MedReg Draft Report - Common Market for Eastern and ... … · Web viewRegional Association of Energy Regulators for Eastern and Southern Africa. Report on the Status of. Accessibility

Sept. 2012

Portfolio committee on Electricity

Report on the Status ofAccessibility & Affordability of

ElectricityIn COMESA Region

Regional Association of Energy Regulators for

Eastern and Southern Africa

1

FOREGROUND

COMESA has recently established an Energy Programme to promote regional cooperation in energy development, trade and capacity building. The programme is proposed to harmonize energy policy and regulatory frameworks through preparation of model policy and regulatory guidelines for the energy. Furthermore, a Regional Association of Energy Regulators for Eastern and Southern Africa (RAERESA) has been established. The objective of the Work Programme of RAERESA is to give direction and impetus to the Regional Association of Energy Regulators for Eastern and Southern Africa (RAERESA) and to enable it to commence work to meet its mission and objectives, as set out in its Constitution, and which can be summarized as: capacity building and information sharing; development of energy sector policy and regulatory guidelines and fostering inter-regional co-operation in energy regulatory matters. )

Based upon the RAERESA work programme 2010-2011, four main pillars have been assigned to be examined and evaluated, as follows:

Pillar 1: Capacity Building and Information Exchange:

Objective: To build capacity and share information to facilitate energy regulatory capacity among members at both a national and regional level, and to promote and support the development of independent energy regulators wherever these are not presently established.

Pillar 2: Legal and Regulatory Framework Harmonization:

Objective: To enhance the increasing integration of energy systems and energy trade in the COMESA region and beyond.

Pillar 3: Development of Baseline Energy Database:

Objective: To facilitate the development of recommendations on issues affecting the economic efficiency of energy interconnections and energy trade among members.

Pillar 4: Development of an efficient and effective secretariat & RAERESA communication:

Objective: To promote the attainment of RAERESA mission and objectives in an efficient and economic manner.

Finally, Pillar 5: Meeting of RAERESA – Portfolio Committees and Annual general meetings:

Objective: To promote the work of RAERSESA and to provide the means of effective decision making and to ensure its objectives are met and its mission fulfilled.

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In compliance with the aforementioned work plan, the committee on Electricity conducted this report (Accessibility & Affordability of Electricity in COMESA Region) to study the status of each member country based on:

Electricity access indicators (access, reliability and quality of supply, ..etc). Adequacy of transmission and distribution networks. Practices for energizing isolated regions. Distributed power generation. Regulations for mini and micro grids. Affordability. Constraints for improvements. Exiting policies and plans to improve access as well as affordability.

A survey form questionnaire has been developed and organized. This questionnaire aims to facilitate the preparation of a report on the status of accessibility and affordability of the electricity in the COMESA region. The questionnaire is comprised of four sections. The first two sections deal with each country’s general information and electricity system. The last two sections deal with the accessibility and affordability data.

The reference date for the data requested for this questionnaire is Jan., 2010 unless otherwise is mentioned.

Sections-1: (Country’s General Information) - Population and Area- Population with physical access to electricity- Gross domestic product (GDP) and per Capita- Electricity consumption per Capita- National Agency for statistics

Sections-2: (Country’s Electricity System) - Shape of the power system network- Type and Status of Service Provider- Structure of Electricity Market- Basic information on:

Generators, Transmission systems, and Distribution systems- Type and method of reading of electricity consumption meters- Method of monthly electricity consumption billing

Sections-3: (Accessibility & Affordability Data: Electricity access for residential consumers) - Population with Electricity Access (Urban, Rural, and remote areas)- Documents, procedures, and time needed to get electricity access- Barriers hindering access to electricity- Calculations of SAIFI and CAIDI

3

- National programs for expanding electrification

Sections-4: (Accessibility & Affordability Data: Electricity affordability for residential consumers)

- Agency or institution responsible for deciding the tariff- Process of tariff change and bases for its design- Applied residential electricity tariffs- Residential sector Consumption & Revenue data- Tariff coverage of the cost of service- Subsidy lifting- Percentage of breakdown of energy consumption among different sectors- Percentage of Collection of electricity consumption bill and Electricity Theft- Average of Electricity cost of supply for residential consumers- Share of electricity consumption costs in the annual expenditures

The report contents are as follow:Chapter 1 Country’s General Information and Electricity System (Report Findings and

Analysis) Chapter 2 Accessibility & Affordability Data (Report Findings and Analysis)Chapter 3 Conclusions and recommendationsAppendix A Survey Model (English) Appendix B Survey Model (French)

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Chapter 1Country’s General Information and

Electricity System

5

Chapter 1Country’s General Information and Electricity System

To assess the accessibility and affordability of any country to electricity, a clear understanding about the country’s population and area as well as its electricity system infrastructure is essential. This understanding will facilitate the establishment of a strong possibility for accessing electricity, with lower cost, either at the national or regional levels through interconnection.

This chapter reports the outcomes of the distributed survey regarding country’s general information and electricity system based on information received from ten countries. These countries are:

Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Swaziland, Malawi, Kenya, and Sudan.

It’s shown from Figure 1 that countries like Egypt, Ethiopia, and Congo have large population (nearly 78 Millions), whereas other countries have lower population (nearly 20 Millions). Swaziland and Mauritius have the least population among the mentioned countries (nearly 1.3 Millions). On the other hand, from Figure 2 Congo has the largest land area (around 2,400,000 Km²), whereas the other countries has lower areas (around 1,000,000 Km²). Mauritius and Malawi is considered to have the least areas. Considering Figure 3, Egypt and Mauritius have the highest percentage of population whom has physical access to electricity (99%), whereas the other countries don’t exceed 42% of the mentioned percentage. It is clear that Malawi has the least percentage of the population whom has physical access to electricity (8%). Therefore, neither the land area nor population level can give an indication for the accessibility to electricity.

Figure 4 shows that Mauritius has the highest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita (8,235 US$), while Egypt and Swaziland have lower values (5,691 US$ and 3,331 US$ respectively). Other countries don’t exceed a GDP of 1,000 US$ and Congo has the least value of GDP per Capita which is 101 US$.

Considering the electricity system data provided, most of countries have the power system connected in a unified network. Eritrea and Madagascar are the two countries with non-unified network and their power system can be shown from the data.

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It is also shown that all the mentioned countries have a single buyer electricity market structure except Madagascar which has a competitive electricity market structure.

The data also contains the used ways of paying the monthly electricity consumption bill are mainly by cash at home, cash at service provider office and vendors for prepaid tokens and vouchers.

Furthermore, most of countries are having, or planning to have future plans, for investment in the renewable energy technology in order to increase the total generated energy. Also, the investments in hydro and thermal technologies are included. However, Swaziland, Malawi and Eritrea don’t have existing or future plans for renewable energies technology.

Since the mentioned countries have different market structure, the type of service provider will differ. Accordingly, the type of the service provider can be either public provider only such as Swaziland, Malawi, Mauritius, Eritrea, and Ethiopia, or mixture between public and private providers such as Egypt. Madagascar has both public and private provider as well as mixture between both of them.

The following tables and charts contain further details about countries’ information and electricity systems.

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Country’s General InformationCountry Name Egypt Swaziland Mauritius Eritrea Ethiopia Madagascar Congo Malawi Kenya Sudan

Population 77,775,000 1,200,000 (2007)

1,275,000 (2009) 5,000,000 73,918,505

(2007) 19,600,000 72,784,000 13,100,000 39,600,000 35,055,538

Area (Km²) 1,009,450 17,364 1,865 (1) 124,320 1,133,380 587,000 2,345,442 11,484 582,647 1,882,000

Percentage of Population whom has

physical access to electricity

99% 35% (2007) 99% 33% 41% (2) 20% (2009) 9% 8% 25% 32 %

Gross domestic product (GDP) in

Million US$ (PPP) (3)442,640 (4) 13,006.2 /

26,646.9 (5) 10,500 (6) Under Study

11,2000 (2010/2011) 19,612 (7) - 3,732 25,000 69.69092

GDP per Capita, US$/capita (PPP) 5,691 3,331 8,235 (6) 200 (8) 280 (9) 944.9 101 313 609 1,988.04

Electricity consumption per Capita (KWh)

1,556 (10) 818 (11) 1,653 (12) 60 43.53 (2) 40 (13) 35 111 169 238

National Agency for statistics

Central Agency for

Public Mobilizatio

n and Statistics

Mr. H.D. Shongwe

(Director of Energy)

CSO (14)

National Statistics

Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia

INSTAT (15) INS (16)

G. Makondest

sa

Kenya National

Bureau of Statistics

Electricity Regulatory Authority

http://www.capmas.gov.eg/

http://www.org.sz

/

http://www.gov.

mu/portal/site/cso

http://www.csa.gov

.et/

http://www.instat.

