Medical Terminology

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYChapter 11: Digestive System

Chapter 11 Abbreviations

a.c. DAT NAS NG NPO p.c. p.o. TPN

before meals (ante cibum) diet as tolerated no added salt nasogastric nothing by mouth after meals (post cibum) by mouth (per os) total parenteral nutrition (all

nutrients given IV, along with vitamins and minerals. Replaces need to eat)


BE EGD ERCP

GB GI procto UGI

barium enema esophagogastroduodenoscopy endoscopic retrograde

cholangiopancreatography gallbladder gastrointestinal proctoscopy upper gastrointestinal


BM BMI BS C&S

GERD

bowel movement body mass index bowel sounds culture and sensitivity

(identifies bacteria growth and what antibiotic destroys it)

gastroesophageal reflux disease

The Digestive System

Also known as alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal(GI) tract

Function Functions of the digestive tract are

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination


Organs of the Digestive Tract Mouth

opening through which food passes into the body

breaks food into small particles by mastication(chewing) and mixing with saliva

tongue: consists mostly of skeletal muscle; attached in the posterior region of the mouth. Provides movement of food, directs food, and major organ for taste and speech


palate: separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity soft palate: posterior portion, not supported by bone hard palate: anterior portion, supported by bone uvula: soft V-shaped structure that extends from the

soft palate; directs food into the throat pharynx, throat

performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus

esophagus 10-inch (25cm) tube that is a passageway for

food extending from the pharynx to the stomach. Peristalsis begins in the esophagus


stomach J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food. Secretes

chemicals for digestion and hormones for local communication control

cardia: area around the opening of the esophagus fundus: uppermost domes portion of the stomach body: central portion of the stomach antrum: lower portion of the stomach pylorus: portion of the stomach that connects to

the sm. intestine pyloric sphincter: ring of muscle that guards the

opening between the stomach and the duodenum


small intestine 20-ft (6m) canal extending from the

pyloric sphincter to the large intestine. Digestion is completed in the small intestine. Absorption, the passage of the nutrients from the small intestine to the blood stream, takes place through the villi, fingerlike projections that line the walls

duodenum: first 10-12in. of sm. intestine jejunum: 2nd portion of sm. intestine,

approx. 8ft. ileum: 3rd portion of sm. intestine, approx.

11ft., connects to the lg. intestine


large intestine canal that is approximately 5ft (1.5m) long and

extends from the ileum to the anus. Absorption of water and elimination of the solid waste products of digestion take place in the lg. intestine

cecum: blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine

colon: next portion of the lg. intestine. Divided into 4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

rectum: remaining portion of the lag. intestine, ~ 8-10 in. (20cm) long, extending from sigmoid colon to anus

anus sphincter muscle at the end of the digestive tract


Accessory Organs to the Digestive System salivary glands

produce saliva, which flows into mouth liver

produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats. Performs many other functions concerned with digestion and metabolism

bile ducts passageways that carry bile: the hepatic duct

carries bile from the liver, cystic duct carries bile from the GB. They join to form the common bile duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum. Collectively, these passageways are referred to as the biliary tract.


gallbladder (GB) small, saclike structure that stores bile

pancreas produces pancreatic juice, which helps

digest all types of food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism


Other Structures in the Digestive System peritoneum

serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

appendix small pouch, which has no known function in

digestion, attached to the cecum (vermiform appendix)

abdomen portion of the body between the thorax and the

pelvis


Accessory Organs


Large Intestine Oral

Cavity


The pathway of food

Word Parts for Digestive TractCombining Form Definition an/o cec/o col/o, colon/o duoden/o enter/o esophag/o gastr/o ile/o jejun/o or/o, stomat/o proct/o, rect/o sigmoid/o

anus cecum colon (usually denotes lg. intestine) duodenum intestine (usually denotes sm. intestine) esophagus stomach ileum jejunum mouth rectum sigmoid colon

Word Parts commonly used with Digestive SystemCombining Form Definition abdomin/o, lapar/o append/o, appendic/o cheil/o cholangi/o chol/e choledoch/o diverticul/o

gingiv/o

abdomen appendix lip bile duct gall, bile common bile duct diverticulum, or blind

pouch extending from a hollow organ

gum

Word Parts commonly used with Digestive SystemCombining Form Definition gloss/o, lingu/o hepat/o herni/o

palat/o pancreat/o peritone/o polyp/o pylor/o uvul/o

tongue liver hernia, or protrusion of an organ

through a membrane or cavity wall

palate pancreas peritoneum polyp, small growth pylorus, pyloric sphincter uvula

Word Parts for Digestive SystemPrefix Definition hemi- half

Suffix Definition -pepsia digestion

Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease & Disorders]Term Definition appendicitis cholangioma cholecystitis choledocholithiasis cholelithiasis diverticulitis diverticulosis esophagitis gastritis gastroenteritis

Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease & Disorders]Term Definition gastroenterocolitis gingivitis hepatitis hepatoma palatitis pancreatitis peritonitis polyposis proctoptosis rectocele uvulitis

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease & Disorders]Term Definition adhesion

cirrhosis

abnormal growing together of two surfaces that normally are separated. This may occur after abdominal surgery; surgical treatment is called adhesiolysis or adhesiotomy

chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly caused by alcoholism and certain types of viral hepatitis

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease & Disorders]Term Definition gastroesoph

-ageal reflux disease (GERD)

hemorrhoids

ileus

the abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and the gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus

swollen or distended veins in the rectal area, which may be internal or external, and can be a source of rectal bleeding

obstruction of the intestine, often caused by failure of peristalsis

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease & Disorders]Term Definition obesity peptic ulcer

polyp

excess of body fat (not body weight) eroded area of the mucous membrane

of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs often referred to as gastric or duodenal

ulcer, depending on its location tumorlike growth extending outward

from a mucous membrane; usually benign; common sites are in the nose, and intestines

Med Terms (form word parts)[Surgical Terms]Term Definition abdominocentesis abdominoplasty anoplasty appendectomy cheilorrhaphy cholecystectomy choledocholithotomy colectomy colostomy diverticulectomy enterorrhaphy

Med Terms (form word parts)[Surgical Terms]Term Definition esophagogastroplasty gastrectomy gastrojejunostomy gastroplasty gastrostomy gingivectomy glossorrhaphy hemicolectomy herniorrhaphy ileostomy

Med Terms (form word parts)[Surgical Terms]Term Definition laparotomy palatoplasty polypectomy pyloromyotomy pyloroplasty uvulectomy uvulopalatopharyngopl

asty

Med Terms (not form word parts)[Surgical Terms]Term Definition anastomosis

bariatric surgery

hemorrhoidectomy

vagotomy

an opening created by surgically joining two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments

surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity causing serious illness

excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the rectal region

cutting of certain braches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers

Med Terms (from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms]Term DefinitionDIAGNOSTIC cholangiogram cholangiography esophagogram

ENDOSCOPY colonoscope colonoscopy endoscope endoscopy

Med Terms (from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms]Term Definition esophagogastroduodenoscopy

(EGD) esophagoscopy gastroscope gastroscopy laparoscope laparoscopy proctoscope proctoscopy sigmoidoscopy

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms]Term DefinitionDIAGNOSTIC barium enema

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreat-ography (ERCP)

series of radiographic images taken of the lg. intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally (lower GI series)

radiographic exam of the biliary ducts and pancreatic ducts with contrast media, fluoroscopy, and endoscopy; used to evaluate and diagnose obstructions, strictures, stone diseases, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms]Term Definition upper GI

series

LABORATORY fecal occult

blood test

series of radiographic images taken of the stomach and duodenum after the contrast agent barium has been swallowed

a test to detect occult blood in feces. It is used to screen for colon cancer or polyps. Occult blood refers to blood that is present but can only be detected by chemical testing (guaiac test)

Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms]Term Definition abdominal anal aphagia colerectal duodenal dyspepsia dysphagia enteropathy esophageal gastric

Med Terms (from word parts)[Complimentary Terms]Term Definition gastroenterologist gastroenterology gastromalacia glossopathy ileocecal nasogastric oral pancreatic peritoneal

Med Terms (from word parts)[Complimentary Terms]Term Definition proctologist proctology rectal stomatitis stomatogastric sublingual

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complimentary Terms]Term Definition ascites

diarrhea dysentery

emesis

feces

abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

frequent discharge of liquid stool disorder that involves inflammation of the

intestine (usually the lg. intestine) associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain

expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (vomiting)

waste from the digestive tract expelled through the rectum (stool or fecal matter)

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complimentary Terms]Term Definition flatus

gastric lavage

gavage

hematemesis malabsorptio

n melena

gas in the digestive tract or expelled through the anus

washing out of the stomach process of feeding a person through a

nasogastric tube vomiting of blood impaired digestion or intestinal

absorption of nutrients black, tarry stool that contains

digested blood; usually a result of bleeding in the upper GI tract

Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complimentary Terms]Term Definition nausea peristalsis reflux

stoma

vomiting enema

urge to vomit involuntary wavelike contractions that propel

food along the digestive tract abnormal backward flow

in esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus

surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body, such as the opening established in the abdominal wall by colostomy, ileostomy, or a similar operation

expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (emesis)

introduction of fluids/meds into rectum and lg. intesting

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Medical Terminology