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Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the Unintended Consequences Michelle Mandrack RN, MSN Director of Consulting Services Matthew Fricker, RPh, MS Program Director 1

Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

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Page 1: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the Unintended Consequences

Michelle Mandrack RN, MSNDirector of Consulting Services

Matthew Fricker, RPh, MSProgram Director

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Page 2: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Objectives

• Consider the effects of medication‐related technology on quality

• Discuss the benefits of a medication safety net• Describe some of the unintended consequences of technology

• Describe some of the general concepts of technology implementation and maintenance

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Page 3: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Terminology

ADC  = automated dispensing cabinetBPOC = barcode point‐of‐careCDS = clinical decision supportCPOE = computerized prescriber order entry

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Page 4: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Errors in the Medication Use Process

Prescribing Transcribing Dispensing Administering

39% 12% 11% 38%

Source: Leape, et al. JAMA 1995;274:35-43

Errors

Errors intercepted

Sources of harm 28% 11% 10% 51%

48% 33% 33% 2%

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Page 5: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

General Technology Issues

Does technology improve the quality and safety of the medication use process?

–Yes–No

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Page 6: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

General Technology Issues• Yes IF:‐Well designed ‐ Thoughtfully implemented ‐ Appropriately used

• No IF:‐ Users do not participate in the design phase‐ Layered on dysfunctional, manual systems ‐ Ambiguous content is developed that cannot be  utilized by frontline staff

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Page 7: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

General Technology Issues

How much technology is enough?

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Page 8: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Developing a Medication Safety Net

• No single technology can prevent all medication errors– Establish a medication safety net by using complementary technologies

– Technologies that prevent errors at medication administration will not prevent errors related topreparation in the pharmacy

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Page 9: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Developing a Medication Safety Net

–Technologies that prevent errors in medication preparation will not identify over‐ and under‐doses

–Technologies that prevent errors in the pharmacy will not prevent errors in drug prescribing

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Page 10: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

General Technology Issues

• What gaps are there in your technology?–Are all patient populations covered? 

• Consider what technology may miss:–Wrong patient–Look‐alike/sound‐alike drugs–Overdoses, specifically catastrophic doses

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Page 11: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

General Technology Issues• Limited human resources

– Is there sufficient staff to train, retrain and optimize?

–Order set development for specific populations or disease states (e.g., oncology, pediatrics, neonatology)

–Development and implementation of enhancements or updates

–Database management 

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Page 12: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

General Technology Issues• Timelines and milestones for improving utilization

–Measure utilization of BPOC, CPOE, smart pumps

• Implementation and optimization NEVER end–Feedback loop to retrain users –Optimize the technology–Observe for barriers and workarounds

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Page 13: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

General Technology Issues

• Does medication error analysis probe why the technology did not prevent the error? 

• Technology does not replace independent double‐checks

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Page 14: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

General Technology Issues

• Reports–What reports are available? –Degree of usefulness/value–Structured review process

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Page 15: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Clinical Decision Support (CDS)• What CDS is currently functioning? 

– Drug interactions, duplicates, dose range checking– Rule based review of renally‐dosed medications – Drug disease interactions

• Order sets are the foundation of CDS – Problematic paper order sets create additional issues when CPOE is implemented

• Alerts– Maximize clinical value– Minimize noise

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Page 16: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Automated Dispensing Cabinets

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Page 17: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

What Does an ADC Add to Safety?

• Not a primary medication safety strategy – Component of medication distribution models

• Incorporate ISMP core processes to maximize safe use

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Page 18: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Percent Score for 12 Core ProcessesTotal number of hospitals = 380

%=Mean score/Maximum possible score

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Page 19: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Overall Lowest Scores (% Not Implemented)

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Page 20: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Overall Highest Scores (% Fully Implemented)

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Page 21: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

ADC ResourcesInstitute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Guidance on the Interdisciplinary Safe Use of Automated Dispensing Cabinetshttp://www.ismp.org/Tools/guidelines/ADC/default.asp