mg/

http://www.ins-

rdc/

www.nso.malawi.net

www.knbs.or.ke

www.erasudan.com

8

(1): Excluding Rodrigues Island (100 Km²)(2): According to EEPC (Ethiopian Electric Power Cooperation)(3): PPP: Purchasing Power Parity(4): Source: International Monetary Fund 2009(5): at Constant Prices / at Current Prices(6): Market Prices not PPP(7): Year 2009, Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, Oct. 2010(8): Under Study(9): Source: World Bank, 2008(10): EEHC Annual Report (Egyptian Electricity Holding Company)(11): Electricity Sales, 2009(12): According to 2010 Figures(13): According to average of 2008 - 2010(14): CSO: Central Statistics Office(15): INSTAT: National Institute for Statistics(16): INS: National Institute for Statistics

9

10

Egypt

Swaizland

Maurituis

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Madagascar

Congo

Malawi

Kenya

Sudan

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

Fig. 1: Population

Egypt

Swaizland

Maurituis

Ertirea

Ehiopia

Madagascar

Congo

Malawi

Kenya

Sudan

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

Fig. 2: Area (Km²)

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Egypt

Swaizland

Maurituis

Ertirea

Ehtiopia

Madagascar

Congo

Malawi

Kenya

Sudan

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Fig. 3: Percentage of Population Whom has Physical Access to

Electricity

Egypt

Swaizland

Maurituis

Ertirea

Ehtiopia

Madagascar

Congo

Malawi

Kenya

Sudan

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

Fig. 4: GDP per Capita, US$/Capita (PPP)

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Country’s Electricity SystemCountry Name Egypt Swaziland1. Is the power system connected in one unified network

Yes Yes

2. Type of Service Provider Mix Public

3. Status of Service Provider Legally Unbundled Vertically Integrated

4. Structure of Electricity Market

Single Buyer Single Buyer

5. Installed capacity and peak load (MW) & generated energy (MWh)

Year 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year 2000 2005 2009 2015Total Installed Capacity 15,206 19,060 25,221 40,220 Total Installed

Capacity 50 50.6 69.6 69.6

Thermal 11,818 13,804 19,638 31,918 Thermal - - - 300Hydro 2,745 2,783 2,800 2,832 Hydro 40.5 41.1 60.1 60.1Renewable 19 140 490 3,177 Renewable -Other 624 2,333 2,293 2,293 Other (Diesel) 9.5Peak Load 11,736 15,678 22,750 37,579 Peak Load 153.8 172.9 200.65 -Total Generated Energy 73,708 101,298 138,999 190,881 Total Generated

Energy (GWh) 194.7 159.5 245.5 -

Country’s Electricity System (Cont.)

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Country Name Egypt Swaziland6. Transmission and Distribution Voltages and Lengths

Trans.2009

kV 500 400 220 132 66 33 Trans. 2009

kV 66 132 400

Km 845.6 329 -

Km 2,479 33 15,647 2,504 17,515 2,838Trans.2015

kV 66 132 400

Km 863 369 -

Dist.2010

MVA 8,515 0 31,978 3,451 37,741 1,806Dist.

2009kV 11

Km 7,437

Km 2,479 33 15,970 2,484 18,010 2,839 Dist.2015

kV 11

Km 8,4377. Percentage of Electricity Consumption Meters of the Total Number of Meters

Regulated Meters 87% Regulated Meters 50.70%

Time-of-use 0% Time-of-use 0.60%

Prepaid Meter 12% Prepaid Meter 48.70%

Others (AMR) (1) 1% Others -

8. Percentage of reading electricity consumption meters

Manual 99+% Manual 51.30%

Remote Reading<1%

Remote Reading In Process

Others (Prepaid Meter) Others (Prepaid Meter) 48.70%

9.Used Ways of Paying the Monthly Electricity Consumption Bill

Cash at Home Vendors for prepaid tokens and vouchers

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Country’s Electricity SystemCountry Name Mauritius Eritrea1. Is the power system connected in one unified network Yes

No

Two interconnected power systems - Connecting Asmara, the capital city with Massawa Port and five self-contained power

systems2. Type of Service Provider Public Public3. Status of Service Provider Vertically Integrated Vertically Integrated4. Structure of Electricity Market Single Buyer Single Buyer


Year 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year 2000 2005 2010 2015Total Installed Capacity 498 525 610 740 Total Installed

Capacity 115 115 113 170

Thermal 444 471 556 656 Thermal 115 115 113 170Hydro 54 Hydro

-Renewable 54 84 RenewableOther - OtherPeak Load 283.9 353 404 484 Peak Load 38 48 55 110Total Generated Energy 1,565 2,015 2,376 3,065 Total Generated

Energy 201,400 278,400 262,000 560,000

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Country’s Electricity System (Cont.)Country Name Mauritius Eritrea6. Transmission and Distribution Voltages and Lengths

Trans.2010

kV 66 Trans.2010

kV 66 132

Km 310 Km 320 71

Trans.2015

kV 66 Trans.2015

kV 66 132Km 369 Km 520 300

Dist.2010

kV 22 0.23/0.415 Dist.2009

kV 15 33Km 3,008 5,236 Km 4,500 350

Dist.2015

kV 22 0.23/0.415 Dist.2015

kV 15 33

Km 3,458 5,766 Km 6,000 5507. Percentage of Electricity Consumption Meters of the Total Number of Meters

Regulated Meters 100% Regulated Meters 100%

Time-of-use

-

Time-of-use

-Prepaid Meter Prepaid Meter

Others Others


Manual 100% Manual 100%

Remote Reading Under Trial Remote Reading-

Others (Prepaid Meter) - Others (Prepaid Meter)


Cash in service Provider Office Cash at home and Cash in Service Provider Office

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Country’s Electricity SystemCountry Name Ethiopia Congo1. Is the power system connected in one unified network

Yes Yes

2. Type of Service Provider Public Public and Mix3. Status of Service Provider Vertically Integrated Legally and Ownership Unbundled4. Structure of Electricity Market Single Buyer -


Year 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year 2000 2005 2010 2015Total Installed Capacity 472 724 1,960 6,021 Total Installed

Capacity 2,432 2,432 2,432 -

Thermal - - 103 195 Thermal 9,085 12,261 29,460 -Hydro - - 1,857 5,013 Hydro -Renewable - - - 713 Renewable - - 12,128 -Other - Other -Peak Load - Peak Load -Total Generated Energy (GWh) 1,376 2,524 3,131 - Total Generated

Energy -

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Country’s Electricity System (Cont.)Country Name Ethiopia Congo6. Transmission and Distribution Voltages and Lengths

Trans.2010

kV 400 230 132 66 45

Trans.2010

kV 500 220 110-132 66-70 50Km 685.71 3,739.60 4,185.60 2,131.84 394.09

Trans.2015

kV 400 230 132Km 1,774 1,483 1,557 576 189

Km 4,000 3,500 2,000

Dist.2010

kV 15 0.38/0.22

Dist.2010

kV 30,20,15,etc, 6 0.4Km 11,170 9,796.28

Dist.2015

kV- Km 3,867 16,433

Km7. Percentage of Electricity Consumption Meters of the Total Number of Meters

Regulated Meters 99% Regulated Meters 9.5%

Time-of-use - Time-of-use -

Prepaid Meter

They are started as a pilot project and install for new

applicants

Prepaid Meter 0.001%

Others - Others -8. Percentage of reading electricity consumption meters

Manual 100% Manual 9.5%Remote Reading

-Remote Reading 0.001%

Others (Prepaid Meter) Others (Prepaid Meter) -9.Used Ways of Paying the Monthly Electricity Consumption Bill

Cash in service Provider Office Cash in service provider office, banking channels and compensation

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Country’s Electricity SystemCountry Name Madagascar Kenya1. Is the power system connected in one unified network No

NoThe main system covers the densely populated portion of the country from the southern coast to the western part of the country. There are 14 isolated grids that supply towns in the sparsely populated parts of the country, in north and north east.

2. Type of Service Provider

97 mostly urban networks, served by National Society (JIRAMA), including 3 interconnected and 94 isolated networks. In addition to

77 Rural Communities served by 22 private Rural OperatorsMix

3. Status of Service Provider Public, Private and Mix Ownership Unbundled

4. Structure of Electricity Market Legally and Ownership Unbundled Single Buyer


Year 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year 2000 2005 2010 2015Total Installed

CapacityJirama 228.4 288.2 427 482 Total Installed

Capacity 1048 1,177 1,312 2,948Rural 0.38 1,352 1,397 624

Thermal Jirama 123.5 181.4 295.4 183.6 Thermal 120 370 333 705Rural 0.22 1,014 1,189 0.62

Hydro Jirama 104.9 106.8 131.6 298.4 Hydro 704 677 750 839Rural 0.16 0.258 0.083 5.22

Renewable Jirama - - - - Renewable 53 130 229 1,404Rural - - 0.085 -

Other Jirama - - - - Other (4) 87 130 347 -Rural - - 0.04 0.4

Peak Load Jirama 166.5 211.7 256.5 359 Peak Load 708 884 1,107 2,511Rural - - - -

Total Generated Energy

Jirama 778,699 988,407 1,189,804

1,662,949

Total Generated Energy(GWh)

4,461 5,697 6,692 10,597Rural 8.5 23 51 82

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Country’s Electricity System (Cont.)Country Name Madagascar Kenya6. Transmission and Distribution Voltages and Lengths

Trans.2010

kVJirama

138 63 Trans.2010

kV 132 220 400 500 HVDC

Km 153 287 Km 2,211 1,331 0 0

Trans.2015

kVRural

20 5 Trans.2015

kV 132 220 400 500 HVDC

Km 55 3.2 Km 3,119

2,269 1,250 1,200

Dist.2010

kV Jirama 5.0/20 0.38/0.22 Dist.2010

kV LV 11 33 66Km 2,935 6,145 Km - 25,514 13,812 655

Dist.2015

kVRural

0.4 0.22 Dist.2015

kV LV 11 33 66

Km 225 7.2 Km - 40,365 20,177 1,3117. Percentage of Electricity Consumption Meters of the Total Number of Meters

Regulated Meters Jirama 98.40% Regulated Meters 91.71%

Time-of-use Jirama 0.2% Time-of-use 0%

Prepaid Meter Jirama 1.4% Prepaid Meter 8.29%Others - Others -


Manual 100% Manual 91.49%Remote Reading


Others (Prepaid Meter) Others (Prepaid Meter) 8.29% there is no meter reading9.Used Ways of Paying the Monthly Electricity Consumption Bill

Jirama (2) Credit Cards and Cash in service Provider Office

Cash in service provider officeMobile phone payments via M-Pesa (Safaricom) / AirtelMoney (Airtel)Easy pay options through banks, supermarkets, ATMs, Postal Corporation of Kenya etc.

