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Medieval Europe Describe the dominant characteristics, contributions of, and interactions among major civilizations of Asia, Europe, Africa, the Americas and the Middle East in ancient and medieval times

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A Time of Transition The time following the decline of western Europe was a time of transition from ancient to modern times Germanic rulers gained a strong hold first

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Merovingian Rulers Clovis Brutal and cunning warrior Became King of the Franks 1 st ruler to accept Catholicism

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Merovingian Rulers Charlemagne One of the greatest monarchs Doubled the borders of the Kingdom For the first time since the Roman Empire, most of W. Europe was ruled by one government

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Charlemagnes Empire Attempted to revive learning, by establishing a palace school Brought military to protect Pope Leo III against the nobles Crowned new Roman Emperor

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Charlemagnes Death Grandsons fight for the land Divided kingdom into three realms Feuding weakened the kingdom Most threatening attacks came from the Vikings (raiders from Scandinavia)

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The Vikings Explorers, skilled in sailing and trading Raided isolated villages, weakening monarchy Local officials and nobles took over the defense a new political and social system begins

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Feudalism Feudalism a highly decentralized form of government that stressed alliances of varying degrees of power Based on the military giving land to nobles in exchange for loyalty and military aid, the land came with peasants to work it Focuses on political relationship between nobles

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Feudal Relationships

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Feudalism Hierarchy Monarch Lords or Nobles Peasants

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Obligations To receive a fief (a tract of land) a vassal (a noble who served a higher ranking lord) had to pledge to provide knights or warriors for the royal army

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Emergence of Castles Warfare was common because of a weak central government Castles were built to provide protection Outer walls Turrets Keep Often cold, dingy, and damp

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Life of the Nobility Made up of Ladies, Lords, and Knights Lords Almost total authority in his fief Collected rent in the form of goods

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Ladies Few if any rights Duties included bringing up children and housework Took pride in their needlework and embroidery Made medicines from plants and herbs Looked after estate when lords were at war

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Noble Entertainment Tournaments mock battles between knights Hunt Falconry and Archery

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Manorial System Manorialism a system centered around agricultural production Manors (estates) varied in size consisted of Lords house, pastures, fields, forests, and peasant village Focuses on the economic ties between nobles and peasants

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Work on a Manor Peasants provided labor and in returned allowed to use lords facilities like the mill If peasants used the facilities they were expected to leave a portion for the lord Manors had to be self sufficient because warfare and invasions made trade nearly impossible

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Improvements in Production Better plow 3 Field crop rotation

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Peasant Life Life of poverty and hardship, few lived past 40 years old Faced famine, disease, and warfare The manorial system did provide a stable and secure way of life during a time of uncertainty

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The Medieval Church Primary mission was spiritual, but with the decline of the Roman Empire they were left to assume political and social tasks Pope believed he was the spiritual authority over all Christians

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Religious Role Taught all people were sinners and dependent on Gods grace To obtain grace, one had to take part in the sacraments or rituals of the church Baptism, Matrimony, Communion, Etc Most people could not read or write or understand Latin and therefore learned most from stained glass windows, paintings, etc

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Benedicts Rule Benedict formed a monastery at Monte Cassino in Italy Became a model for monks in communities Drew up a list of rules that provided for manual work, meditation, and prayer Could not own goods, couldnt marry and were bound to obey monastic rules

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Monastic Life Monks wore simple, long robes made of coarse material, tied at the waist with a cord Rule of silence, could only converse with each other for short periods of time Nuns wore simple clothes and wrapped a white cloth around their face Nuns taught needlework to daughters of nobles

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Influences of Monasteries Scribes copied books by hand Illuminated manuscripts decorated with rich colors and intricate pictures Provided schools, hospitals, food, guest houses for travelers, taught skills

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Power of the Church Had their own laws and courts that dealt with the clergy, doctrine, and morals Disobedience resulted in severe punishments Feudal ties boosted wealth and political power

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Church Reform Called for the end of feudal ties to the church because it gave too much power to the nobles

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Fighting Heresy Condemned drunkenness, feasting and dancing Heresy, or the denial of basic church teachings had risen because of corruption First tried to convert Then threatened to excommunicate (not allowed to take part in the sacraments necessary for salvation)

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The Inquisition A court set up to seek out and punish people suspected of heresy Often accused people without sufficient proof

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The Jews As church power increased, the position of the Jews worsened Seen as outsiders The most powerful source of anti- Semitism, or hatred of the Jews, came from those who blamed the Jews for the death of Jesus

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Rise English Monarchy Alfred the Great brings the area now known as England under his control William the Conquer takes over the throne by force when Alfred dies first census Henry I Treasury Henry II common law and jury

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Eleanor of Aquitaine Wife of Henry II, mother to Richard I (the Lionhearted) and John Even though the husband wife relationship turned bad, she still was able to set policy because of her sons power

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Disneys Robin Hood Using the white boards or scrap paper, identify characteristics of King John Look for how the people felt about him and why See copy of lyrics for additional information

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King John

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Wasnt well liked He increased taxes Punished people without a trial Nobles disliked him because they lost feudal rights Nobles disliked him so much they forced him to sign the Magna Carta

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Magna Carta One of the most important documents in the history of representative government Placed clear limits on royal power Prevented the king from collecting taxes without the consent of the Great Council Assured freemen the right to trial by jury Overtime the charter began protecting all English people

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Parliament Henry III (Johns son) reign saw increases in population leading to towns and cities, a new social class emerged the Middle Class Knights and Burgesses (important townspeople) were added to the Great Council, now called Parliament House of Lords (made up of nobles and clergy) and House of Commons (knights and burgesses)