ISMP Medication Safety Self Assessment ® for Automated Dispensing Cabinets (ADC) http://www.ismp.org/selfassessments/ADC/Login.asp

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Page 22: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Smart Pump Technology

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Page 23: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Definition

Smart Pump – infusion device with software that has the ability to alert users to potential medication errors. This software allows an organization to create a library of medications that provides medication dosing guidelines, by establishing concentrations, dose limits and clinical advisories

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Page 24: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Types of Errors

• Pump misprogramming• IV line errors• Lack of an independent double‐check• Bypassing library• Overriding alerts

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Page 25: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Programming Errors• IV pump keypad design

– Proximity of the “zero” and “decimal point” keys

• Double Key Bounce– Pump records a number twice although the corresponding key is pressed just once

• Double Keying– Key purposely pressed twice because of delay after the first key is pressed before the number appeared on the screen

– Number or letter key is accidentally pressed twice

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Page 26: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Programming Errors

• Nurse attempted to program pump for a baby receiving TPN by inputting 13.0 mL/hour–Decimal point key on the pump was somewhat worn and difficult to engage

–Without realizing it, the nurse programmed a rate of 130 mL/hour 

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Page 27: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Other Programming Errors• Wrong drug or concentration selected from library 

• Wrong concentration programmed • Wrong dosing units

–mg/hr versus mg/min–mcg/kg/hr versus mcg/kg/min 

• Wrong dose related to incorrect patient weight • Wrong channel programmed

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Page 28: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Limitations – Smart Pumps• Limited number of entries available in the drug library

• Limited in certain patient populations (pediatrics, neonates, oncology)–Sometimes based on availability of pumps or number of line items needed in the drug library for a particular unit

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Page 29: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Failures in the Double‐Check System 

• Double checks not performed independently with one nurse setting the pump, and another nurse independently checking the patient, drug, and settings against the MAR

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Page 30: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Best Practices Using High‐Leverage Strategies

• Set the standard that all medications, including continuous infusions, intermittent infusions and bolus doses are administered using the smart pump along with the error reduction software

• Incorporate hard stops as well as soft stops, especially for high‐alert medications

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Page 31: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Best Practices Using High‐Leverage Strategies

• Use wireless communication to update libraries and download quality data

• Establish standard concentrations and dosing units• Maximize use of commercially available products

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Page 32: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Barcode Point‐of‐Care

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Page 33: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Workarounds to BPOC System: Their Occurrences, Causes and Threats to Patient Safety

• 15 workarounds observed – Affixing patient ID labels to medication cart, crib– Pre‐scanning medications for several patients

• 31 probable causes– Unreadable barcodes– Medication package does not match patient dose    – Battery failures– Travel distance required to obtain refrigerated medications

• Noise obscuring alarms

(JAIMA Vol 15, No 4 July/August 2008)

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Page 34: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Bar Coded Medication Administration – A Last Line of Defense

• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications 

• More drug administration errors are captured post implementation than thought existed

Cescon and Etchells, JAMA, May 14, 2008 – Vol 299, No 18

Page 35: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Effect of Bar‐Code Technology on the Safety of Medication Administration

• Units without bar‐code eMAR had 776 non‐timing errors in medication administration – Units with bar‐code eMAR had 495 errors

• 51% reduction in potential ADEs from the above errors

• Prevent approximately 95,000 potential ADEs

Poon, Keohane, et al; NEJM 362;18, May 6, 2010

Page 36: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Process Measures• Bedside Scan Rate

– Identify barriers to scanning– Identify staff who have difficulty consistently scanning 

• Wrong Patient• Wrong Drug 

– Identify and trend which medications are involved, (e.g., insulin)

• Percent of medications barcoded– Identify barriers to barcoding medications

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Page 37: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Process Measures 

• Bad Scans–Are medications scanned when they are received in the pharmacy from the wholesaler or outsourced re‐packager?

– Is there a mechanism for nurses to inform the pharmacy when medications are not able to be scanned?