Rural (3) Cash in service Provider Office

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Country’s Electricity SystemCountry Name Sudan Malawi1. Is the power system connected in one unified network

NO7 isolated towns: Wadi Halfa, Nyala, Alfashir, Algineina,

Aldein, Kadugli, and Alnuhood.Yes

2. Type of Service Provider Public Public

3. Status of Service Provider

Vertically Integrated Vertically Integrated and Legally Unbundled

4. Structure of Electricity Market

No structure of electricity market Single Buyer


Year 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year 2000 2005 2010 2015Total Installed

Capacity 603.9 1,187.62 2,709.1 4,646.205 Total Installed Capacity 285.85 349.85

Thermal 180 180 990 4,646.205 Thermal -Hydro 307.6 342.8 1,587 1,919 Hydro 196.92 231.69 273.01 -

Renewable 0 0 0 400.6 Renewable -Others 0 0 0 0 Others -

Peak Load 423 722 1,314 3,270 Peak Load -Total Generated

Energy2,635 3,749 7,435 18,318 Total Generated

Energy 1,103,500 1,703,256 1,591,271 2,712,860

Country’s Electricity System (Cont.)

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Country Name Sudan Malawi6. Transmission and Distribution Voltages and Lengths

Trans.2010

kV 500 220 110 Trans.2010

kV 66 132 220

Km 619.5 3,655.16 923.2 Km 1,121 1,274 700

Dist.2010

kV 33 11 0.415 Dist.2010

kV 11 33 400/230Km 6,111 11,524 25,497.20 Km 2,000 3,730 168,935

Trans.2015

kV 500 220 110

-Km 1,160 6,033.5 1,552

Dist.2015

kV 33 11 0.415

Km 11,143.89 18,711.8 -7. Percentage of Electricity Consumption Meters of the Total Number of Meters

Regulated Meters 99.2 % Regulated Meters 86%

Time-of-use 0.8 % Time-of-use 1%

Prepaid Meter - Prepaid Meter 13%Others - Others -


Manual 100 % Manual 100%Remote Reading


Others (Prepaid Meter) Others (Prepaid Meter) -


Credit cards:Cash in service provider officeSMS message, ATM ( cash machine )

Cash in service Provider Office

(1): AMR: Automatic Meter Reading

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(2): JIRAMA: National Company in Madagascar(3): Rural: Total Rural Private Companies in Madagascar(4): Emergency Power Plants

23

Chapter 2Accessibility & Affordability Data

24

Chapter 2Accessibility & Affordability Data

This chapter is divided into two sections: Accessibility and Affordability. The Accessibility data, mainly, includes the percentage/number of population which has electricity access according to the type of area (e.g. Urban, Rural, or Remote) and fees for getting electricity access for these areas. Also, the accessibility data contains the necessary documentations and procedures for getting electricity access along with the barriers that hinder the access to electricity. Furthermore, it includes general performance indicators such as System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) and Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (CAIDI), which are still being developed by most countries. Finally, countries that have plans to expand the electrification system are mentioned.

The affordability data, mainly, includes the agency or institution responsible for deciding the tariff and the process of tariff change as well as the bases of electricity tariff design and applied residential electricity tariffs. Also, the affordability data contains the residential sector consumption, revenue date and whether the tariff covers the cost of service or not. The percentage in case of subsidy presence and plans for lifting subsidy are also presented. Furthermore, it includes the percentage of breakdown of energy consumption among different sectors, collection of electricity consumption bill, and electricity theft. Finally, it reports the number of population in slum areas, average of electricity consumption costs, and share of electricity costs in the annual expenditures.

Concerning the fees of getting electricity access, the range of fees of the mentioned countries can be 20 to 200$. Swaziland is considered to have the most expensive fees (5,000 $/Km 11 kV single phase), whereas Madagascar doesn’t have the mentioned fees. Ethiopia specifies the mentioned fees through how far the residential house from the main grid and amount of KVA. Kenya has deferent classes for housing connection ranges from US$ 485 to 1177

As for the general performance indicators (SAIFI & CAIDI), most of countries are still developing those indicators. Egypt can be considered to have a SAIFI of 0.76 & 0.33 and a CAIDI of 60.4 and 97.68 for urban and rural areas respectively. Also, Mauritius has a SAIFI of 1.352 and a CAIDI of 2.2079 hrs./ Years for both urban and rural areas. Malawi can be also considered to have SAIFI of 8 and 10 for urban and rural areas respectively, and a CAIDI of 2 and 3 for urban and rural areas respectively. While Sudan has SAIFI of 18 and CAIDI of 20.3 for both urban and rural area

The SAIFI & CAIDI indices are not applied in Congo. However, Congo has experienced downtime on the line INGA-KINSHASA for 18.63 hours in 2009, 8.6 hours in 2010 and 2.32 hours in 2011. Also, the downtime was on line INGO-KOLWEZI for 467.1 hours in 2009, 975.79 hours in 2010 and 915 hours in 2011.

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Most of countries are looking forward to expanding their electrification systems through plans shown in the data below. However, Egypt and Congo don’t have those types of plans to expand their electric systems.

Egypt is considered to be executing plans in thermal, hydro and renewable energies technologies to have in 2015: 31,918 MW for thermal technologies, 2,832 MW for hydro technologies and 3,177 MW for renewable technologies. Also, Congo has recorded in 2010 to have 29,460 MW in thermal technologies and 12,128 MW in renewable technologies.

Since this chapter is concerned with the accessibility of electricity, there are some barriers that make it difficult to the mentioned countries to gain the electricity access. The barriers hindering the access to electricity are, mainly, shortage of supply, limited availability of the network, high contracting costs and high electricity tariffs.

Throughout the data gathered from the mentioned countries, it was found that the agency of institution responsible for deciding the tariff in most of them is cabinet, regulatory authority and/or responsible ministry.

Also, from the data gathered from the mentioned countries it was found that the tariff doesn’t cover the cost of service in most of countries. Only the tariff in Swaziland, Mauritius, Malawi and Kenya covers the cost of service.

The process of tariff change is, mainly, done through directives, public generation, or request of Electricity Company to responsible ministry in the mentioned countries. However, the process of tariff change in Ethiopia is done through regulation, where the tariff change is proposed by Ethiopian Electricity Agency (EEA) and decided by the Council of Ministers.

The following tables contain further details about countries’ accessibility and affordability to electricity:

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Electricity Accessibility Data for Residential ConsumersCountry Name Egypt Swaziland1. Electricity Access

Type of Areas Total Population

Population with Access to Electricity

Total Area(km²)

% of Area with Access to Electricity

Total Population


Total Area(km²)

% of Area with

Access to Electricity

A. Urban 3,147,628

Developed 3,004,977 13,021.14 95.50% Developed - -

65% households

with an average of 8 people

Slum - - - Slum - - -B. Rural 7,318,603 6,822,167 195,921.63 93.2% - - - 26%C. Remote - - - - - - - -

D. Total Total Population



Total Population



10,466,231 9,827,144 93.80% - - 35.00% 2. Fees for Getting Electricity Access (Are the Fees for getting Electricity Access for Residential Consumers the same for rural, remote and Urban Areas?)

Yes Yes

43$/kVA for Urban, Rural and Remote areas Approx. US$5,000 per kilometer 11 kV single phase

27

Electricity Accessibility Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Egypt Swaziland3. Documents and Procedures to get Electricity Access

ID

Yes

ID Yes

Prime Contract Prime Contract -

Community Permits or License Community Permits or License No

4. Name Barriers Hindering Access to Electricity

Shortage of Supply and Limited Availability of Network High Contracting Costs

5. Total Time Needed to Get Electricity Access

Rural & Remote Areas21 Days

Rural & Remote Areas 6 Weeks

Urban Areas Urban Areas 2 Weeks

6. SAIFI Urban 0.76

Still Developing Systems to Capture Data and Calculate

Rural 0.33

Remote -

7. CAIDI Urban 60.4

Rural 97.68

Remote -

8. Are there any National Programs for Expanding Electrification? No

Yes,a) Rural Electrification Program.b) Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy.c) Extending electricity lines to communities by targeting public institutions and group schools.