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Rise of French Monarchy Rulers following Charlemagne were weak Hugh Capet seized control Established the tradition of the eldest son inheriting the throne Feudal lords under royal control

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Philip II or Philip Augustus Doubled land holdings Seized land back from the English Acquired land through marriage

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Holy Roman Empire German King Otto I helped Pope John XII defeat the Roman Nobles and was crowned the Holy Roman Emperor Emperor claimed the right to intervene in the election of Popes and the Popes claimed the right to depose Kings Power struggles are constant

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Concordat of Worms Allowed the emperor to name bishops and grant land but also gave the pope the right to reject unworthy candidates

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The Crusades A series of expeditions to recover the holy land from Muslims In 600 AD, Muslims take over Jerusalem, but were tolerant of other religions In the 1000s, Seljuk Turks took Jerusalem and left Palestine in chaos

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First Crusade Pope Urban II asks for a volunteer army to take Jerusalem and Palestine back from the Turks Knights and Peasants vowed to fight Knights got to put their skills to practice Peasants got freedom from feudal ties

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All were promised immediate salvation in heaven The First Crusade marked the onset of a long period of Christian persecution of the Jews On their way to the holy land it was common for them to massacre Jewish communities Jerusalem falls in 1099 Reinforced the authority of the church and strengthened confidence of western Europeans

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Second Crusade Seljuks conquer part of Palestine less than 50 years later Pope Eugneius IV calls for a second crusade Lasted from 1147-1149 and was unsuccessful because the Kings quarreled and were a poor military threat

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Third Crusade Saladin diplomatic and forceful leader who united the Muslim forces and captured Jerusalem People of western Europe were shocked Kings Crusade because HRE Frederick Barbarossa, French King Philip Augustus, and English King Richard I assembled the warriors

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Third Crusade not successful either Frederick dies on the way Philip decides to goes back home Richard is left leading his troops Eventually Richard signs a truce and asks for Jerusalem, but Saladin says no Saladin does allow the Christian Pilgrims access to Holy Land

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Effects of the Crusades Sped up the changes Broke down feudalism Increased the authority of the Kings European monarchs levied taxes, raised armies, and cooperated in large scale

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Nobles needed money and chose to sell land or allow serfs to buy their freedoms Feudalism declines Desire of Eastern luxury goods (spices, sugar, melons, tapestries, silk, etc) Commerce increase Muslim ideas spread (maps, compasses, weaponry)

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Economic Expansion By 1000AD agricultural production increased trading opportunities encouraged town growth

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Agricultural Advance Heavier plows Migrated to new lands Collared harness meant they could use horses instead of oxen which were slow

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Trade Expansion Roman roads were rebuilt and used for lots of trading

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Banking Money system use of a common medium of exchange became necessary Moneychangers (often Jews or Italians) exchanged money and determined value Developed transfer procedures, deposits, loans, becoming the first bankers

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Growth of Towns Near water sources and well-traveled roads Streets were narrow and winding Little sanitation, constant smell from garbage and sewage tossed into the street Rapid spread of disease (most notably the Bubonic Plague)

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Guilds Goal = to obtain a monopoly on local markets for its members Prevented competition between members by setting price regulation and ensuring a standard of quality

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How Guilds Worked Master (only after getting approval from guild) Journeyman (paid worker after length of time) Apprentice (no pay, learning the trade)

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Rise of the Middle Class People who made money like the merchants, bankers, and artisans became part of the middle class Helped organize the chaos

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Town Governments People living in towns hated paying taxes and having to serve feudal lords The lords were afraid of the rising power of the upper class and strictly enforced feudal law The king granted them charters which allowed them to maintain their own affairs (freedom from feudal lords)

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Education Need for educated people to solve problems rise Universities guilds of scholars Studied Aristotle which many church officials opposed

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Medieval Literature and Art Songs and epics put in writing for the first time Beowulf Troubadours traveling poet musicians composed lyrics about love and feats of knights helped define the idea of chivalry

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Hundred Years War 1337-1453 Between France and England English saw early victory with the use of a early type of cannon and the long bow The long bow could pierce armor up to 300 yards away

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Joan of Arc 17 year old French girl Told King of France heavenly voices had called her to save France With Kings support troops rallied and won a victory at Orleans Later captured by English and tried for witchcraft and burned at the stake

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Effects of the Hundred Years War French soil devastated but country united English bitter and divided Knights and castles become outdated Monarchs raise own army and people willingly pay taxes to support them

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War of the Roses Between the House of Lancaster and Tudor (both families emblems were roses) Eventually Henry Tudor wins the struggle and becomes Henry VII, the first Tudor King

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Ferdinand and Isabella Spain is fighting for control of Muslim lands 3 Christian realms: Portugal, Aragon, and Castile Ferdinand and Isabella marry but their governments remain separate They end religious tolerance and want everyone to be Catholic

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Pope Moves from Italy to France Pope Clement V moves his court to France to avoid the civil wars in Italy Italians fear that French will gain power and that the pope was abusing power and was corrupt

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The Great Schism Pope Gregory XI brings court back to Italy When Gregory died, Italians force the election of an Italian Pope The College of Cardinals later say they were forced to vote under pressure and that the election was not valid

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Sothey fix their mistake (not) They elect another pope who resides in France (now there are two Popes) Calls for reform begin the easiest solution was to call a general church council Councils were called by the Pope and neither one of the Popes wanted to call a council that would limit their power

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Because so many people were behind the calling of a council, they elect a 3 rd Pope who calls the council The council then forced the resignation of all 3 popes and elected Pope Martin V ending the Great Schism

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Calls for Reform Unhappy with the wealth of the clergy Charged for every time of service Sold church positions John Wycliffe one of the major criticizers of the church Bible was the sole authority of truth Translated Bible from Latin to English so common people could read it