Medical Terminolog

yREVIEWS

Mrs. Marr

Basic Structural Levels

Cells- simplest structural level

cells have structural differences that are closely related to the physiology of each cell type

What is a groups of similar cells joined together to carry out specific functions?

What is a groups of similar cells joined together to carry out specific functions?

Tissues

Epithelial

Epithelial- outer protective layer of body, lines various body cavities, ducts, vessels, and, covers the body surface.

Nervous

Nervous- transmits messages throughout the body

“ilio”- refers to hip“costal” refers to ribs“epi” on or above“gastric” – refers to stomach

“hypo” beneath or under“chondral”- refers to cartilage

Superior (closer to the head)Inferior (closer to the feet)Medial (lying closer to the midline)Lateral (lying further away from the

midline)Posterior (dorsal) closer to the

posterior surface of the bodyAnterior (ventral) closer to the

anterior surface of the bodyProximal- closer to the origin of a

structureDistal- further away from the origin

of a structure

Superficial - relating to, or located near the surface

Deep - relating to, or located away from the surface

Median- midlineIntermediate -between two other

structuresExternal refers to a hollow structure -

external being outsideInternal refers to a hollow structure -

internal being insideCephalad- toward the head (higher in

position)Caudad- toward the tail (feet- lower in

position) 

Body Positions- The standard reference body position is called the “anatomical” position. The body is erect with feet together, limbs at the side, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement

Supine- body horizontal, face up

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement

Prone- body horizontal, face down

Postures and Direction of Movement

Right Lateral Recumbent – The Right lateral

recumbent, or RLR, means that the patient is lying on their right side.

Left Lateral Recumbent – The left lateral

recumbent, or LLR, means that the patient is lying on their left side.

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement

Fowler's Position – A person in the Fowler's

position is sitting straight up or leaning slightly back. Their legs may either be straight or bent.

Trendelenberg Position – A person in the

Trendelenberg position is lying supine with their head slightly lower than their feet.

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement

Abduction – Abduction is

movement away from the midline, or to abduct.

Adduction – Adduction is

movement toward the midline, or to add.

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement

Flexion – Flexion is to bend at

a joint, or to reduce the angle.

Extension – Extension is to

straighten at a joint, or to increase the angle, for example, from 90 degrees to 180 degrees.

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement

Supination – Supination is to

rotate the forearm so that the palm faces forward.

Pronation – Pronation is to

rotate the forearm so that the palm faces backward.

What are anatomical PLANES

PLANES

In anatomy, a body plane is an imaginary flat surface that is used to define a particular area of anatomy. We usually use the umbilicus as a point of reference

What PLANE

separates the body

into Anterior

and Posterior

parts

FRONTAL (Coronal) separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts

What PLANE

separates the body into Right and Left parts

SAGITTAL(MEDIAN)

separates body into Right and Left parts

Para-sagittal: unequal left and right sections

Mid-sagittal: Even down the mid line

What PLANE

separates the body into Top

and Bottom parts

HORIZONTAL (transverse or Cross-Section) separates the body into Superior (top/ Upper)

and Inferior (Bottom/ Lower) parts

Regional TermsRegional Terms-refer to

special areas of the body

Cervical- refer to the neck

Palmar- the anterior surface of the hand; the posterior surface of the hand is the dorsal surface

Regional Terms

Thoracic- the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen that is commonly referred to as the chest or thorax

Dorsum- the top of the foot

Plantar- the sole of the foot

Axilla (armpit)- the depression on the inferior surface of the attachment of the upper limb and the body trunk

Arm- the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow

Forearm- the potion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist

Regional Terms

Groin (inguinal region)- the junction of the thigh with the abdominal wall

Thigh- the portion of the lower limb between the hip and knee

Leg- the portion of the lower limb between the knee and ankle

Regional Terms

Low Backo Lumbar- the

portion of the back between the thorax and the pelvis

o Sacral- the lower portion of the back, just superior to the buttocks

Terms of Movement Protraction moving forward along

a surface 

Retraction backward along a surface

Terms of Movement Elevation raising a structure 

Depression lowering a structure 

Terms of Movement

Circumduction 

Terms of Movement Circumduction-combined

movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction medial and lateral rotation (circumscribe a cone) 

Terms of Movement

Opposition

Terms of Movement Opposition- bringing tips of

fingers and thumb together as in picking something up

Abdominopelvic area is

divided into four quadrants

:

Right Upper Right Lower Left Upper Left Lower

The abdominal cavity can also be divided into nine regions to make it

easier to identify organs1. Right

hypochondriac 2. Epigastric 3. Left

hypochondriac4. Right lumbar 5. Umbilical 6. Left lumbar7. Right iliac

(inguinal) 8. Hypogastric 9. Left iliac

(inguinal)

What are Body Cavities ?

What are Body Cavities ?

Body cavities- lined with membranes and contains fluid that surrounds structures within the cavities.

What Structures are in the

Dorsal (posterior) Body Cavity?

What Structures are in the

Dorsal (posterior) Body Cavity?

contains the cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)

What Structures are in the

Ventral (anterior)

Body Cavity?

What Structures are in the

Ventral (anterior)

Body Cavity? thoracic cavity – consists of the

pericardial (heart) and pleural (left & right lungs) cavities

What Structures are in the

Abdominopelvic Body Cavity?

What Structures are in the Abdominopelvic

Body Cavity? abdominal (stomach, spleen, liver,

gall bladder, pancreas, small & large intestines) and pelvic cavity, “true pelvis", bladder, rectum, female internal reproductive organs).

Regions vs. Quadrants

Organs

Right Hypochondriac Below, rib area- right (liver, gallbladder)

Epigastic Above, stomach (stomach, pancreas, part of duodenum)

Left Hypochondriac Below, rib area- left (spleen)

Right lumbar Front- Lower back area- right (ascending colon)

Umbilical Belly button- middle (small intestine, transverse colon)

Left Lumbar Lower back area-Left (descending Colon)

Right Iliac (inguinal) Hip- right (cecum)

Hypogastric Below, stomach (urinary bladder, rectum, initial part of the sigmoid colon)

Left Iliac (inguinal) Hip- left (inferior part of descending colon)

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