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Electricity Accessibility Data for Residential ConsumersCountry Name Mauritius Eritrea1. Electricity Access



Total Area(km²)


Total PopulationPopulation with


Total Area(km²)

% of Area with


A. Urban Developed 512,000 239 (1) 100% Developed

1,250,000 1,000,000 - 78.00%

Slum - - - Slum - - -B. Rural 763,000 763,000 1,626 100% 3,750,000 200,000 - 5%C. Remote

- - - - 4,000 0 - 0%



% of Area with Access to Electricity Total Population



1,275,000 1,275,000 99% 5,000,000 1,650,000 33.00% 2. Fees for Getting Electricity Access (Are the Fees for getting Electricity Access for Residential Consumers the same for rural, remote and Urban Areas?)

Yes Yes

20 to 60 US$ based on applicable tariff 150 US $ (For above 5 kW energy request additional 20 % per kW payment is added)

29

Electricity Accessibility Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Mauritius Eritrea3. Documents and Procedures to get Electricity Access

IDYes

IDYesPrime Contract Prime Contract

Community Permits or License No Community Permits or License4. Name Barriers

Hindering Access to Electricity

Availability of Network in very remote sites Shortage of Supply and Limited availability of network


Rural & Remote Areas14 Days

Rural & Remote Areas 30 to 45 Days

Urban Areas Urban Areas 10 to 20 Days

7. SAIFI Urban1.352

-

Rural

Remote -

10. CAIDI Urban2.2079 hrs/year

Rural

Remote -

13. Are there any National Programs for Expanding Electrification?

Yes:a) Extension of LV Networks (Hardship Cases).b) Ministry of Energy and Public Utilities.c) Complete Electrification island wide.

Yes:a) Rehabilitation of Distribution Facilities, increase and upgrading of the generation capacity.b) EEC (Eritrean Electricity Corporation).c) Improve the Quality of supply, reduce technical losses on the distribution networks meet anticipated increase in electricity demand and increase the coverage area and accesses of electricity.

30

Electricity Accessibility Data for Residential ConsumersCountry Name Ethiopia Madagascar1. Electricity Access



Total Area(km²)

% of Area with


Total PopulationPopulation

with Access to Electricity

Total Area(km²)

% of Area with


A. Urban - - - - Developed

3,900,000 2,100,000 80,000 80.00%

- - - - Slum

B. Rural- - - - 15,500,000 1,100,000 - 4-7%

C. Remote - - - - - - - 0%






74,00,000 12,000,000 41.00% 19,600,000 3,200,000 20.00%

2. Fees for Getting Electricity Access (Are the Fees for getting Electricity Access for Residential Consumers the same for rural, remote and Urban Areas?)

Yes

NoThe cost, it depends how far the residential house from the main grid and amount of KVA; this is the main factor to

estimate connection fee.

31

Electricity Accessibility Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Ethiopia Madagascar3. Documents and Procedures to get Electricity Access

ID Yes IDYesPrime Contract - Prime Contract

Community Permits or License No Community Permits or License4. Name Barriers

Hindering Access to Electricity

Shortage of Supply and Limited Availability of Network High Contracting Costs, High Electricity Tariff, Shortage of Supply and Limited Availability of Network

5. Total Time Needed to Get Electricity Access Rural & Remote Areas

The directive says 4 days for single phase and 13 days for three

phases but it varies due to many reasons

Rural & Remote Areas 90 Days

(Jirama)

90-180 Days

(Rural)

Urban Areas Urban Areas N/A (Rural)

7. SAIFI Urban

- -Rural

Remote10. CAIDI Urban

RuralRemote

13. Are there any National Programs for Expanding Electrification?

Yes:a) Rural Electrification.b) Rural Electrification Fund Administration Secretariat.c) Increasing of electricity access for Rural areas

Yes:a) Rural Electrification Program.b) ADER (Development Agency for Rural Electrification).c) Rate of access to the Rural Electrification of 10% in 2012 along with 77 electrified rural communities through implementation of master plans from the regional planning for the next 15 years.

32

Electricity Accessibility Data for Residential ConsumersCountry Name Kenya Sudan1. Electricity Access



Total Area(km²)

% of Area with


Total PopulationPopulation

with Access to Electricity

Total Area(km²)

% of Area with


A. Urban - - - - 11,388,346 842952 - 47.35%

B. Rural- - - - 24,037,866 143244 -

11.73%

C. Remote - - - - - - - -






- - 25% 35,055,538 1,601,046 Total areas: 52856

2. Fees for Getting Electricity Access (Are the Fees for getting Electricity Access for Residential Consumers the same for rural, remote and Urban Areas?)

Yes Yes

US $420Applicable where only LV extension and service line is required, otherwise applicant meets full cost of works

required to avail the connection

Connections cost• First-class housing: US $1177• Second-class housing: US $747• Third-class house: US $ 485

33

Electricity Accessibility Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Kenya Sudan3. Documents and Procedures to get Electricity Access

ID Yes ID YesPrime Contract No Prime Contract Yes

Community Permits or License Yes Community Permits or License Yes

Others - OthersYes

For temporary meters license from localities

4. Name Barriers Hindering Access to Electricity

High contacting costsLimited availability of network

High connecting costsLimited availability of network

5. Total Time Needed to Get Electricity Access(days)

Rural & Remote Areas 62 Rural & Remote Areas 3 - 15

Urban Areas 45 Urban Areas 3 - 15

7. SAIFI Urban Data not available. What is available is total number of

interruptions.

Urban 18Rural Rural 18

Remote Remote -10. CAIDI Urban Average restoration time

after interruptions, which was 271 minutes (4.516

hours) in 2010.

Urban 20.3

Rural Rural 20.3

Remote Remote -13. Are there any

National Programs for Expanding Electrification?

Yes.a- Name of the program; Rural Electrificationb- Name of the program responsible agency; Rural Electrification Authority

Yes.a- Name of the program Five-Year Planb- Name of the program responsible agency Sudanese Electricity Distribution Company (SEDC)c- Program objectives, achievements & plans : Raise the growth rate of customers to 74.9% by the end of the plan

34

Electricity Accessibility Data for Residential ConsumersCountry Name Congo1. Electricity Access

Type of Areas Total Population Population with

Access to ElectricityTotal Area

(km²)% of Area with

Access to ElectricityA. Urban Developed 24,100,000 (32%) - -

Slum - - -B. Rural 51,200,000 (68%) 36% - -C. Remote - - - -D. Total Total Population Population with

Access to Electricity % of Area with Access to Electricity

72,784,000 6,800,000 9.00%2. Fees for Getting Electricity Access (Are the Fees for getting Electricity Access for Residential Consumers the same for rural, remote and Urban Areas?)

Yes

8$ for Taxes, Admin. Costs for 51$ and a Total of 59$ (4)

3. Documents and Procedures to get Electricity Access

ID Yes

Other ID, Book Plot or as Owner, Extract of the Cadastral Map and Single Line Diagrams

4. Name Barriers Hindering Access to Electricity Limited Availability of Network


Rural & Remote Areas -Urban Areas 30 days

35

Electricity Accessibility Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Congo6. SAIFI Urban

-

RuralRemote

7. CAIDI UrbanRural

Remote8. Are there any National

Programs for Expanding Electrification?

No

36

Electricity Accessibility Data for Residential ConsumersCountry Name Malawi1. Electricity Access

Type of Areas Total Population Population with

Access to ElectricityTotal Area

(km²)% of Area with

Access to ElectricityA. Urban Developed

1,881,100 254,979 763 45%

Slum - - -B. Rural 4,306,883 37,699 36,107 2.3%C. Remote 5,414,124 - 54,406 0D. Total Total Population Population with

Access to Electricity % of Area with Access to Electricity

13,100,000 292,678 2%2. Fees for Getting Electricity Access (Are the Fees for getting Electricity Access for Residential Consumers the same for rural, remote and Urban Areas?)

Yes

Depends on the cost but the standard cost US $ 200 (5)

3. Documents and Procedures to get Electricity Access

IDNoPrime Contract

Community Permits or License

OtherEnquiry from and offered quotation and

completion form signed by licensed electrical installer (6)

4. Name Barriers Hindering Access to Electricity High contracting costs, Shortage of supply and Limited availability of network


Rural & Remote Areas 244 DaysUrban Areas

37

Electricity Accessibility Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Malawi6. SAIFI Urban 8.0

Rural 10.0Remote -

7. CAIDI Urban 2.0Rural 3.0

Remote -8. Are there any National

Programs for Expanding Electrification?

Yes:a) Rural Electrification Management Committee.b) MAREP Department of Energyc) Objectives:

- Increase access to electricity of the Malawian population in peri-urban and rural communities;- to raise funds and receive and administer the Fund for the benefit of rural electrification in Malawi;- to prepare annual rural electrification programme(s) and advise the Minister on the prioritization,

selection criteria on candidate sites, and ensure the efficient and effective implementation of rural electrification programmes;

- to promote rural electrification and act as a source of technical, commercial and institutional advice in rural electrification matters.