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Page 38: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications
Page 39: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Failure Points with a BPOC SystemWhere Metrics Will Not Help

• Orders that generate multiple tasks for the same drug

–A new antibiotic written “now and then” that generates two tasks on two different shifts 

For example – ceftriaxone 1 g daily, now and then q24 hours written at 0630, given by the night shift and then another task is generated for the standard time at 0800

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Page 40: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Failure Points with a BPOC System Where Metrics Will Not Help

• Medication scans correctly but is administered via the wrong route (oral liquid given IV)

• IV infusion scanned but the pump is not started• Inhaler scanned correctly and given to the patient who then administers the medication incorrectly

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Page 41: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Limitations – BPOC

• Limited functionality in certain patient populations, e.g., pediatrics, neonates, oncology

• System response time • Limited bandwidth • Connectivity issues

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Page 42: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

What Can CPOE Do?

• Require that all elements are present• Provide clarity of order – no handwritten prescriptions

• Dose checking • Provide access to information from previous encounters

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Page 43: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

What Can CPOE Do?

• Create firewalls to prevent errors• Eliminate the need for shadow charts• Provide access to charts both inside and outside the hospital

• Prevent clarification calls by providing feedback during the ordering process

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Page 44: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Clinical Decision Support• Dose limits

–Single dose–Dose/24 hours

• Patient information–Allergies, height, weight, comorbidities

• Route of administration–Filters that only allow medications ordered via specific routes, e.g., intravenous vs. intrathecal

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Page 45: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Clinical Decision Support• Duplicate drug therapy  • Contraindicated drugs• Dose modifications based on interaction with lab data• Drug/drug and drug/food interactions• Quality controls • Drug information

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Page 46: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Who Were the Early Adopters?

• Partners/Brigham and Women’s Hospital• Regenstrief Institute• Latter Day Saints (LDS) Hospital• Vanderbilt University Medical Center

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Page 47: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

What Makes Them Unique?

• Home grown• Not commercially available• Evolved over years• Academic learning centers

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Page 48: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

What Has Changed?

• CPOE is available from commercial vendors• Expansion into community hospitals• Fewer internal resources within hospitals to support CDS

• Publications on increasing errors and CPOE’sability to decrease the potential for errors

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Page 49: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Unintended Consequences of CPOE • Alert Fatigue

– Using a commercial data base to identify alerts without considering the alerts needed by the organization

– Not realizing the resources needed to build custom alerts

• Assuming CPOE will identify all prescribing errors– What CDS is really functioning? – What has been turned off because of alert fatigue?– What rules have been written (e.g., renally dosed drugs)?

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Page 50: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Unintended Consequences of CPOE

• Downstream effect of a poorly designed CPOE system– Exploding order set that generates multiple pages of orders 

• Numerous orders that will never be needed• Time consuming order review by the pharmacy

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Page 51: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Unintended Consequences of CPOE

• Duplicate therapy in multiple order sets • Conditional Orders

– “If, then” orders (e.g., “Start patient on beta blocker if ok with Renal”)

• Initial impact on workload which requires seeing fewer patients during training period

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Page 52: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Unintended Consequences of CPOE

• Impact of a bifurcated workflow (both CPOE and manual orders used within the facility)– Duplicate orders received in pharmacy– Variation in nursing order verification processes

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Page 53: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Medical Staff Participation

• Communicate the status of the implementation

• Work on the impact of CPOE on user workflow• Facilitate the development of departmental order sets

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Page 54: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Medical Staff Participation

• Champion the utilization of CPOE in their respective department– Become knowledgeable as a super‐user to assist colleagues during go‐live

– Provide oversight for departmental training

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Page 55: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

CPOE Challenges• Limited use of clinical decision support• Limited resources to support:

– CDS– Training– Enhancements, updates, upgrades– Downtime and connectivity issues

• Limited functionality in certain patient populations 

– Pediatrics, neonates, oncology

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Page 56: Medication Safety Technology The Good, the Bad and the ......• Traditional strategy is nursing vigilance • BPOC has ben successfully implemented in other clinical applications

Questions

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