch CTL

Proposed EMS. Three-level

hierarchical structure

Three-levels in the proposed Energy Management System (time considerations)

(Source: UPC)t Levels

Proposed EMS. Three-level

hierarchical structure

A. Operational Level

This level takes directly in charge the

equipment of the EES, namely the PV inverter,

the battery inverter, the diesel generators and

the AC switch for connecting or disconnecting

the genset depend on grid power availability.

B. Tactical Level

This level corresponds to the first to be programmed in the EMS, and it’s

in charge of managing the power flow in the EES.

C. Strategic Level

This level is of the highest hierarchy and will implement the strategies for

energy management within the proposed EES.

SCADA





(islanding) modes.


microgrid.

SCADA capabilities.


Block diagram

The three levels of an SCADA

system

Failure detection

Diagnosis

Reconfiguration

Control Process

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

EMS requirm

http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Supervisory+Control+and+Data+Acquisition

Requirements at microgrid user-

level for an EMS+SCADA System

Daily Energy Available

Control of each user’s demand; Rewards efficient use of energy.

Power Flow Control

Maximum power control per user; Definition of energy path according to the

needs

Load Management

Disconnection of non-vital loads; Connection of auxiliary loads when there is a

surplus of energy.

Microgrid management

Integration in the microgrid management system; Measurement of power

quality and user consumptions.

Monitoring and Supervision

Real time display of the parameters; Alarm management; Creation of

databases; Recording and consulting the historical data; Generate reports; etc.

MED Target plants





(islanding) modes.


microgrid.

SCADA capabilities.


Microgrids in MED-Solar target

countries. Hardware vision

General architecture of the proposed Electric Energy System (EES)



Architecture of the EES proposed for Jordan and Palestine



Architecture of the EES proposed for Lebanon

END OF MODULE 1

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

1.- Use of renewable sources


Basic architecture

Investment volume

2.- Distribution / transportation

lines


Basic architecture

Investment volume

3.- Monitoring and Supervisory

control


Basic architecture

Investment volume

4.- Energy Storage System


Basic architecture

Investment volume

5.- Smart metering


Basic architecture

Investment volume

Smart Micro-Grid Diesel-Based

with PV Support

(Source: UPC)t

Smart Micro-Grid. Another

Example

(Source: UPC)t

A typical configuration scheme

of a micro-grid

(Source: IEEE Tran on S M Vol 4, Num 2. Jun 2013)

Proposed EMS Architecture

Three-levels in the proposed Energy Management System (layer considerations)

(Source: UPC)t

Documents

MEDSolar Training Course Module 1 - cedro-undp.org · Energy Management System (EMS). NOTE 2. A clasification of Microgrids is done in module 2 of this course. NOTE 1 (Non-formal