Achievements:- MAREP has implemented rural electrification in 6 phases (81 centres in two phases and the same for

phase 7).Plans:To fund the construction of Kapichira II and Bua River feasibility studies for the potential hydro sites in the country

38

(1): Port-Louis & Plaines Wilhems Districts(2): JIRAMA: National Company in Madagascar(3): Rural: Total Rural Private Companies in Madagascar(4): Outside of Tax and Service Charges, there is the Quote that gives the Customer which depends on the material involved in the execution.(5): Cost per connection, Cost per 100 kVA, Cost per meter (excess service), Shared Capital Connection Charges (20% customer that rest the utility company)(6): There is delay to investigate the cost of supply to the residential

39

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential ConsumersCountry Name Egypt Swaziland1. Agency or

Institution Responsible for Deciding the Tariff

Cabinet Regulatory Authority

2. Process of Tariff Change Directives Public Consultation

3. Bases for Electricity Tariff Design

Social (Cross Subsidy) Social (Cross Subsidy)Economical Economical

5. Applied Residential Electricity Tariffs Consumption Level (kWh/Month) Current Tariff

(US$/kWh) Consumption Level (kWh/Month) Current Tariff(US$/kWh)

First 50 kWh 0.89

-

5.23 (Flat Tariff)From 51-200 kWh 1.96From 201-350 kWh 2.86From 351-650 kWh 4.29

7.8 (Lifetime Tariff for less than 150 kWh)From 651-1,000 kWh 6.96

More than 1,000 kWh 8.5712. Residential Sector

Consumption and Revenue Data

Consumption Level (kWh/Month)

Consumption

(GWh)

Number of Consumers

Revenues (US $)

Consumption Level

(kWh/Month)

Consumption (GWh)

Number of Consumers

Revenues (US $)

First 50 kWh 14,537 5,063,996 129,790

275.7 GWh (1) 275.7 GWh (1) 68,300Aprrox. US$ 22 Millions

From 51-200 kWh 21,156.60 9,217,973 431,971From 201-350 kWh 6,771.60 4,382,645 205,602From 351-650 kWh 3,028 1,401,406 135,840

From 651-1,000 kWh 896.9 264,288 63,716More than 1,000 kWh 1,040.50 137,412 90,381

Pre-Paid - 42,534 -Closed - 1,710,015 -Total 47,430.60 22,060,969 1,057,300

40

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Egypt Swaziland22. Does the Tariff Cover

the Cost of Service? No Yes

23. In case of Subsidy Presence, Please Indicate its Percentage.

-There is no definite subsidy. But the tariff structure does have elements of cross subsidization and also the lifeline tariff reduces the burden on consumers.

24. Is there any Plan for Lifting the Subsidy? If Yes, Please Illustrate

- -

25. Percentage of Breakdown of Energy Consumption Among Different Sectors.

Residential 39.90% Residential 28.00%Commercial 2.80% Commercial 10.00%

Industrial 32.80% Industrial 41.00%Governmental 4.60% Governmental Covered in CommercialAgricultural 4.10% Agricultural 19.00%

Others (Public Utilities, …) 15.80% Others -31. Percentage of

Collection of Electricity Consumption Bill.

Residential 97.71% Residential -Commercial 97.71% Commercial -

Industrial - Industrial -Governmental 53.38% Governmental -Agricultural - Agricultural -

OthersPrivate Sector 89.665%

Others Debtors Collection Period Was 81 Days in 2009Public Utilities 59.18%

Public Sector 72.44%39. Percentage of

Electricity Theft (if Present).

Urban - Urban We have system losses at 15.5% which is made of both technical and commercial losses

Rural - Rural

Slum - Slum

41

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Egypt Swaziland42. Number of

Populations in Slum Areas.

1,388,429 -

43. Average of Electricity Consumption Costs in the Annual Expenditures (US$ PPP / US$)

0.0489 5.5

44. Share of Electricity Consumption Costs in the Annual Expenditures (US$ PPP / US$)

Level of Annual Family

Expenditures

Annual Electricity

Consumption Costs for

Urban Areas

Annual Electricity


Rural Areas

Annual Electricity Consumption Costs


Expenditures

Annual Electricity


Urban Areas

Annual Electricity


Rural Areas

Annual Electricity

Consumption Costs

1,298/416 43/13.8 36.3/11.6 38.3/12.3 - - -

22 Million (3)

2,782/892 80.8/25.9 70.6/22.7 73.9/23.7 - - -5,842/1,875 135.9/43.6 117.5/37.7 124/39.8 - - -12,797/4,107 245/78.6 197.9/63.5 227.7/73 - - -

41,731/13,392 746/239 564.9/181.3 723.7/232 - - -

42

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential ConsumersCountry Name Mauritius Eritrea1. Agency or Institution

Responsible for Deciding the Tariff

Cabinet Responsible Ministry

2. Process of Tariff Change Request of Electricity Company to Responsible Ministry Directives


Social (Cross Subsidy) Social (Cross Subsidy)Economical -

5. Applied Residential Electricity Tariffs Consumption Level

(kWh/Month) (4)Current Tariff(US$/kWh) (4)


Current Tariff(US$ / kWh)

60 Average 0.1715,603,514 0.1655 (Tariff 110)

703,187 0.1006 (Tariff 110A)31,040,780 0.1757 (Tariff 120)10,730,822 0.2078 (Tariff 140)

11. Residential Sector Consumption and Revenue Data

Consumption Level

(kWh/Month)(4)

Consumption (GWh)

(4)

Number of Consumers

(4)

Revenues (US $)

(4)

Consumption Level

(kWh/Month)

Consumption (GWh)

Number of Consumers

Revenues (US $)

147 187.24 106,390 31,005,781

8,282,000 99.4 Annually 107,120 16,904,000

Annually

57 8.44 12,434 849,177

173 372.49 179,167 65,459,387

283 128.77 37,374 26,762,298Total 696.94 335,365 124,076,643

43

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Mauritius Eritrea17. Does the Tariff Cover

the Cost of Service? Yes No


- Tariff is subsidized but no figures available


- No, for the near future as most of the consumers have low income But as a policy electricity should not be subsidized



Industrial 30.30% Industrial 26.00%Governmental Included Above Governmental -Agricultural 1.11% Agricultural -

Others (Street lighting) 1.43% Others 7%, Internal Consumption of EEC (5)26. Percentage of



Industrial 99.9% Industrial 98.00%Governmental 100.00% Governmental 60.00%Agricultural 100.00% Agricultural 95%

Others - Others -32. Percentage of


Urban< 1%

Urban < 5%Rural Rural < 2-3%Slum Slum

44

45

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Mauritius Eritrea35. Number of


- -


10 to 15 0.206 (2)



Expenditures

Annual Electricity Consumption

Costs for Urban Areas

Annual Electricity


Rural Areas



Expenditures

Annual Electricity


Urban Areas

Annual Electricity


Rural Areas

Annual Electricity

Consumption Costs

7,330 370 370 - -

46

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential ConsumersCountry Name Ethiopia Congo1. Agency or Institution


Cabinet Responsible Ministry

2. Process of Tariff Change

Others: Regulation, the Tariff change is proposed by EEA and Decide by Council of Ministers (6) -


- Social (Cross Subsidy)Economical Economical

5. Applied Residential Electricity Tariffs


Current Tariff(US$/kWh) Consumption Level

(kWh/Month)Current Tariff(US$ / kWh)Up to 50 kWh 0.0163

51-100 kWh 0.0213101-200 kWh 0.0298 400 kWh 0.015403 (15)201-300 kWh 0.0329301-400 kWh 0.0339 660 kWh 0.01385 (15)401-500 kWh 0.0352

Above 500 kWh 0.0415 800 kWh 1.996854 (16)Equivalent Flat Rate 0.028314. Residential Sector


Consumption Level

(kWh/Month)

Consumption(GWh)

Number of Consumers

Revenues (US $)

Consumption Level

(kWh/Month)

Consumption(GWh)

Number of Consumers

Revenues (US $)

- 207,191.7 2,486.30 440,750 35,365,622

47

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Ethiopia Congo16. Does the Tariff Cover

the Cost of Service? No No


- -


- -



Industrial 38.00% Industrial 41.54%Governmental 1.00 % Governmental 6.52%Agricultural - Agricultural -

Others - Others Other Companies 9.18%Export 2.98%

26. Percentage of Collection of Electricity Consumption Bill.

Residential

-

Residential 30.00%Commercial Commercial 65.00%

Industrial Industrial 75.00%Governmental Governmental 0.50%Agricultural Agricultural -

Others Others Other Companies 34.00%Export 5.00%

33. Percentage of Electricity Theft (if Present).

Urban-

Urban-Rural Rural

Slum Slum

48

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Ethiopia Congo36. Number of


- -


0.0283 -



Expenditures

Annual Electricity


Urban Areas

Annual Electricity

Consumption Costs for Rural

Areas

Annual Electricity

Consumption Costs


Expenditures

Annual Electricity


Urban Areas

Annual Electricity


Rural Areas

Annual Electricity

Consumption Costs

- -

49

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential ConsumersCountry Name Kenya Sudan1. Agency or Institution


Regulatory Authority Cabinet

2. Process of Tariff Change Public Consultation Directives


Social Cross subsidyEconomical

Social Cross subsidy4. Applied Residential

Electricity TariffsConsumption Level

(kWh/Month)Current Tariff(US$/kWh)


Current Tariff(US$ / kWh)

0-50 0.0238 First 200 kWh 5.651-1500 0.0964 > 200 kWh 9.7>1500 0.2210


Consumption Level

(kWh/Month)

Consumpt-ion

(GWh)

Number of Consumers

Revenues(US $)

Consumption Level

(kWh/Month)

Consumption(GWh)

Number of Consumers

Revenues(thousand SDG) (17)

0-50 10.72 701,712255,103.38 (7)

First 200 kWh 1,689.3 550,173 20.65548432,567.76 (8)

51-1500 105.90 878,29510,209,131.85 (7)

> 200 kWh 1,747.433 370,668 13.182217,311,183.01 (8)

>1500 18.00 14,4103,977,937.51 (7)

Total 3436.7336,745,216.47 (8)

Total 134.62 1,594,418 14,442,172.74 (7)24,488,967.24 (8)

50

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Kenya Sudan13. Does the Tariff Cover

the Cost of Service? Yes No


- -


- -

16. Percentage of Breakdown of Energy Consumption among Different Sectors.

Residential 29.57 % Residential 51 %Commercial 19.42 % Commercial 16 %

Industrial 42.19 % Industrial 15 %Governmental 8.41 % Governmental 14 %Agricultural 1.3 % Agricultural 5 %

Others - Otherselectrical sector consumption -

22. Percentage of Collection of Electricity Consumption Bill.

Residential 99 % Residential 90 %Commercial 98 % Commercial 90 %

Industrial 99 % Industrial 80 %Governmental 75 % Governmental UnknownAgricultural 99 % Agricultural 80 %

Others - OthersPrivate/Public Sectors -Public utilities 50 %

29. Percentage of Electricity Theft (if Present).

Urban 2 % Urbannegligible %Rural 1 % Rural

Slum 3 % Slum

51

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Kenya Sudan12. Number of


- -


Cost of supply US$/kWh 0.18186 Cost of supply US$/kWh 0.072



Expenditures

Annual Electricity


Urban Areas

Annual Electricity

Consumption Costs for Rural

Areas

Annual Electricity

Consumption Costs


Expenditures

Annual Electricity


Urban Areas

Annual Electricity


Rural Areas

Annual Electricity

Consumption Costs

- -

52

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential ConsumersCountry Name Madagascar1. Agency or Institution


Regulatory Authority and Responsible Authority

2. Process of Tariff Change Directives


Social (Cross Subsidy)Economical


Category Tariff Elements Units Zone 1 (9) Zone 1a (10) Zone 2 (11) Zone 3 (12)

Tariff BT (Base Tension) General

Residential

Fixed Premium $ US/kW 1.19 0.98 0.76 0.56Energy PricesT1 < 130 kWh $ US/kWh

0.09 0.13 0.16 0.21

Energy PricesT2 > 130 kWh 0.14 0.17 0.2 0.27

Fees $ US Month 2.83 2.83 2.83 2.83

Tariff BT EcoNon-Residential

P < 3 kW

Energy PricesT1 < 25 kWh $ US/kWh

0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07


Fees $ US Month 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34

Tariff BT EcoResidentialP < 3 kW

Energy PricesT1 < 25 kWh $ US/kWh

0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06


Fees $ US Month 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.3416. Residential Sector


Consumption Level (kWh/Month)38 (Jirama) (13)

Consumption (GWh)450

Number of Consumers412,000

Revenues (US $)-

53

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Madagascar17. Does the Tariff Cover

the Cost of Service? No


for Rural Private Companies: Less than or Equal to 70% of the total investment for each project


-


Residential 52% (Jirama) 30% (Rural) (14)Commercial N/A (Jirama) 18% (Rural)

Industrial 35% (Jirama) 50% (Rural)Governmental 5% (Jirama) N/A (Rural)Agricultural N/A (Jirama) N/A (Rural)

Others 8% (Jirama) 2% (Rural)26. Percentage of


Residential 60% (Rural)Commercial 70% (Rural)

Industrial 70 %(Rural)Governmental N/A (Rural)Agricultural N/A (Rural)

Others 2% (Rural)32. Percentage of


Urban 10%RuralSlum -

54

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Madagascar35. Number of Populations

in Slum Areas. -


-


Level of Annual Family Expenditures

Annual Electricity Consumption Costs for Urban Areas

Annual Electricity Consumption Costs for Rural Areas


650 30% 3% -

55

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential ConsumersCountry Name Malawi1. Agency or Institution


Regulatory Authority

2. Process of Tariff Change Public Consultation


Social (Cross Subsidy)Economical


Consumption Level (kWh/Month) Current Tariff (US$/kWh)Domestic Urban 0.061849Domestic Rural 0.121484


Consumption Level (kWh/Month) Consumption (GWh) Number of Consumers Revenues (US $)

Domestic Urban 464.49 151,333 9,350,354Domestic Rural 51.61 5,871 1,247,589

56

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Malawi9. Does the Tariff Cover

the Cost of Service? Yes


The low Income pays at the subsidy of around 51% basing on the present ruling of the tariffs.


Increasing tariff in phases to attain the cost of supply of electricity and monitor the electricity company the agreed key performance indicators. This will enable the company to operate on commercial basis


Residential 40%Commercial 10%

Industrial 35%Governmental 10%Agricultural 15%

Others -18. Percentage of


Residential -Commercial -

Industrial -Governmental -Agricultural -

Others -24. Percentage of


Urban 30%Rural 5%Slum -

57

Electricity Affordability Data for Residential Consumers (Cont.)Country Name Malawi38. Number of Populations

in Slum Areas. -


0.0775


Level of Annual Family Expenditures

Annual Electricity Consumption Costs for Urban Areas

Annual Electricity Consumption Costs for Rural Areas


- - - -

58

(1): Year 2009, Per Annum(2): Year 2009 Data(3): For the Domestic Sector(4): These Data are according to Average 2010 figures(5): EEC: Eritrean Electricity Corporation(6): EEA: Ethiopian Electricity Agency(7): Revenues (US$) From units only(8): Revenues (US$) Inclusive of adjustments(9): Zone 1: Mode of Production of Predominantly Hydroelectric Power(10): Zone 1a: Mode Sized Hydropower(11): Zone 2: Thermal Mode of Production in the HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil)(12): Zone 3: Mode of Production in Thermal Gas Oil(13): JIRAMA: National Company in Madagascar(14): Rural: Total Rural Private Companies in Madagascar(15): Residential 1(16): Residential 2(17): Revenue in thousand SDG

59

###

Chapter 3Conclusions and Recommendations

60

###

CHAPTER 3

CONCUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The aim of this section is to create a summary to the existing accessibility and affordability status in COMESA:

Chapter 1 of this report provides short summary in the beginning and detailed information about the countries along with the electricity system existing in each of them through tables and charts. That helps in assessing the requirements of the electricity sector according to each country’s information.

Chapter 2 of this report also provides short summary and the detailed information and percentage of residential consumers that have access to electricity, as well as the affordability of having a better electricity system.

Only ten countries responded to the survey (Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Swaziland, Malawi, Kenya, and Sudan) and we are looking forward to receiving the response of more countries for better analysis.

Based on the provided data provided only from the ten mentioned countries, the average percentage of people that have electricity access in those countries is 40.1%. Also, high percentage of people having electricity access in a certain country doesn’t mean that it has large area. For example, the percentage of people having electricity access in Mauritius is 99% despite its area being 1,865 Km², whereas, the percentage in Congo is 9% and its area is 2,345,442 Km².

Most of the countries have designed their electricity tariff based on social-cross subsidy tariff. And they doesn’t have programme for lifting subsidy yet but looking forward to having it in its electricity systems.

There are some barriers that make it difficult to the mentioned countries to gain the electricity access. The barriers hindering the access to electricity are, mainly, shortage of supply, limited availability of the network, high contracting costs and high electricity tariffs.

Concerning the subsidy issue, most of countries doesn’t have it yet but looking forward to having it in its electricity systems. However, Eritrea has subsidy in their electricity systems but with no available figures. Swaziland has subsidy in their electricity system but with no definite structure. The tariff structure doesn’t have elements of cross subsidization and also the lifetime tariff reduces the burden on consumer. Madagascar provides subsidy for rural private companies where, it is less than or equal 70% of the

61

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total investment for each project. In Malawi, the low Income pays at the subsidy of around 51% basing on the present ruling of the tariffs.

Eventually, this report can provide us with the main information we need to enhance the electricity sector in the mentioned countries as well as increase the investments regarding new technologies to increase the total generated power. If more countries reply to this survey, it will be helpful so as to gather more data and perform better analysis to enhance the COMESA Region electricity sector.

62

###

Appendix A Survey Form (English)

63

###

Questionnaire on the Status ofAccessibility & Affordability of Electricity for(Please write down your country’s name)

Introduction: This questionnaire aims to facilitate the preparation of a report on the status of accessibility and affordability of the electricity in the COMESA region. The questionnaire is comprised of four sections. The first two sections deal with each country’s general information and electricity system. The last two sections deal with the accessibility and affordability data. The reference date for the data requested for this questionnaire is Jan., 2010 unless otherwise is mentioned.

I. Country information

Item Data Comments

PopulationAreaPercentage of Population whom has physical access to electricityGross domestic product (GDP)* in Million US$ (PPP)GDP per Capita, US$/capita (PPP)Electricity consumption per Capita (KWh)National Agency for statistics Name: Website address:

*GDP calculated based on Purchasing Power Parity

II. Description of the power system:

1- Is the power system connected in one unified network? (mark with )

Yes No

If the answer of the previous question is no, Please describe the power system. (Number of isolated systems and a brief overview). (Maps could be attached).…………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Type of Service Provider (mark with ) Public Private Mix

3- Status of service provider (mark with ) Vertically Integrated Unbundled:

i. Legally unbundled ii. Ownership unbundled

64

###

4- Structure of Electricity Market (mark with ) Single buyer Power pool Competitive

5- Installed capacity and peak load (MW) & generated energy (MWh):

YearTotal

installedCapacity

Thermal Hydro Renewable Other Peak load

Total Generated

Energy2000200520102015*

* Projected/Projeté

6- Transmission and distribution voltages & length:

Transmission DistributionkV Km kV Km

2010 2015* 2010 2015* 2010 2015* 2010 2015*

* Projected

7- Percentage of electricity consumption meters of the total number of meters. …… % Regular meter …… % Time-of-use meter…… % Prepaid meter…… % Others (please specify)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

8- Percentage of reading electricity consumption meters.…… % Manual …… % Remote reading…… % Others, (please specify)

………………………………………………………………………………………

9- Used ways of paying the monthly electricity consumption bill (mark with ) Cash at home Credit cards Cash in service provider office Others, (please specify)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

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III. Electricity access for residential consumers:

1- Electricity Accessa- In urban areas

Total population in urban areas

Population in urban areas with access to

electricity

Total urban areas(Km2)

% of Urban areas with access to

electricitya. Developedb. Slum

b- In rural areasTotal population in

rural areasPopulation in rural

areas with access to electricity

Total rural areas(Km2)

% of rural areas with access to

electricity

c- In remote areasTotal population in

remote areasPopulation in remote areas with access to

electricity

Total remote areas(Km2)

% of remote areas with access

to electricity

d- TotalTotal population Population with access to

electricity% of total areas with access to electricity

2- Fees for getting electricity access: (mark with )/Are the fees for getting electricity access for residential consumers are the same for rural, remote and urban areas? Yes NoIf the answer to the above question is yes, please indicate in the following table.

Item Value in US$ Remarks*Connection cost

Urban Rural Remote

TaxOther……………Total

*Please identify whether it is based on (per area, per KVA or KW, or per connection)

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3- Documents and procedures to get electricity access (mark with ) Name the requested documents by the electricity companies to offer electricity access to

residential consumer.

Type of Document Easy to Acquire RemarksID Yes NoPrime contract Yes NoCommunity permits or license Yes NoOther, (please specify) Yes No

4- Name barriers hindering access to electricity. (mark with ) High contacting costs High electricity tariff Difficulty of required documents Shortage of supply Limited availability of network Others, please specify......................................................................................................................

5- Total time needed to get electricity accessHow much time it takes to get the electricity access from the date of application?

Rural & remote Areas …. DaysUrban Areas …. Days

6- System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI).

SAIFI is commonly used as a reliability indicator by electric power utilities. SAIFI is the average number of interruptions that a customer would experience, and is calculated as:

SAIFI is measured in units of interruptions per customer. It is usually measured over the course of a year, and according to IEEE Standard 1366-1998.

SAIFIUrbanRuralRemote

7- Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI). CAIDI is a reliability index commonly used by electric power utilities. It is related to SAIDI and SAIFI, and is calculated as:

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CAIDI gives the average outage duration that any given customer would experience. CAIDI can also be viewed as the average restoration time. CAIDI is measured in units of time, often minutes or hours. It is usually measured over the course of a year, and according to IEEE Standard 1366-1998.

CAIDIUrbanRuralRemote

8- Are there any national programs for expanding electrification? (mark with )

Yes NoIf the answer for the previous question is yes, please answer the following questions:

c- Name of the programd- Name of the program responsible agencye- Program objectives, achievements & plans.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

IV.Electricity affordability for residential consumers: Affordability is the ability of certain consumers or consumer groups to pay for a minimum level of service. The ability to pay is distinguished from the willingness to pay, which is defined as the amount of income someone is willing to sacrifice to obtain a certain service.

1- Agency or institution responsible for deciding the tariff (mark with )

Cabinet Regulatory Authority Responsible Ministry Electricity Company

Other .………………………… (Please Specify)

2- Process of tariff change (mark with )

Directives Public Consultation Others …………….………….. (Please Specify)

3- Bases for electricity tariff design (mark with )

Socialo Fully subsidizedo Cross subsidy

Economical

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4- Applied residential electricity tariffs

Consumption Level*(kWh/month)/

Niveau de consommation *(KWh / mois)

Current tariff(US$/kWh)Tarif actuel

(US $ / kWh)

RemarksCommentaires

* Please use electricity consumption ranges according to your country’s tariff.

5- Residential sector Consumption & Revenue data

Consumption Level*(kWh/month)

Consumption(GWh)

Number of consumers Revenues(US$)

Total* Please use electricity consumption ranges according to your country’s tariff.

6- Does the tariff cover the cost of service? (mark with )

Yes No

In case of subsidy presence, please indicate its percentage. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

7- Is there any plan for lifting the subsidy?If yes, please illustrate

……………………………………………………………………………………………

8- Percentage of breakdown of energy consumption among different sectors Residential ( %) Commercial ( %) Industrial ( %) Governmental ( %) Agricultural ( %) Others (Please specify)

………………………………………………………………………………….

9- Percentage of Collection of electricity consumption bill. Residential ( %) Commercial ( %) Industrial ( %) Governmental ( %)

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Agricultural ( %) Others (Please specify)

…………………………………………………………………………………

10- Percentage of Electricity Theft (if present) Urban ( %) Rural ( %) Slum ( %)

11- No. of population in slum areas……………………………………………………………………………………………

12- Average of Electricity cost of supply for residential consumers ( %) ( %) ( %)

Cost of supply US$/KW13- Share of electricity consumption costs in the annual expenditures

Levels of annual family expenditures*

(US$)

Annual electricity consumption costs

for Urban areas(US$)

Annual Electricity consumption costs for

Rural areas(US$)

Annual country electricity

consumption costs(US$)

*Please use available levels of annual family expenditures in your country

Definitions:

Urban Areas: Areas with high density of population and supplied with services and public utilities. Inhabitants are working in various economic activities except agriculture, grazing, hunting and forestry. These areas are distinguished by the presence of most of the administrative governmental entities. Buildings are made using cement, steel and bricks.

Rural Areas:Most of the people are working in agriculture, grazing, forestry or in handmade manufactures. Buildings are made using local materials. Most of the buildings are adjacent and streets have no names. Services & public utilities are much less than in urban areas.

Slum Areas:They are sort of unorganized gathering people, most of the time they are violating the law and trespassing on the states property and others property. Buildings are unlicensed and services and public utilities are very rare, and sometimes absent. People in these areas have low income and do marginal jobs.

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Remote Areas:Isolated areas which are not connected to public utilities and have very low density of population.

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Appendix B Survey Form (French)

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Questionnaire sur l’accessibilité et l’abordabilité de l’électricité au …..

(Prière de mentionner le nom de votre Pays)

Introduction: Ce questionnaire a pour but de faciliter la préparation d’un rapport sur l’état de l’accessibilité et le prix de l’électricité dans la région du COMESA. Ce questionnaire comprend quatre (4) sections.Les deux premières sections concernent l’information générale et le système électrique de chaque pays. Les deux dernières sections traitent des données de l’accessibilité et de l’abordabilité. La date de référence pour les données demandées dans ce questionnaire est de Janvier 2010 à moins qu’il n’en soit requis autrement.

I. Information sur le Pays

Article Données Commentaires

PopulationsuperficiePourcentage de la population qui a accès a l’éléctricitéProduit Interieur Brut(P.I.B) en million de dollars Americain U.SP.I.B par habitant en dollars/capital (PPP)consommation d’éléctricité par habitant(KWh)Agence nationale des statistiques Nom: Site internet:

*P.I.B est calculé en fonction de la parité de pouvoir d'achat

II. Description du système électrique:

1- Le système électrique est il connecté à un réseau unifié? (cocher par V) Oui Non

Si la réponse a cette question est non, veuillez décrire le système électrique.(nombre des systèmes isolés et un bref aperçu) (les cartes devraient être attachées)…………………………………………………………………………………………

2- Type du fournisseur de service (cocher par un ) Publique Privé Mixte

3- Statut du fournisseur de service (cocher par un ) Integré verticallement Séparé

i. Séparé légallementii. Possession partagée

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4- Structure du marché de l’éléctricité Individual Acheteur unique échange d’énergie regroupés ou Pool énergétique Compétitive

5- Installed capacity and peak load (MW) & generated energy (MWh):

AnnéeCapacité

totale installée

Thermique Hydro Renouvelable Autre

Char-ge

maximum

énergie totale

produite

2000200520102015*

* Projected/Projeté

6- Transmission et distribution voltages et longueurTransmission Distribution

kV Km kV km2010 2015* 2010 2015* 2010 2015* 2010 2015*

* Projected

7- Pourcentage de compteurs electriques et du nombre total des compteurs …… % de Compteurs ordinaires …… % de compteurs a temps d'utilisation…… % de Compteurs à prépaiement …… % Autres (s'il vous plaît préciser)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

8- Pourcentage des compteurs a lecture de consommation d'électricité …… % Manuel …… % lecture à distance …… % Autres (s'il vous plaît préciser)

………………………………………………………………………………………

9- Moyens utilisés pour payer la facture de la consommation mensuelle d’éléctricité (cocher par un )

En liquidités chez soi Cartes de crédit En liquidité chez le fournisseur du service Others, (please specify)/autres (expliquer)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

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III. Accès a l’électricité chez les clients résidentiels :

1- Aaccès à l’électricitéa- Dans les zones urbaines

Population totale en zones urbaines

Population urbaine ayant

accès à l’électricité

Superficie totale des zones

urbaines(Km2)

Pourcentage des superficies des zones urbaines ayant accès

à l’électricitéc. Developpéd. Bidonvilles

b- Dans les zones ruralesPopulation totale en zones rurales

Population urbaine ayant accès à

l’électricité

Superficie totale des zones rurales

(Km2 )

Pourcentage des superficies des

zones rurales ayant accès à l’électricité

c- Dans les zones isoléesPopulation totale en zones isolées

Population des zones isolées ayant accès à

l’électricité

Superficie totale des zones isolées

(Km2 )

Pourcentage des superficies des

zones isolées ayant accès à l’électricité

d- TotalPopulation totale Population ayant

accès à l’électricitéPourcentage totale des zones

ayant accès à l’éléectricité

2- Frais à payer pour accéder à l’électricité (marquer par un )Les frais à payer pour accéder à l’électricité sont ils les mêmes pour les zones urbaines, rurales ou isolées Oui NonSi la réponse à la question ci dessus est oui, veuillez indiquer dans le tableau suivant

Article Valeur en dollars CommentairesCoût de la connexion

Urbaine Rurale Isolée

TaxeAutre……………Total

*veuillez indiquer si c’est basé sur (superficie, KVA ou connexion)

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3- Documents et procédures pour avoir accès à l’électricité (cocher par un ) a-Citez les documents requis par les compagnies d’électricité pour un client résidentiel

Type de document Facile a acquérir CommentairesID Oui NonContrat principal Oui NonPermis communautaires ou licence

oui Non

Autre (Veuillez spécifier) Oui Non

4- Citez les obstacles à l’accès à l’électricité. (marquer par ) Coûts élévés de contact Tarif élevé d’électricité Difficulté d’obtenir les documents requis Fourniture insuffisante Disponibilité limitée du réseau Autres, veuillez spécifier......................................................................................................................

5- Temps nécessaire pour avoir accès à l’électricitéCombien de temps faut il, à partir de la demande, pour avoir accès à l’électricité

Zones rurales et isolées …. Days/ joursZones urbaines …. Days/ jours

6- Index de Frequence moyenne d’interruption du systeme SAIFI est généralement utilisé comme un indicateur de fiabilité par les fournisseurs d’énergie électrique . SAIFI est la moyenne du nombre d’interruptions qu’ un abonné subit et est calculé comme suit:

SAIFI= Nombre total d ' interruptions auxclientsNombre total declients servis

SAIFI est mesuré en unité de déconnections par client. Il est généralement mesuré au courant de l’année et en suivant les normes de IEEE Standard 1366-1998.

SAIFIUrbainRuralIsolé

7- Index de Durée moyenne d’ Interruption pour les clients (IDMIC)CAIDI est un index de fiabilité généralement utilisé par les services fournisseurs de l’électricité. Il est apparenté au SAIDI ou au SAIFI et est calculé comme suit:

CAIDI= Sommede toutes les dur é es d ' interruptions des clientsNombretotal d ' interruptiondes clients

CAIDI montre la moyenne de la durée de coupure de courant auquel n’importe quel client peut faire face.

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CAIDI peut être pris comme le temps moyen de la restauration. CAIDI est mesuré en unités de temps, souvent en minutes ou en heures. Il est souvent mesuré pour la durée d’une année conformément aux les normes de IEEE Standard 1366-1998

CAIDIUrbainRuralIsolé

8- Y-a-t-il un quelconque programme au niveau national pour l’expansion de l’électrification? (marquer par )

Oui NonSi la réponse à cette question est Oui, veuillez répondre aux questions suivantes:

a- Nom du programmeb- Nom de l’agence responsable du programmec- Les objectifs ,réalisations et les plans du programme…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

IV.Abordabilité d’électricité pour les clients résidentiels L'abordabilité est la capacité de certains consommateurs ou groupes de consommateurs de payer pour un niveau de service minimum. La capacité de payer se distingue de la volonté de payer, qui est définie comme un montant du revenu que quelqu'un est prêt à disponibiliser pour obtenir un certain service

1- Agence ou institution chargée de déterminer le tarif (marque avec ) Conseil du Gouvernement Autorité de régulation Ministère responsable Compagnie d'électricité

Autres (S'il vous plaît précisez) .…………………………

2- Processus de changement tarifaire (marque avec ) Directives Consultation publique Autres (veuillez préciser) .…………………………

3- Bases pour la détermination du tarif d'électricité (marque avec )

Social o Entièrement subventionnés o Les subventions croisées

économique

4- Les tarifs d’électricité appliqués aux clients résidentiels


Tarif actuel (US $ / kWh)

Commentaires

* veuillez utiliser la variation de la consommation d'électricité selon le tarif de votre pays . 77

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5- La consommation du secteur résidentiel et les données sur le Revenu


Consommation(GWh)

Nombre de consommateurs

Revenus(US $)

Total* veuillez utiliser la variation de la consommation d'électricité selon le tarif de votre pays .

6- Le tarif couvre-t-il les frais de service? (Marque avec ) Oui Non

7- En cas de subvention, veuillez indiquer le pourcentage.……………………………………………………………………………………………

8- Y a-t-il un plan de supprimer les subventions?Si oui, veuillez illustrer ……………………………………………………………………………………………

9- Pourcentage de la répartition de la consommation d'énergie entre les différents types de clintele

Résidentiel ( %) Commercial ( %) Industriel ( %) Gouvernemental ( %) Agricole ( %) Autres (veuillez préciser)

………………………………………………………………………………

10- Pourcentage de recouvrement des factures de consommation d'électricité. Residentiel ( %) Commercial ( %) Industriel ( %) Gouvernemental ( %) Agricole ( %) Autres (S'il vous plaît préciser) ……………………………………………………………………………………

11- Pourcentage de vol d'électricité (si présent)

Urbain ( %) Rural ( %) Bidonvilles ( %)

12- Nombre de la population vivant dans les bidonvilles ……………………………………………………………………………………………

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13- Moyenne du coût de l'approvisionnement en électricité pour les clients résidentiels ( %) ( %) ( %)

Coût de l'approvisionnement en US $ / kWh

14- Part des dépenses de consommation d'électricité dans les dépenses annuelles

Les niveaux de dépenses annuelles familiales *

(US $)

Les coûts annuels de consommation

d'électricité pour les zones urbaines

(US $)

des coûts annuels de consommation

d'électricité pour les zones rurales

(US $)

des coûts annuels par pays de la consommation

d'électricité(US $)

* Veuillez utiliser les niveaux disponibles des dépenses annuelles familiales dans votre pays

Definitions:

Les zones urbaines:

Zones à forte densité de population et dotées des services publics. Les habitants de ces zones travaillent dans diverses activités économiques sauf l'agriculture, le pâturage, la chasse et la sylviculture. Ces zones se distinguent par la présence de la plupart des entités administratives gouvernementales. Les bâtiments sont construits en utilisant du ciment, de l’acier et de briques.

Les zones rurales:

La plupart des gens travaillent dans l'agriculture, le pâturage, la sylviculture ou dans les produits fabriqués à la main. . Les bâtiments sont construits avec des matériaux locaux. La plupart des bâtiments sont adjacents et les rues n'ont pas de noms. Les services publics sont peu nombreux que dans les zones urbaines.

Bidonvilles:

Ils sont en quelque sorte des regroupements de gens d’une façon spontanée, la plupart du temps, ils violent la loi et outrepassent sur la propriété de l’Etat et les autres propriétés. Les bâtiments sont sans permis et les services publics sont très rares, et parfois absents. Les habitants de ces zones ont un faible revenu et exercent des emplois marginaux.

Régions éloignées: Les régions éloignées ou isolées sont celles qui ne sont pas connectées aux services publics et ont une très faible densité de la population.

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